Terapêutica com doses profiláticas de sulfato ferroso como medida de intervenção no combate à carência de ferro em crianças atendidas em unidades básicas de saúde

Objetivou-se testar a terapêutica com doses profiláticas de sulfato ferroso no combate à anemia carencial ferropriva, em 620 crianças de 4 a 36 meses de idade, atendidas em duas unidades de saúde do Município de São Paulo, Brasil. As crianças foram submetidas a coleta de sangue para dosagem de hemoglobina. em seguida, foi prescrito dosagem de 12 mg/dia de ferro elementar, por 30 dias. Observou-se que 25% dos menores de 6 meses apresentaram níveis de hemoglobina inferiores a 11,0 g/dl. As maiores ocorrências de anemia foram detectadas entre os 9 e 23 meses de idade (50,0%). Decorrido o prazo, apenas 37,4% das crianças com anemia e 52,4% das não anêmicas retornaram para reavaliação. Das 299 que foram reavaliadas, somente 157 (52,5%) receberam a medicação corretamente. A freqüência de hemoglobinas inferiores a 9,5 g/dl caiu de 17,1% no início, para 8,1% ao final da intervenção. Por outro lado, o percentual de crianças com hemoglobinas superiores a 12,0 g/dl subiu de 13,4%, para 33,4%. As que receberam a suplementação férrica de forma correta registraram queda nos índices de anemia sensivelmente maior que a observada naquelas suplementadas de forma incorreta. Concluiu-se que a terapêutica com doses profiláticas de sulfato ferroso, apesar de se mostrar eficiente na recuperação dos níveis de hemoglobina, apresenta sérios entraves do ponto de vista operacional.

Seletividade de agroquímicos ao ácaro predador Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Testes de efeito adverso de agroquímicos sobre Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae) foram conduzidos em laboratório, utilizando o método residual de contato com pulverização em superfície de vidro. Foram testados 42 produtos químicos, a maioria utilizada na citricultura brasileira. A mortalidade e o efeito dos produtos na reprodução do ácaro foram avaliados diariamente durante oito dias. Os produtos foram classificados quanto ao efeito total causado ao ácaro (combinação da mortalidade e efeito na reprodução) em quatro classes de toxicidade propostas pela IOBC/WPRS. Os resultados mostraram que cerca de 26% dos produtos testados foram inócuos (captan, clofentezine, fenbutatin oxide, fosetyl, hexythiazox, hidróxido de cobre, naled, oxicloreto de cobre, óxido cuproso e tetradifon), 14% levemente nocivos (abamectin, chlorothalonil, sulfato de cobre, thiophanate-methyl (PM) e ziram), 7% moderadamente nocivos (enxofre, parathion-methyl e thiophanate-methyl (SC)) e 52% nocivos ao ácaro (acrinathrin, amitraz, azinphos-ethyl, azocyclotin, benomyl, bifenthrin, bromopropylate, carbaryl, carbosulfan, chlorfenapyr, cyhexatin, dicofol, fenpropathrin, fenpyroximate, mancozeb, óleo mineral e vegetal, phosmet, propargite, quinomethionate, triazophos, e vamidothion).

Efeito da suplementação com ácido linoléico conjugado e do treinamento em natação sobre a composição corporal e os parâmetros bioquímicos de ratos Wistar em crescimento

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com ácido linoléico conjugado, associada ao treinamento moderado em natação, sobre a composição corporal, o consumo e a eficiência alimentar, a glicemia, o perfil lipídico e o glicogênio muscular e hepático de ratos Wistar. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar (30 dias) foram divididos em: sedentário, sedentário suplementado, treinado e treinado suplementado. Permaneceram em gaiolas individuais com comida e água ad libitum, temperatura de 23ºC (com variação de1ºC) e ciclo claro-escuro de 12 horas, durante 8 semanas. A sessão de natação durou 1 hora e foi realizada três vezes/semana, bem como a suplementação com ácido linoléico conjugado a 2%. Após sacrifício, o plasma, os tecidos adiposos brancos e o marrom, o músculo gastrocnêmio e o fígado foram coletados e pesados. RESULTADOS: A suplementação per se não promoveu modificação na ingestão alimentar e na massa corporal dos animais. Houve aumento na glicemia de jejum (p<0,05), nas lipoproteínas de alta densidade (p<0,05), no colesterol total (p<0,05) e redução dos triacilgliceróis. A suplementação associada ao treinamento reduziu a massa corporal (p<0,05) e aumentou o peso relativo do tecido adiposo, do fígado e a glicemia de jejum. CONCLUSÃO: A suplementação com ácido linoléico conjugado associada à prática de exercício físico parece ter influência no balanço energético, mas, por outro lado, o aumento no peso do fígado indica que a ingestão deste ácido graxo pode ter efeitos indesejáveis, aumentando as chances de desenvolvimento do fígado gorduroso. Estes achados apontam perspectivas para novos estudos envolvendo análises histológicas do fígado, expressão gênica de enzimas chaves do metabolismo lipídico e de carboidratos, associados ou não a diferentes protocolos de treinamento físico.

