Preditores de internação hospitalar em pacientes com síncope atendidos em hospital cardiológico

FUNDAMENTO: No atendimento ao episódio sincopal é necessário estratificar o risco para melhor diferenciar pacientes que necessitam de internação hospitalar daqueles que podem ser liberados. Os critérios utilizados pelos médicos avaliadores desses pacientes em emergências cardiológicas em nosso meio são desconhecidos. OBJETIVOS: Analisar quais os critérios adotados para internação hospitalar, diferenciá-los dos utilizados nos pacientes liberados e compará-los com os preditores de alto risco definidos pelo escore de OESIL já validado para esse fim. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal em pacientes diagnosticados com síncope na emergência em nossa instituição no ano de 2011. RESULTADOS: Dos 46.476 atendimentos realizados naquele ano, 216 foram descritos como síncope. Dos 216 pacientes analisados, 39% foram internados, sendo que as principais variáveis associadas à admissão foram síncope prévia, doença cardíaca conhecida, história negativa para acidente vascular encefálico no passado, ECG alterado e possuir plano de súde. Na comparação internação contra não internação, os escores OESIL 0-1 foram associados a maior chance de liberação hospitalar; os escores 2-3 apresentaram maior associação com internação. Um escore OESIL >2 demonstrou razão de chances 7,8 vezes maior de internação comparado com o escore 0 (p < 0,001; IC95%: 4,03-15,11). Aproximadamente 39% dos pacientes não tiveram definição etiológica e em 18% foi identificada uma causa cardiológica. CONCLUSÕES: Fatores como doença cardiovascular conhecida, história sincopal prévia, ausência de AVC prévio, possuir seguro de saúde e eletrocardiograma alterado foram os critérios utilizados pelos médicos em emergência para indicar internação hospitalar. Houve boa correlação entre os critérios clínicos e os critérios de risco do OESIL descritos na literatura.

Escore Prognóstico para Síndrome Coronariana Aguda em Hospital Terciário Privado

Fundamento: Os modelos prognósticos disponíveis para Síndrome Coronariana Aguda (SCA) podem ter limitações de performance, por terem sido elaborados há vários anos, ou problemas de aplicabilidade. Objetivos: Elaborar escores para predição de eventos desfavoráveis em 30 dias e 6 meses, em pacientes com SCA, com ou sem Supradesnivelamento de ST (SST), atendida em hospital privado terciário. Métodos: Coorte prospectiva de pacientes consecutivos com SCA admitidos entre agosto/2009 a junho/2012. O desfecho primário composto foi a ocorrência de óbito, infarto ou reinfarto, Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC), parada cardiorrespiratória e sangramento maior. As variáveis preditoras foram selecionadas de dados clínicos, laboratoriais, eletrocardiográficos e da terapêutica. O modelo final foi obtido por meio de regressão logística e submetido a validação interna, utilizando-se bootstraping. Resultados: Incluímos 760 pacientes, 132 com SCA com SST e 628 sem SST. A idade média foi 63,2 ± 11,7 anos, sendo 583 homens (76,7%). O modelo final para eventos em 30 dias contém cinco preditores: idade ≥ 70 anos, antecedente de neoplasia, Fração de Ejeção do Ventrículo Esquerdo (FEVE) < 40%, troponinaI > 12,4 ng/mL e trombólise. Na validação interna, o modelo mostrou ter boa performance com área sob a curva de 0,71.Os preditores do modelo para 6 meses são: antecedente de neoplasia, FEVE < 40%, trombólise, troponina I > 14,3 ng/mL, creatinina > 1,2 mg/dL, antecedente de doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica e hemoglobina < 13,5 g/dL. Na validação interna, o modelo apresentou boa performance com área sob a curva de 0,69. Conclusões: Desenvolvemos escores de fácil utilização e boa performance para predição de eventos adversos em 30 dias e 6 meses em pacientes com SCA.

