The cGMP -PKG pathway is critical for inducing long-term sensitization of identified nociceptive sensory neurons

In various species, peripheral injury produces long-lasting sensitization of central and peripheral neurons representing the affected area. In Aplysia, memory-like traces (lasting days or weeks) of noxious peripheral stimulation include enhancement of central synaptic transmission and enhanced excitability of the central soma and peripheral branches of nociceptive sensory neurons. An important role for the cAMP-PKA-CREB pathway in consolidating long-term memory and inducing transcription-dependent synaptic potentiation has also been indicated by studies in rodents and Drosophila. ^ Much less attention has been paid to the cGMP-PKG pathway for transcription-dependent plasticity. Nevertheless, the cGMP-PKG pathway has been implicated in activity-dependent neural alterations lasting hours, and may trigger some forms of persistent pain. Recent evidence indicates PKG can regulate gene expression in the brain and several properties make it an attractive candidate for inducing long-term memories. ^ This dissertation reports that brief, noxious stimulation of a behaving, semi-intact preparation from mollusc, Aplysia californica, produces transcription-dependent, long-term hyperexcitability (LTH) of nociceptive sensory neurons that requires a nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP-protein kinase G (PKG) pathway and which lasts for at least 24 hours. Intracellular injection of cGMP is sufficient to induce LTH. Similarly, body wall injury induces LTH which can be blocked with specific inhibitors of the NO-cGMP-PKG pathway such as L-NMMA, ODQ, Rp-8-cGMPS, PKI-G and KT5823 by isolated perfusion of pleural ganglion sensory cells in or directly by intracellular injection. In contrast, specific inhibitors of the cAMP-PKA pathway (Rp-8-cAMPS, PKI-A and H-89) failed to block injury-induced LTH. Interestingly, co-injection of the cAMP-responsive element (CRE) blocked the induction of both cAMP and injury-induced LTH, but not cGMP-induced LTH. Furthermore, co-injection of cAMP and cGMP with the Ca2+ buffer BAPTA in reduced Ca2+ seawater blocked cAMP-, but not cGMP-induced LTH. These findings demonstrate that the NO-cGMP-PKG pathway and at least one other pathway (perhaps mediated by Ca2+), but not the cAMP-PKA pathway, are critical for inducing LTH during transient, noxious stimulation.^

Funcionalidad de la articulación Glenohumeral en el golpe de Drive en pelota a paleta

El propósito de esta ponencia, es realizar un análisis del gesto técnico denominado "Drive", golpe determinante en la disciplina de Pelota a Paleta, a partir del estudio Anatómico y Biomecánico de la articulación Glenohumeral. Se destacará la importancia de los conocimientos anatomo-funcionales en la formación del Profesor en Educación Física, como base para el análisis del movimiento en cuestión, ya sea con fines de rendimiento deportivo o para mejorar la intervención docente. La articulación Glenohumeral es parte de un complejo de articulaciones que corresponde a la Cintura Escapular. Esta, posee 3 grados de libertad, lo que permite orientar al miembro superior en relación a los 3 planos del espacio, a disposición de tres ejes principales, y de esa manera, combinarlos gracias a su característica de articulación en esfera (Diartrosis-Enartrosis). A partir de Aquí, los movimientos principales que puede realizar son: La Flexión y la Extensión en el plano Sagital en torno al eje transversal; la Aducción y la Abducción en el plano frontal con su eje anteroposterior; la Rotación Interna y la Rotación Externa en el plano horizontal, alrededor del eje vertical, y por último, el movimiento de circunduccion, que resulta de la combinación de los precedentes. Los principios básicos para el desarrollo del golpe, establecen que éste debe comenzar desde la empuñadura de la paleta, la posición del cuerpo en sus diferentes instancias, hasta llegar al momento del golpe para realizar un correcto impacto. Este último momento se realiza llevando el miembro superior desde atrás hacia delante, con el codo extendido en el momento del golpeo y a la altura del hombro. Es un golpe para imprimir fuerza y dirección a la pelota

Funcionalidad de la articulación Glenohumeral en el golpe de Drive en pelota a paleta