ANTINOCICEPTIVE EFFECT OF AMITRAZ IN MICE AND RATS

Amitraz, a formamidine insecticide and acaricide used in veterinary practice, presents side effects related to its pharmacological activity on az-adrenergic receptors. The present study was undertaken to investigate the antinociceptive effect of amitraz in rats and mice. The tail-flick test was used to determine the duration of the antinociceptive effect of the intraperitoneal tip) administration of amitraz (1 and 2 mg/kg, 10 animals per group) in male Wistar rats weighing 180-220 g. The writhing test (using 10 ml/kg of a 0.6% acetic acid solution as a painful stimulus). was performed in 140 male Swiss mice weighing 20-30 g, divided into 14 groups that received ip injections of saline, amitraz (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg), xylazine or detomidine (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/ kg), in order to compare the effect of amitraz to that caused by xylazine and detomidine, and to investigate the participation of alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors which were blocked by idazoxan (1 mg/kg). Amitraz induced a significant antinociceptive effect in both rats and mice. This effect is blocked in mice by idazoxan.

Evaluation of nanoparticles loaded with benzopsoralen in rat peritoneal exudate cells

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

FTY720 in combination with cyclosporine - an analysis of skin allograft survival and renal function

Acute and chronic nephrotoxicity caused by CsA Continuous administration impair kidney allograft survival. Several clinical and experimental protocols have shown benefits to the kidney after decreasing CsA dose, withdrawing the drug or delaying its introduction after transplantation.FTY720 is a new Compound that has immunosuppressive characteristics and increase allograft survival in animal models without causing the side effects of calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs). FTY720 described mechanism of action that consists to alter the lymphocyte migration pattern without impairment of the immune system response against pathogens.In our mice model, FTY720 administered alone or in combination with CsA during 21 days increased skin allograft survival in a fully mismatched strain combination and did not cause significant changes in renal function. Moreover, renal structure was normal in all groups suggesting that at low doses (10 mg/kg/day) CsA can be associated during short-term period to other immunosuppressive drugs, i.e. FTY720 without affecting the kidney.Combination of immunosuppressive compounds with FTY720 and/or delayed introduction of low cyclosporine dose Could prevent graft rejection and avoid nephrotoxicity. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The effect of hetero- and homosexual experience and long-term treatment with fluoxetine on homosexual behavior in male rats

Introduction the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have become the most frequently prescribed drugs for the treatment of depression. Sexual side effects have been noted to occur with this treatment on heterosexual behavior in rats. Heterosexual experience facilitates sexual orientation of male rats and decreases the latencies to first mount and first intromission. on the other hand, homosexual behavior in male rats induced by female hormones has not been evaluated.Aim the objective of this work is to evaluate the effects of heterosexual and homosexual experience in male rats long-term treated with fluoxetine (FLX) on homosexual hormone-induced behavior.Materials and Methods Male rats were treated with FLX or saline solution (10 mg/kg for 65 days). At days 36, 50, and 65 of the treatment, the rats were evaluated for homosexual behavior. Other rats treated with FLX or saline solution for 60 consecutive days were submitted to heterosexual behavior at 14, 21, and 28 days of the treatment. After this, they were orquiectomized and homosexual hormone-induced behavior was observed at 45 and 60 days of the treatment.Results (1) Only treatment with FLX did not affect the homosexual behavior. (2) the homosexual experience facilitated the homosexual behavior mainly on the animals from the control group. (3) the heterosexual experience facilitated the homosexual behavior on both groups.Conclusions Only long-term administration of FLX does not interfere with the homosexual behavior in male rats. The homosexual and the heterosexual experience facilitated the homosexual behavior on the control and experimental groups. We suggested that learning aspects related to sexual behavior are responsible by these results.