Healthcare-Associated Infective Endocarditis: a Case Series in a Referral Hospital from 2006 to 2011

Background: Healthcare-associated infective endocarditis (HCA-IE), a severe complication of medical care, shows a growing incidence in literature. Objective: To evaluate epidemiology, etiology, risk factors for acquisition, complications, surgical treatment, and outcome of HCA-IE. Methods: Observational prospective case series study (2006-2011) in a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro. Results: Fifty-three patients with HCA-IE from a total of 151 cases of infective endocarditis (IE) were included. There were 26 (49%) males (mean age of 47 ± 18.7 years), 27 (51%) females (mean age of 42 ± 20.1 years). IE was acute in 37 (70%) cases and subacute in 16 (30%) cases. The mitral valve was affected in 19 (36%) patients and the aortic valve in 12 (36%); prosthetic valves were affected in 23 (43%) patients and native valves in 30 (57%). Deep intravenous access was used in 43 (81%) cases. Negative blood cultures were observed in 11 (21%) patients, Enterococcus faecalis in 10 (19%), Staphylococcus aureus in 9 (17%), and Candida sp. in 7 (13%). Fever was present in 49 (92%) patients, splenomegaly in 12 (23%), new regurgitation murmur in 31 (58%), and elevated C-reactive protein in 44/53 (83%). Echocardiograms showed major criteria in 46 (87%) patients, and 34 (64%) patients were submitted to cardiac surgery. Overall mortality was 17/53 (32%). Conclusion: In Brazil HCA-IE affected young subjects. Patients with prosthetic and native valves were affected in a similar proportion, and non-cardiac surgery was an infrequent predisposing factor, whereas intravenous access was a common one. S. aureus was significantly frequent in native valve HCA-IE, and overall mortality was high.

Atrial Fibrillation in Decompensated Heart Failure: Associated Factors and In-Hospital Outcome

Background: Studies on atrial fibrillation (AF) in decompensated heart failure (DHF) are scarce in Brazil. Objectives: To determine AF prevalence, its types and associated factors in patients hospitalized due to DHF; to assess their thromboembolic risk profile and anticoagulation rate; and to assess the impact of AF on in-hospital mortality and hospital length of stay. Methods: Retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study of incident cases including 659 consecutive hospitalizations due to DHF, from 01/01/2006 to 12/31/2011. The thromboembolic risk was assessed by using CHADSVASc score. On univariate analysis, the chi-square, Student t and Mann Whitney tests were used. On multivariate analysis, logistic regression was used. Results: The prevalence of AF was 40%, and the permanent type predominated (73.5%). On multivariate model, AF associated with advanced age (p < 0.0001), non-ischemic etiology (p = 0.02), right ventricular dysfunction (p = 0.03), lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p = 0.02), higher ejection fraction (EF) (p < 0.0001) and enlarged left atrium (LA) (p < 0.0001). The median CHADSVASc score was 4, and 90% of the cases had it ≥ 2. The anticoagulation rate was 52.8% on admission and 66.8% on discharge, being lower for higher scores. The group with AF had higher in-hospital mortality (11.0% versus 8.1%, p = 0.21) and longer hospital length of stay (20.5 ± 16 versus 16.3 ± 12, p = 0.001). Conclusions: Atrial fibrillation is frequent in DHF, the most prevalent type being permanent AF. Atrial fibrillation is associated with more advanced age, non-ischemic etiology, right ventricular dysfunction, lower SBP, higher EF and enlarged LA. Despite the high thromboembolic risk profile, anticoagulation is underutilized. The presence of AF is associated with longer hospital length of stay and high mortality.

Improving Post-Discharge Medication Adherence in Patients with CVD: A Pilot Randomized Trial

Background:Effective interventions to improve medication adherence are usually complex and expensive.Objective:To assess the impact of a low-cost intervention designed to improve medication adherence and clinical outcomes in post-discharge patients with CVD.Method:A pilot RCT was conducted at a teaching hospital. Intervention was based on the four-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-4). The primary outcome measure was medication adherence assessed using the eight-item MMAS at baseline, at 1 month post hospital discharge and re-assessed 1 year after hospital discharge. Other outcomes included readmission and mortality rates.Results:61 patients were randomized to intervention (n = 30) and control (n = 31) groups. The mean age of the patients was 61 years (SD 12.73), 52.5% were males, and 57.4% were married or living with a partner. Mean number of prescribed medications per patient was 4.5 (SD 3.3). Medication adherence was correlated to intervention (p = 0.04) and after 1 month, 48.4% of patients in the control group and 83.3% in the intervention group were considered adherent. However, this difference decreased after 1 year, when adherence was 34.8% and 60.9%, respectively. Readmission and mortality rates were related to low adherence in both groups.Conclusion:The intervention based on a validated patient self-report instrument for assessing adherence is a potentially effective method to improve adherent behavior and can be successfully used as a tool to guide adherence counseling in the clinical visit. However, a larger study is required to assess the real impact of intervention on these outcomes.