El propósito de esta ponencia, es realizar un análisis del gesto técnico denominado "Drive", golpe determinante en la disciplina de Pelota a Paleta, a partir del estudio Anatómico y Biomecánico de la articulación Glenohumeral. Se destacará la importancia de los conocimientos anatomo-funcionales en la formación del Profesor en Educación Física, como base para el análisis del movimiento en cuestión, ya sea con fines de rendimiento deportivo o para mejorar la intervención docente. La articulación Glenohumeral es parte de un complejo de articulaciones que corresponde a la Cintura Escapular. Esta, posee 3 grados de libertad, lo que permite orientar al miembro superior en relación a los 3 planos del espacio, a disposición de tres ejes principales, y de esa manera, combinarlos gracias a su característica de articulación en esfera (Diartrosis-Enartrosis). A partir de Aquí, los movimientos principales que puede realizar son: La Flexión y la Extensión en el plano Sagital en torno al eje transversal; la Aducción y la Abducción en el plano frontal con su eje anteroposterior; la Rotación Interna y la Rotación Externa en el plano horizontal, alrededor del eje vertical, y por último, el movimiento de circunduccion, que resulta de la combinación de los precedentes. Los principios básicos para el desarrollo del golpe, establecen que éste debe comenzar desde la empuñadura de la paleta, la posición del cuerpo en sus diferentes instancias, hasta llegar al momento del golpe para realizar un correcto impacto. Este último momento se realiza llevando el miembro superior desde atrás hacia delante, con el codo extendido en el momento del golpeo y a la altura del hombro. Es un golpe para imprimir fuerza y dirección a la pelota

Funcionalidad de la articulación Glenohumeral en el golpe de Drive en pelota a paleta

El propósito de esta ponencia, es realizar un análisis del gesto técnico denominado "Drive", golpe determinante en la disciplina de Pelota a Paleta, a partir del estudio Anatómico y Biomecánico de la articulación Glenohumeral. Se destacará la importancia de los conocimientos anatomo-funcionales en la formación del Profesor en Educación Física, como base para el análisis del movimiento en cuestión, ya sea con fines de rendimiento deportivo o para mejorar la intervención docente. La articulación Glenohumeral es parte de un complejo de articulaciones que corresponde a la Cintura Escapular. Esta, posee 3 grados de libertad, lo que permite orientar al miembro superior en relación a los 3 planos del espacio, a disposición de tres ejes principales, y de esa manera, combinarlos gracias a su característica de articulación en esfera (Diartrosis-Enartrosis). A partir de Aquí, los movimientos principales que puede realizar son: La Flexión y la Extensión en el plano Sagital en torno al eje transversal; la Aducción y la Abducción en el plano frontal con su eje anteroposterior; la Rotación Interna y la Rotación Externa en el plano horizontal, alrededor del eje vertical, y por último, el movimiento de circunduccion, que resulta de la combinación de los precedentes. Los principios básicos para el desarrollo del golpe, establecen que éste debe comenzar desde la empuñadura de la paleta, la posición del cuerpo en sus diferentes instancias, hasta llegar al momento del golpe para realizar un correcto impacto. Este último momento se realiza llevando el miembro superior desde atrás hacia delante, con el codo extendido en el momento del golpeo y a la altura del hombro. Es un golpe para imprimir fuerza y dirección a la pelota

Direct-Drive Shock-Ignition for the Laser Megajoule.

We present a review of direct-drive shock ignition studies done as alternative for the Laser Mega-Joule to achieve high thermonuclear gain. One-dimensional analysis of HiPER-like Shock-ignited target designs is presented. It is shown that high gain can be achieved with shock ignition for designs which do not ignite only from the laser compression. Shock ignition is achieved for different targets of the fast ignition family which are driven by an absorbed energy between 100 kJ and 850kJ and deliver thermonuclear energies between 10-130 MJ. Shock-Ignition of Direct-Drive Double-Shell non-cryogenic target is also addressed. 2D results concerning the LMJ irradiation geometry are presented. Few systematic analyses are performed for the fuel assembly irradiation uniformity using the whole LMJ configuration or a part of the facility, and for the ignitor spike uniformity. Solutions for fuel assembly and shock ignition on LMJ using 2D calculations are presented. It is shown that high-gain shock-ignition is possible with intensity of each quad less than 1e15 W/cm2but low modes asymmetries displace the ignitor power in the spike towards higher powers.

