Determination of regional flow by use of intravascular PET tracers: Microvascular theory and experimental validation for pig livers

Today, the standard approach for the kinetic analysis of dynamic PET studies is compartment models, in which the tracer and its metabolites are confined to a few well-mixed compartments. We examine whether the standard model is suitable for modern PET data or whether theories including more physiologic realism can advance the interpretation of dynamic PET data. A more detailed microvascular theory is developed for intravascular tracers in single-capillary and multiple-capillary systems. The microvascular models, which account for concentration gradients in capillaries, are validated and compared with the standard model in a pig liver study. Methods: Eight pigs underwent a 5-min dynamic PET study after O-15-carbon monoxide inhalation. Throughout each experiment, hepatic arterial blood and portal venous blood were sampled, and flow was measured with transit-time flow meters. The hepatic dual-inlet concentration was calculated as the flow-weighted inlet concentration. Dynamic PET data were analyzed with a traditional single-compartment model and 2 microvascular models. Results: Microvascular models provided a better fit of the tissue activity of an intravascular tracer than did the compartment model. In particular, the early dynamic phase after a tracer bolus injection was much improved. The regional hepatic blood flow estimates provided by the microvascular models (1.3 +/- 0.3 mL min(-1) mL(-1) for the single-capillary model and 1.14 +/- 0.14 min(-1) mL(-1) for the multiple-capillary model) (mean +/- SEM mL of blood min(-1) mL of liver tissue(-1)) were in agreement with the total blood flow measured by flow meters and normalized to liver weight (1.03 +/- 0.12 mL min(-1) mL(-1)). Conclusion: Compared with the standard compartment model, the 2 microvascular models provide a superior description of tissue activity after an intravascular tracer bolus injection. The microvascular models include only parameters with a clear-cut physiologic interpretation and are applicable to capillary beds in any organ. In this study, the microvascular models were validated for the liver and provided quantitative regional flow estimates in agreement with flow measurements.

Existence of multiple solutions for finite difference approximations to second-order boundary value problems

Error condition detected We consider discrete two-point boundary value problems of the form D-2 y(k+1) = f (kh, y(k), D y(k)), for k = 1,...,n - 1, (0,0) = G((y(0),y(n));(Dy-1,Dy-n)), where Dy-k = (y(k) - Yk-I)/h and h = 1/n. This arises as a finite difference approximation to y" = f(x,y,y'), x is an element of [0,1], (0,0) = G((y(0),y(1));(y'(0),y'(1))). We assume that f and G = (g(0), g(1)) are continuous and fully nonlinear, that there exist pairs of strict lower and strict upper solutions for the continuous problem, and that f and G satisfy additional assumptions that are known to yield a priori bounds on, and to guarantee the existence of solutions of the continuous problem. Under these assumptions we show that there are at least three distinct solutions of the discrete approximation which approximate solutions to the continuous problem as the grid size, h, goes to 0. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Numerical investigation of turbulent flow around a rotating stepped cylinder for corrosion study

Direct numerical simulation has been carried out for turbulent flow set up by a rotating cylinder with two backward-facing steps axisymmetrically mounted in the circumferential direction. This flow geometry creates a qualitatively similar flow pattern as observed near, a sudden, pipe expansion or a plane backward-facing step, characterized by flow separation and reattachment. A region of intense turbulence intensity and high wall-shear-stress fluctuations is formed in,the recirculating I region downstream of the step, where high mass-transfer capacity was also experimentally observed. Since, corrosion is frequently mass-transfer., controlled, our findings, put forward this apparatus as useful tool for future corrosion research.

Effect of cold wire inclination on temperature fluctuation measurements in a heated jet

Hot-wire anemometers at low operating currents are used as fast response resistance thermometers for the study of heated turbulent flows. Simultaneous measurement of temperature and velocity is generally performed with multi-wire arrays. In order to give good spatial resolution a new layout has been tested which uses an inclined temperature wire positioned parallel to the nearest inclined velocity wire. This leads to an asymmetric wire arrangement relative to the mean flow direction. As expected, a reduction in thermal interference from the velocity wires results when compared with an array containing a temperature wire placed normal to the flow. However, measurement of higher order moments of fluctuating quantities in an axisymmetric jet shows considerable distortion of radial distributions which is traced to alteration of the temperature field sensed by the temperature wire. When inclined velocity sensitive wires contain a temperature component, the latter may be affected by the same phenomenon.

Heat transfer and flow behind a step in high enthalpy superorbital flow

Heat transfer levels have been investigated behind a rearward-facing step in a superorbital expansion tube. The heat transfer was measured along a flat plate and behind 2 and 3mm steps with the same length to step height ratio. Results were obtained with air as the test gas at speeds of 6.76kms(-1) and 9-60kms(-1) corresponding to stagnation enthalpies of 26MJ/kg and 48MJ/kg respectively. A laminar boundary layer was established on the flat plate and measured heat transfer levels were consistent with classical empirical correlations. In the case of flow behind a step, the measurements showed a gradual rise in heat transfer from the rear of the step to a plateau several step heights downstream for both flow conditions. Reattachment distance was estimated to be approximately 1.6 step heights downstream of the 2mm step at the low enthalpy condition through the use of flow visualisation.