Level of Physical Activity and In-Hospital Course of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Abstract Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the modern world. A sedentary lifestyle, present in 85% of the Brazilian population, is considered a risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease. However, the correlation of a sedentary lifestyle with cardiovascular events (CVE) during hospitalization for ACS is not well established. Objective: To evaluate the association between physical activity level, assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), with in-hospital prognosis in patients with ACS. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional, and analytical study with 215 subjects with a diagnosis of ACS consecutively admitted to a referral hospital for cardiac patients between July 2009 and February 2011. All volunteers answered the short version of the IPAQ and were observed for the occurrence of CVE during hospitalization with a standardized assessment conducted by the researcher and corroborated by data from medical records. Results: The patients were admitted with diagnoses of unstable angina (34.4%), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) without ST elevation (41.4%), and AMI with ST elevation (24.2%). According to the level of physical activity, the patients were classified as non-active (56.3%) and active (43.7%). A CVE occurred in 35.3% of the cohort. The occurrence of in-hospital complications was associated with the length of hospital stay (odds ratio [OR] = 1.15) and physical inactivity (OR = 2.54), and was independent of age, systolic blood pressure, and prior congestive heart failure. Conclusion: A physically active lifestyle reduces the risk of CVE during hospitalization in patients with ACS.

Atendimento no Ambulatório de Nutrição Renal da Faculdade de Nutrição da Universidade Federal Fluminense e Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro : efeitos de um programa de treino de força intradialítica em pacientes renais crónicos

Relatório de estágio de mestrado, Nutrição Clínica, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, 2015

Inquérito sôbre a doença de Chagas no hospital da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais, Brasil)

São relatados os resultados de um inquérito sôbre doença de Chagas realizado na Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais, Brasil), com a finalidade de verificar a incidência desta moléstia e especialmente de sua forma cardíaca crônica entre os doentes ali internados. Foram examinados 181 pacientes adultos não selecionados, adotando-se os seguintes métodos: a) exame clínico geral e exame minucioso do aparelho circulatório; b) eletrocardiograma; c) reação de fixação do complemento para a doença de Chagas (antígeno de cultura do Schizotrypanum cruzi); d) reação de Wassermann; e) xenodiagnóstico e radiografia dos pacientes com reação de fixação do complemento (Guerreiro & Machado) positiva e de portadores de outras cardiopatias. Dos 181 pacientes examinados, 37 (20,44%) tinham provas de laboratório positivas para foença de Chagas. 49 (27,07%) eram portadores de cardiopatias, com as seguintes etiologias: doença de Chagas (18 casos); arteriosclerose (13 casos); hipertensão arterial (12 casos); sífilis (casos); febre reumática (3 casos); cardiopatia congênita (1 caso); cor pulmonale crônico (1 caso). De 34 pacientes com doença de Chagas, 18 (52,95%) apresentavam evidências eletrocardiográficas de comportamento miocárdico. As alterações eletrocardiográficas mais freqüentes foram: bloqueio do ramo direito, extra-sístoles ventriculares, alterações de QRS (isoladas ou associadas a alterações de T), bloqueios auriculo-ventriculares. Estes achados são semelhantes aos já descritos na cardiopatia chagásica crônica por Laranja e cols. (13,26). As alterações eletrocardiográficas mais frequentes no grupo de pacientes com provas de laboratório negativas para doença de Chagas foram: curvas de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (strain) alteralçoes primárias de T e extra-sístoles vemtriculares. A idade de 50,0% dos pacientes com miocardite chagásica crônica não ultrapassou os 30 enquanto que 83,33% dos pacientes portafores de outras cardiopatias eram maiores de 30 anos. A reação de fixação do complemento (antígeno de cultura do Schizotrypanum cruzi), devido à sua especificidade e sensibilidade, mostrou ser muito util para o diagnóstico de laboratório da doença de Chagas em sua fase crônica. O xenodiagnóstico foi positivo em 8 casos (25,8%) de 31 pacientes com reação de Guerreiro & Machado positiva. Foi discutidoo problema da etiologia do megaesôfago e do megacolon, admitindo os Autores que adoença de Chagas possivelmente desempenhe, em determinadas zonas, papel significativo no desenvolvimento destas afecções. Foi brevemente relatada a distribuição geográfica dos triatomídeos no Estado de Minas Gerais. Os principais vetores são Panstrongylus megistus, Triatoma infestans e Triatoma sordida, se bem que outras 12 espécies ocorrem neste Estado. Estes triatomídeos existem em 204 (64,55%) dos 316 municípios do Estado de Minas. Vetores infetados foram encontrados em 143 municípios (70,09%). Foram assinaladas as áreas infetadas mais importantes. Os Autores salientaram a importância médica da doença de Chagas, acreditando ser esta infecção um dos mais importantes fatores de cardiopatia em amplas zonas rurais do Estado de Minas Gerais.

