La Amazonia Legal y el Cerrado en el contexto de la migración interna en el Brasil en el período 1995-2010

Este ensayo tiene dos objetivos principales. El primero, revisar de forma sumaria y ampliar las consideraciones formuladas hasta ahora por los especialistas sobre el proceso migratorio interno del Brasil. El segundo, detallar el comportamiento de las regiones Centro-Oeste y Norte, que, además de representar una buena parte de la “Amazonia Legal”, desempeñaron un importante papel en los procesos de ocupación y desconcentración demográfica del Brasil. Los datos analizados muestran que en la década de 2000 se registró una notoria reducción de la migración entre estados, tendencia que se explica en el contexto de las transformaciones de la sociedad brasileña durante ese período. Específicamente en el caso de las regiones Centro-Oeste y Norte se observa también que el descenso del crecimiento demográfico revela la existencia de importantes cambios en el proceso de ocupación, sobre todo en lo que se refiere a la migración interna. A partir de los datos de los censos demográficos de 2000 y 2010, en el estudio se sostiene que varias transformaciones ocurridas en el proceso de ocupación económica de estas regiones parecen haber intervenido en el fin de la era de la ocupación de las fronteras agrícolas en el Brasil.

Economic and legal status of foreign investments in selected countries of Latin America (prepared by the Secretariat) = Situación jurídica y económica de las inversiones extranjeras en países seleccionados de la América Latina (Informe preparado por la Secretaría)

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Economic and legal status of foreign investments in selected countries of Latin America: foreign investments in Paraguay

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Checklist of freshwater ichthyofauna from coastal streams of Juréia-Itatins Reserve, Southeastern Brazil

The Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station (JIES) is one of the few protected areas in the state of São Paulo, which harbor a significant portion of the Atlantic forest. Although there is high diversity and endemism of fish species in this region, knowledge of the ichthyofauna in JIES is incipient. A total of 4,809 specimens belonging to six orders, 15 families and 31 species were captured during April 2009 to February 2010, using electrofishing, gillnets and traps. The family Characidae was predominant, mainly due to the abundance of freshwater species such as Astyanax ribeirae, Mimagoniates microlepis, and Hollandichthys multifasciatus. Although the estuarine regions were rarely sampled in this study, six brackish water species were captured. In this study, nine species previously unknown from JIES were discovered. Five endangered fish species, endemic to the Atlantic forest, occur at JIES, thus the presence of protected areas, as a conservation measure, is particularly relevant. © 2013 Check List and Authors.

Situación jurídica de la mujer latinoamericana y del Caribe definida según las resoluciones y mandatos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas = Legal situation of women in Latin America and the Caribbean defined according to the resolutions and mandates of the United Nations system

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Violencia en la pareja: tratamiento legal; evolución y balance

Documento de Referencia DDR/5

Habitat monitoring and genotoxicity in Ucides cordatus (Crustacea: Ucididae), as tools to manage a mangrove reserve in southeastern Brazil

In Brazil, the state of São Paulo contains both preserved areas (Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station) and extremely impacted ones (Cubatão Municipality). This study evaluated the concentrations of five metals (Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Hg) in two mangroves with different levels of anthropogenic impact and the apparent genotoxicity to Ucides cordatus. Water and sediment samples were obtained, and metal concentrations were determined with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The genotoxic impact was quantified based on the number of micronucleated cells per 1,000 analyzed (MN‰), using hemolymph slides stained with Giemsa. Metal concentrations in water were below the detection limit, except for lead, although no significant difference was observed between the areas (P > 0.05). Sediment from Cubatão had higher concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cr, and Cu than sediment from Juréia-Itatins (P < 0.05), but no significant differences in metal concentrations were detected among depth strata of the sediment (P > 0.05). Crabs from Cubatão had a 2.6 times higher mean frequency of micronucleated cells (5.2 ± 1.8 MN‰) than those from Juréia-Itatins (2.0 ± 1.0 MN‰; P < 0.0001). The more-polluted conditions found in the mangrove sediments of Cubatão were reflected in the micronucleus assay, demonstrating their genotoxic effect; however, genetic damage should be attributed to a synergistic effect with other kinds of pollutants previously recorded in different environments of Cubatão. U. cordatus proved to be an excellent bioindicator of mangrove pollution. This study established, for the first time, the normal frequency of MN‰ in a population of this species within an ecological station. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.