Effectiveness and safety of a new vaginal misoprostol product specifically labeled for cervical ripening and labor induction

Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of misoprostol in two different formulations: vaginal tablets of 25 mu g and one-eighth of a 200-mu g oral tablet, also administered intravaginally, for cervical ripening and labor induction of term pregnancies with an indication for that. Methods. A single-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial was carried out in 120 pregnant women who randomly received one of the two formulations. The main dependent variables were mode of delivery, need for additional oxytocin, time between beginning of induction and delivery, perinatal results, complications, and maternal side effects. Student's t, Mann-Whitney, chi(2), Fisher's Exact, Wilcoxon and Kolmogorov-Smirnoff tests, as well as survival analysis, were used in the data analysis. Results. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of general characteristics, uterine contractility, and fetal well-being during labor, cesarean section rates, perinatal outcomes, or maternal adverse events. The mean time between the beginning of cervical ripening and delivery was 31.3 h in the vaginal tablet group and 30.1 h in the oral tablet group, a difference that was not statistically significant. Conclusion. The results showed that the 25-mu g vaginal tablets of misoprostol were as effective and safe for cervical ripening and labor induction as the dose-equivalent fraction of 200-mu g oral tablets.

Effect of different glycosaminoglycans in a guinea-pig carotid-artery thrombosis model

Heparin is the most frequently used drug for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis. Its use, however, is restricted by its side-effects. To study the efficacy of other glycosaminoglycans that could substitute heparin in the management of arterial thrombosis, 60 guinea-pigs were randomly allocated into 6 groups: G1= control, G2= heparin (150 IU/kg), G3= heparan sulfate from beef pancreas (2.5 mg/kg), G4= heparan sulfate from beef lung (2.5 mg/kg), G5= N-acetylated heparan from beef pancreas, G6= dermatan sulfate from beef intestine (2.5 mg/kg). Ten minutes after intravenous injection of the drugs, thrombosis was induced by the injection of a 50% glucose solution into a segment of the right carotid artery isolated between 2 thread loops during 10 minutes. Three hours later the artery was re-exposed and if a thrombus was present it was measured, withdrawn and weighed. Thrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were measured in all animals. Thrombus developed in 90% of the animals in the control group, 0% in G2 and G3, 62.5% in G4, 87.5% in G5 and G6. Only in the animals treated with heparin the coagulation tests were prolonged. In conclusion, in the used dose only the heparan sulfate from beef pancreas presented an antithrombotic effect similar to heparin in this experimental model.

Treatment of Pythiosis in Equine Limbs Using Intravenous Regional Perfusion of Amphotericin B

Objective To evaluate the effects of intravenous regional limb perfusion (IRLP) administration of amphotericin B in horses to treat pythiosis after surgical excision and thermocautery. Study Design Case series. Animals Horses (n = 12) with Pythium insidiosum infection of the distal aspect of the thoracic or pelvic limbs. Methods After surgical excision of granulation tissue and thermocautery, 50 mg amphotericin B was administered by IRLP through a catheter placed in a superficial vein of the affected limb next to the lesion after placing a tourniquet above the injection site. The lesions and locomotor system were evaluated before treatment and at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 60 days. Results Ninety-two percent of horses treated with amphotericin B had complete lesion resolution 35 or 60 days after 1 or 2 IRLP treatments, respectively. IRLP induced limb edema and pain during regional palpation in 42%, and inflammation of the injection site in 33% of horses; however these signs resolved after 14 days. Conclusions IRLP administration of amphotericin B was effective for treating pythiosis in equine limbs, resolving infection with manageable side effects.

Sedação com sufentanil e clonidina em pacientes submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco

FUNDAMENTO: A sedação para a realização de cateterismo cardíaco tem sido alvo de preocupação. Benzodiazepínicos, agonistas alfa-2 adrenérgicos e opioides são utilizados para esse fim, entretanto, cada um destes medicamentos possui vantagens e desvantagens. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia do sufentanil e da clonidina como sedativos em pacientes submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco, observando o impacto dos mesmos sobre os parâmetros hemodinâmicos e respiratórios, a presença de efeitos colaterais, além da satisfação do paciente e do hemodinamicista com o exame. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um ensaio clínico prospectivo, duplo-cego, randomizado e controlado, que envolveu 60 pacientes que receberam 0,1 µg/kg de sufentanil ou 0,5 µg/kg de clonidina antes da realização do cateterismo cardíaco. O escore de sedação segundo a escala de Ramsay, a necessidade de utilização de midazolam, os efeitos colaterais, os parâmetros hemodinâmicos e respiratórios foram registrados, sendo os dados analisados em 06 diferentes momentos. RESULTADOS: O comportamento da pressão arterial, da frequência cardíaca e da frequência respiratória foi semelhante nos dois grupos, entretanto, no momento 2, os pacientes do grupo sufentanil (Grupo S) apresentaram menor escore de sedação segundo a escala de Ramsay, e a saturação periférica da oxihemoglobina foi menor que o grupo clonidina (Grupo C) no momento 6. Os pacientes do Grupo S apresentaram maior incidência de náusea e vômito pós-operatório que os pacientes do Grupo C. A satisfação dos pacientes foi maior no grupo clonidina. Os hemodinamicistas mostraram-se satisfeitos nos dois grupos. CONCLUSÃO: O sufentanil e a clonidina foram efetivos como sedativos em pacientes submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Photodynamic therapy of oral candidiasis hi hiv-positive patients