Una reflexió historiogràfica sobre l'hospital com a espai de medicalització

El treball analitza la historiografia existent sobre les institucions hospitalàries com a espai de medicalització des de la segona meitat del s. XX. La finalitat és estudiar de quina manera diverses tendències historiogràfiques han percebut l’hospital com a espai de creació i difusió de coneixement científic. S'ha atorgat particular interès a les visions sobre el seu rol en la transformació de la medicina occidental i també als factors aliens a la medicina que, segons alguns historiadors, han, valgui la paradoxa, contribuït a transformar l’hospital en una institució mèdica.

Promoting hospital-based smoking cessation services at major Swiss hospitals: a before and after study.

Whether a 1-year nationwide, government supported programme is effective in significantly increasing the number of smoking cessation clinics at major Swiss hospitals as well as providing basic training for the staff running them. We conducted a baseline evaluation of hospital services for smoking cessation, hypertension, and obesity by web search and telephone contact followed by personal visits between October 2005 and January 2006 of 44 major public hospitals in the 26 cantons of Switzerland; we compared the number of active smoking cessation services and trained personnel between baseline to 1 year after starting the programme including a training workshop for doctors and nurses from all hospitals as well as two further follow-up visits. At base line 9 (21%) hospitals had active smoking cessation services, whereas 43 (98%) and 42 (96%) offered medical services for hypertension and obesity respectively. Hospital directors and heads of Internal Medicine of 43 hospitals were interested in offering some form of help to smokers provided they received outside support, primarily funding to get started or to continue. At two identical workshops, 100 health professionals (27 in Lausanne, 73 in Zurich) were trained for one day. After the programme, 22 (50%) hospitals had an active smoking cessation service staffed with at least 1 trained doctor and 1 nurse. A one-year, government-supported national intervention resulted in a substantial increase in the number of hospitals allocating trained staff and offering smoking cessation services to smokers. Compared to the offer for hypertension and obesity this offer is still insufficient.

Implementation of robotic laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a university hospital.

BACKGROUND: Robot surgery is a further step towards new potential developments in minimally invasive surgery. Surgeons must keep abreast of these new technologies and learn their limits and possibilities. Robot-assisted laparoscopic cholecystectomy has not yet been performed in our institution. The purpose of this report is to present the pathway of implementation of robotic laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a university hospital. METHODS: The Zeus(R) robot system was used. Experimental training was performed on animals. The results of our experimental training allowed us to perform our first two clinical cases. RESULTS: Robot arm set-up and trocar placement required 53 and 35 minutes. Operative time were 59 and 45 minutes respectively. The overall operative time was 112 and 80 minutes, respectively. There were no intraoperative complications. Patients were discharged from the hospital after an overnight stay. CONCLUSION: Robotic laparoscopic cholecystectomy is safe and patient recovery similar to those of standard laparoscopy. At present, there are no advantages of robotic over conventional surgery. Nevertheless, robots have the potential to revolutionise the way surgery is performed. Robot surgery is not reserved for a happy few. This technology deserves more attention because it has the potential to change the way surgery is performed.