Systematic Analysis of Direct-Drive Baseline Designs for Shock-Ignition with the Laser Megajoule

Direct-drive inertial confinement thermonuclear fusion consists in illuminating a shell of cryogenic Deuterium and Tritium (DT) mixture with many intense beams of laser light. Capsule is composed of DT gassurrounded by cryogenic DT as combustible fuel. Basic rules are used to define shell geometry from aspect ratio, fuel mass and layers densities. We define baseline designs using two aspect ratio (A=3 and A=5) who complete HiPER baseline design (A=7.7). Aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of ice DT shell inner radius over DT shell thickness. Low aspect ratio improves hydrodynamics stabilities of imploding shell. Laser impulsion shape and ablator thickness are initially defined by using Lindl (1995) pressure ablation and mass ablation formulae for direct-drive using CH layer as ablator. In flight adiabat parameter is close to one during implosion. Velocitie simplosions chosen are between 260 km/s and 365 km/s. More than thousand calculations are realized for each aspect ratio in order to optimize the laser pulse shape. Calculations are performed using the one-dimensional version of the Lagrangian radiation hydrodynamics FCI2. We choose implosion velocities for each initial aspect ratio, and we compute scaled-target family curves for each one to find self-ignition threshold. Then, we pick points on each curves that potentially product high thermonuclear gain and compute shock ignition in the context of Laser MegaJoule. This systematic analyze reveals many working points which complete previous studies ´allowing to highlight baseline designs, according to laser intensity and energy, combustible mass and initial aspect ratio to be relevant for Laser MegaJoule.

John Deere 6190R Direct Drive, eficiencia y suavidad.

El día 10 de enero tuvimos la oportunidad de evaluar en Olías del Rey (Toledo), el nuevo tractor John Deere 6190R que dispone de recirculación externa refrigerada de gases de escape, y una muy interesante transmisión electromecánica,denominada Direct Drive, reconocida como NovedadTécnica en la última edición de Eima. Nos propusimos como meta verificar la idoneidad de este cambio automático y del sistema de gestión inteligente de potencia en condiciones de trabajo exigentes: con un apero de laboreo secundario accionado a la tdf y en transporte con un remolque de 17.940 kg en condiciones de desnivel acusado,comparándolos con el cambio manual con y sin gestión de potencia.Veamos los resultados.

Sensory and texture properties of mashed potato incorporated wigh inulin and olive oil blends

The effect of adding different ratios of inulin and extra virgin olive oil blends, formulated without (MPA) and with cryoprotectants (MPB), on texture properties of fresh mashed potatoes and frozen/thawed mashed potatoes was studied. Inulin and extra virgin olive oil behaved like soft ?llers, but inulin was associated with increased?brousness and extra virgin olive oil with increased creaminess. In the total dataset and frozen mashed potatoes, frozen/thawed mashed potatoes, and MPA subgroups, component 1 was a contrast between mechanical and surface textural attributes, whereas in MPB samples component 1 was determined by geometrical attributes. Addition of inulin at 30 g/kg and extra virgin olive oil at 45 g/kg is recommended.

Woolliness assessment in peaches (Cv. Springcrest) by sensory and instrumental means.