Large sets of large sets of Steiner triple systems of order 9

We describe a direct method of partitioning the 840 Steiner triple systems of order 9 into 120 large sets. The method produces partitions in which all of the large sets are isomorphic and we apply the method to each of the two non-isomorphic large sets of STS(9).

Dynamic stability of laminated FGM plates based on higher-order shear deformation theory

This paper conducts a dynamic stability analysis of symmetrically laminated FGM rectangular plates with general out-of-plane supporting conditions, subjected to a uniaxial periodic in-plane load and undergoing uniform temperature change. Theoretical formulations are based on Reddy's third-order shear deformation plate theory, and account for the temperature dependence of material properties. A semi-analytical Galerkin-differential quadrature approach is employed to convert the governing equations into a linear system of Mathieu-Hill equations from which the boundary points on the unstable regions are determined by Bolotin's method. Free vibration and bifurcation buckling are also discussed as subset problems. Numerical results are presented in both dimensionless tabular and graphical forms for laminated plates with FGM layers made of silicon nitride and stainless steel. The influences of various parameters such as material composition, layer thickness ratio, temperature change, static load level, boundary constraints on the dynamic stability, buckling and vibration frequencies are examined in detail through parametric studies.

Gene flow in great bustard populations across the Strait of Gibraltar as elucidated from excremental PCR and mtDNA sequencing

Recent advances in molecular biology have made it possible to use the trace amounts of DNA in faeces to non-invasively sample endangered species for genetic studies. Here we use faeces as a source of DNA and mtDNA sequence data to elucidate the relationship among Spanish and Moroccan populations of great bustards. 834 bp of combined control region and cytochrome-b mtDNA fragments revealed four variable sites that defined seven closely related haplotypes in 54 individuals. Morocco was fixed for a single mtDNA haplotype that occurs at moderate frequency (28%) in Spain. We could not differentiate among the sampled Spanish populations of Caceres and Andalucia but these combined populations were differentiated from the Moroccan population. Estimates of gene flow (Nm = 0.82) are consistent with extensive observations on the southern Iberian peninsular indicating that few individuals fly across the Strait of Gibraltar. We demonstrate that both this sea barrier and mountain barriers in Spain limit dispersal among adjacent great bustard populations to a similar extent. The Moroccan population is of high ornithological significance as it holds the only population of great bustards in Africa. This population is critically small and genetic and observational data indicate that it is unlikely to be recolonised via immigration from Spain should it be extirpated. In light of the evidence presented here it deserves the maximum level of protection.

The left ventricular contractility of the rat heart is modulated by changes in flow and a1-adrenoceptor stimulation

Myocardial contractility depends on several mechanisms such as coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) and flow as well as on a1-adrenoceptor stimulation. Both effects occur during the sympathetic stimulation mediated by norepinephrine. Norepinephrine increases force development in the heart and produces vasoconstriction increasing arterial pressure and, in turn, CPP. The contribution of each of these factors to the increase in myocardial performance needs to be clarified. Thus, in the present study we used two protocols: in the first we measured mean arterial pressure, left ventricular pressure and rate of rise of left ventricular pressure development in anesthetized rats (N = 10) submitted to phenylephrine (PE) stimulation before and after propranolol plus atropine treatment. These observations showed that in vivo a1-adrenergic stimulation increases left ventricular-developed pressure (P<0.05) together with arterial blood pressure (P<0.05). In the second protocol, we measured left ventricular isovolumic systolic pressure (ISP) and CPP in Langendorff constant flow-perfused hearts. The hearts (N = 7) were perfused with increasing flow rates under control conditions and PE or PE + nitroprusside (NP). Both CPP and ISP increased (P<0.01) as a function of flow. CPP changes were not affected by drug treatment but ISP increased (P<0.01). The largest ISP increase was obtained with PE + NP treatment (P<0.01). The results suggest that both mechanisms, i.e., direct stimulation of myocardial a1-adrenoceptors and increased flow, increased cardiac performance acting simultaneously and synergistically.

An optical flow-based sensing system for reactive mobile robot navigation

This work discusses the use of optical flow to generate the sensorial information a mobile robot needs to react to the presence of obstacles when navigating in a non-structured environment. A sensing system based on optical flow and time-to-collision calculation is here proposed and experimented, which accomplishes two important paradigms. The first one is that all computations are performed onboard the robot, in spite of the limited computational capability available. The second one is that the algorithms for optical flow and time-to-collision calculations are fast enough to give the mobile robot the capability of reacting to any environmental change in real-time. Results of real experiments in which the sensing system here proposed is used as the only source of sensorial data to guide a mobile robot to avoid obstacles while wandering around are presented, and the analysis of such results allows validating the proposed sensing system.