The conventional treatments for Candidiasis include therapies that promote serious side effects to patients. Recent research indicates the use of red emission laser associated with a blue photosensitizer as a current method for microbial reduction. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Photodynamic Therapy in the treatment of oral candidiasis in HIV patients. The response to treatment by the photodynamic therapy has been demonstrated successfully in 100% of the total sample, as in the 7th and 21st days, confirmed he complete absence of clinical and cytological lesions. This therapy is enhanced by its easy applicability and no adverse side effects making it an alternative method of effective recommended treatment.

Comparison of pharmacopuncture, aquapuncture and acepromazine for sedation of horses

Pharmacopuncture, the injection of subclinical doses of drugs into acupoints reduces drug undesirable side effects, residues in animal consumption products and treatment costs in large animals. Acepromazine (Acp) produces several undesirable effects, such as hypotension. Previous studies with the injection of 1/10 of Acp dose in dog acupoints showed its advantage for sedation, minimizing undesirable effects. Eight horses were randomly submitted to four different treatment protocols according to a Latin Square double-blind design: (i) 0.1 ml kg(1) of saline subcutaneously injected at the cervical region, (ii) 0.1 mg kg(1) of Acp injected subcutaneously at the cervical region, (iii) 0.01 ml kg(1) of saline injected into GV1 acupoint (aquapuncture) and (iv) 0.01 mg kg(1) of Acp injected into GV1 acupoint (pharmacopuncture). Heart rate, respiratory rate, head height and degree of sedation were measured before and at 30, 60 and 90 min after treatments. Signs of sedation were observed in all treated groups at 30 min and only in 1/10Acp-GV1 at 60 min after the treatments. Only the group treated with 0.1 mg kg(1) of Acp s.c. had significantly lower values of head height at 30 min. Respiratory rate tended to reduce in all groups but was significantly lower only in horses treated with 0.1 mg kg(1) of Acp s.c. Heart rate remained unchanged in all groups. Acp-pharmacopuncture on GV1 in horses produced a mild sedation when compared with the conventional dose of Acp. More investigations are necessary to determine the optimal dosage of Acp-pharmacopuncture for sedation in horses.

Uso de la cefalexina en infecciones piogenas de la piel: comparacion de dos esquemas terapeuticos

50 patients with pyogenic infections of the skin were divided into 2 groups and treated with cephalexin. Group A, 26 patients, received 500 mg/12 hours; Group B, 24 patients, 250 mg/6 hours. Clinical diagnosis was substantiated by bacteriologic study of cultures to identify the organism and determination of its susceptibility to the drug. Group A showed 91%, group B 95%; satisfactory results. No side-effects were noted. Either form of dosage was effective in the treatment of pyogenic infections of the skin.

Ketoconazole in the treatment of experimental murine paracoccidioidomycosis

In a murine model of chronic disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis (strain 18; intravenous route), Ketoconazole (200 mg/kg in 0.2% agar) was given daily by gavage in three different schedules. Continuous treatment from an early stage of infection (day 3) up to week 20 was the most effective protocol, leading to remission of histopathological lesions and of both humoral and cellular anti-P. brasiliensis immune response, and clearance of the fungus in lungs; only 1 treated animal at week 20 showed pulmonary granulomas, although less extensive than control mice. Continuous treatment from early stage up to week 8, followed by a 16 week-period of drug discontinuity, caused remission of lesions in all but 3 treated mice which showed active pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis similar to controls (14.2% of unresponsiveness to treatment). The continuous Ketoconazole protocol since a late stage of infection (week 4) up to week 20 produced a slower remission of lesions and immune response when compared with the first drug schedule. In this model of paracoccidioidomycosis, Ketoconazole showed no detectable side-effects and was a very effective drug especially in a prolonged administration protocol from an early stage of infection.