Mealiness is a negative attribute of sensory texture, characterised by the lack of juiciness without variation of total water content in the tissues. In peaches, mealiness is also known as "woolliness" and "leatheriness". This internal disorder is characterised by the lack of juiciness and flavour. In peaches, it is associated with interna browning near the stone and the incapacity of ripening although there is externa ripe appearance. Woolliness is associated with inadequate cold storage and is considered as a physiological disorder that appears in stone fruits when an unbalanced pectolitic enzyme activity during storage occurs (Kailasapathy and Melton, 1992). Many attempts have been carried out to identify and measure mealiness and woolliness in fruits. The texture of a food product is composed by a wide spectrum of sensory attributes. Consumer defines the texture integrating simultaneously all the sensory attributes. However, an instrument assesses one or several parameters related to a fraction of the texture spectrum (Kramer, 1973). The complexity of sensory analysis by means of trained panels to assess the quality of some producing processes, supports the attempt to estimate texture characteristics by instrumental means. Some studies have been carried out comparing sensory and instrumental methods to assess mealiness and woolliness. The current study is centered on analysis and evaluation of woolliness in peaches and is part of the European project FAIR CT95 0302 "Mealiness in fruits: consumer perception and means for detection". The main objective of this study was to develop procedures to detect woolly peaches by sensory and by instrumental means, as well as to compare both measuring procedures.

Dynamic gamma frequency feedback coupling between higher and lower order visual cortices underlies perceptual completion in humans

To perceive a coherent environment, incomplete or overlapping visual forms must be integrated into meaningful coherent percepts, a process referred to as ?Gestalt? formation or perceptual completion. Increasing evidence suggests that this process engages oscillatory neuronal activity in a distributed neuronal assembly. A separate line of evidence suggests that Gestalt formation requires top-down feedback from higher order brain regions to early visual cortex. Here we combine magnetoencephalography (MEG) and effective connectivity analysis in the frequency domain to specifically address the effective coupling between sources of oscillatory brain activity during Gestalt formation. We demonstrate that perceptual completion of two-tone ?Mooney? faces induces increased gamma frequency band power (55?71 Hz) in human early visual, fusiform and parietal cortices. Within this distributed neuronal assembly fusiform and parietal gamma oscillators are coupled by forward and backward connectivity during Mooney face perception, indicating reciprocal influences of gamma activity between these higher order visual brain regions. Critically, gamma band oscillations in early visual cortex are modulated by top-down feedback connectivity from both fusiform and parietal cortices. Thus, we provide a mechanistic account of Gestalt perception in which gamma oscillations in feature sensitive and spatial attention-relevant brain regions reciprocally drive one another and convey global stimulus aspects to local processing units at low levels of the sensory hierarchy by top-down feedback. Our data therefore support the notion of inverse hierarchical processing within the visual system underlying awareness of coherent percepts.

Systematic analysis of direct-drive baseline designs for shock ignition with the Laser MégaJoule

We present direct-drive target design studies for the laser mégajoule using two distinct initial aspect ratios (A = 34 and A = 5). Laser pulse shapes are optimized by a random walk method and drive power variations are used to cover a wide variety of implosion velocities between 260 km/s and 365 km/s. For selected implosion velocities and for each initial aspect ratio, scaled-target families are built in order to find self-ignition threshold. High-gain shock ignition is also investigated in the context of Laser MégaJoule for marginally igniting targets below their own self-ignition threshold.

Low initial aspect-ratio direct-drive target designs for shock- or self-ignition in the context of the laser Megajoule

Analysis of low initial aspect ratio direct-drive target designs is carried out by varying the implosion velocity and the fuel mass. Starting from two different spherical targets with a given 300?g-DT mass, optimization of laser pulse and drive power allows to obtain a set of target seeds referenced by their peak implosion velocities and initial aspect ratio (A = 3 and A = 5). Self-ignition is achieved with higher implosion velocity for A = 5-design than for A = 3-design. Then, rescaling is done to extend the set of designs to a huge amount of mass, peak kinetic energies and peak areal densities. Self-ignition kinetic energy threshold Ek is characterized by a dependance of Ek ? v? with ?-values which depart from self-ignition models. Nevertheless, self-ignition energy is seen lower for smaller initial aspect ratio. An analysis of Two-Plasmons Decay threshold and Rayleigh?Taylor instability e-folding is carried out and it is shown that two-plasmon decay threshold is always overpassed for all designs. The hydrodynamic stability analysis is performed by embedded models to deal with linear and non-linear regime. It is found that the A = 5-designs are always at the limit of disruption of the shell.