Uma avaliação das metodologias de desagregação da exergia física para a modelagem termoeconômica de sistemas

Talvez não seja nenhum exagero afirmar que há quase um consenso entre os praticantes da Termoeconomia de que a exergia, ao invés de só entalpia, seja a magnitude Termodinâmica mais adequada para ser combinada com o conceito de custo na modelagem termoeconômica, pois esta leva em conta aspectos da Segunda Lei da Termodinâmica e permite identificar as irreversibilidades. Porém, muitas vezes durante a modelagem termoeconômica se usa a exergia desagregada em suas parcelas (química, térmica e mecânica), ou ainda, se inclui a neguentropia que é um fluxo fictício, permitindo assim a desagregação do sistema em seus componentes (ou subsistemas) visando melhorar e detalhar a modelagem para a otimização local, diagnóstico e alocação dos resíduos e equipamentos dissipativos. Alguns autores também afirmam que a desagregação da exergia física em suas parcelas (térmica e mecânica) permite aumentar a precisão dos resultados na alocação de custos, apesar de fazer aumentar a complexidade do modelo termoeconômico e consequentemente os custos computacionais envolvidos. Recentemente alguns autores apontaram restrições e possíveis inconsistências do uso da neguentropia e deste tipo de desagregação da exergia física, propondo assim alternativas para o tratamento de resíduos e equipamentos dissipativos que permitem a desagregação dos sistemas em seus componentes. Estas alternativas consistem, basicamente, de novas propostas de desagregação da exergia física na modelagem termoeconômica. Sendo assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar as diferentes metodologias de desagregação da exergia física para a modelagem termoeconômica, tendo em conta alguns aspectos como vantagens, restrições, inconsistências, melhoria na precisão dos resultados, aumento da complexidade e do esforço computacional e o tratamento dos resíduos e equipamentos dissipativos para a total desagregação do sistema térmico. Para isso, as diferentes metodologias e níveis de desagregação da exergia física são aplicados na alocação de custos para os produtos finais (potência líquida e calor útil) em diferentes plantas de cogeração considerando como fluido de trabalho tanto o gás ideal bem como o fluido real. Plantas essas com equipamentos dissipativos (condensador ou válvula) ou resíduos (gases de exaustão da caldeira de recuperação). Porém, foi necessário que uma das plantas de cogeração não incorporasse equipamentos dissipativos e nem caldeira de recuperação com o intuito de avaliar isoladamente o efeito da desagregação da exergia física na melhoria da precisão dos resultados da alocação de custos para os produtos finais.

Modelagem e simulação de um secador intermitente de fluxos contracorrentes para frutos do cafeeiro

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de desenvolver um modelo computacional para simular a secagem de frutos café em um secador intermitente de fluxos contracorrente, empregando a linguagem de simulação EXTEND™ e o Modelo de Thompson (THOMPSON; PEART; FOSTER, 1968). Para validação do modelo desenvolvido foram utilizados dados experimentais obtidos por Silva (1991), em que foram empregados três níveis de temperatura do ar de secagem de 60, 80 e 100 °C. O modelo desenvolvido foi validado, sendo constatados desvios absolutos de 1,8% b.u e 1,1 kg e erros relativos de 11% e 1,6% na previsão dos parâmetros teor de água final e consumo de lenha, respectivamente. O modelo validado foi empregado na condução de experimentos tipo comparação de cenários. O primeiro experimento refere a alterações do ciclo operacional em que foram alterados os tempos de movimentação e de parada do fluxo da massa de grãos. E o segundo refere à alteração da configuração do secador quanto às alturas das câmaras de secagem e descanso. O ciclo operacional com os tempos de movimentação de um minuto e de parada de dezesseis minutos, para a temperatura do ar de secagem de 100 °C, proporcionou o melhor desempenho, sendo constatado tempo secagem de 12,3 h, consumo de lenha de 109,5 kg, consumo específico de energia de 7660 kJ.kg-1 de água evaporada, e capacidade de secagem de 87,86 kg.h-1. Quanto à configuração do secador, o melhor desempenho ocorreu para altura da câmara de secagem de 2,3 m usando a temperatura do ar de secagem de 100 °C, em que foram simulados tempo de secagem de 12,0 h, consumo de lenha de 106,5 kg, consumo específico de energia, de 7433 kJ.kg-1 de água evaporada, e capacidade de secagem de 90 kg.h-1. Desse modo, na condução da secagem de frutos de café em um secador intermitente de fluxos contracorrentes é recomendado o ciclo operacional com tempos de movimentação de um minuto e o de parada de dezesseis minutos, e não empregar a câmara de descanso. Essa conclusão está fundamentada em índices de desempenho do secador. Ressalta-se que não foram simulados os impactos nos parâmetros de qualidade.