On fuzzy ideals and fuzzy filters of fuzzy lattices

In the literature there are several proposals of fuzzi cation of lattices and ideals concepts. Chon in (Korean J. Math 17 (2009), No. 4, 361-374), using the notion of fuzzy order relation de ned by Zadeh, introduced a new notion of fuzzy lattice and studied the level sets of fuzzy lattices, but did not de ne a notion of fuzzy ideals for this type of fuzzy lattice. In this thesis, using the fuzzy lattices de ned by Chon, we de ne fuzzy homomorphism between fuzzy lattices, the operations of product, collapsed sum, lifting, opposite, interval and intuitionistic on bounded fuzzy lattices. They are conceived as extensions of their analogous operations on the classical theory by using this de nition of fuzzy lattices and introduce new results from these operators. In addition, we de ne ideals and lters of fuzzy lattices and concepts in the same way as in their characterization in terms of level and support sets. One of the results found here is the connection among ideals, supports and level sets. The reader will also nd the de nition of some kinds of ideals and lters as well as some results with respect to the intersection among their families. Moreover, we introduce a new notion of fuzzy ideals and fuzzy lters for fuzzy lattices de ned by Chon. We de ne types of fuzzy ideals and fuzzy lters that generalize usual types of ideals and lters of lattices, such as principal ideals, proper ideals, prime ideals and maximal ideals. The main idea is verifying that analogous properties in the classical theory on lattices are maintained in this new theory of fuzzy ideals. We also de ne, a fuzzy homomorphism h from fuzzy lattices L and M and prove some results involving fuzzy homomorphism and fuzzy ideals as if h is a fuzzy monomorphism and the fuzzy image of a fuzzy set ~h(I) is a fuzzy ideal, then I is a fuzzy ideal. Similarly, we prove for proper, prime and maximal fuzzy ideals. Finally, we prove that h is a fuzzy homomorphism from fuzzy lattices L into M if the inverse image of all principal fuzzy ideals of M is a fuzzy ideal of L. Lastly, we introduce the notion of -ideals and - lters of fuzzy lattices and characterize it by using its support and its level set. Moreover, we prove some similar properties in the classical theory of - ideals and - lters, such as, the class of -ideals and - lters are closed under intersection. We also de ne fuzzy -ideals of fuzzy lattices, some properties analogous to the classical theory are also proved and characterize a fuzzy -ideal on operation of product between bounded fuzzy lattices L and M and prove some results.

Social support and infant malnutrition: a case-control study in an urban area of Southeastern Brazil

The relationship between malnutrition and social support was first suggested in the mid-1990s. Despite its plausibility, no empirical studies aimed at obtaining evidence of this association could be located. The goal of the present study was to investigate such evidence. A case-control study was carried out including 101 malnourished children (weight-for-age National Center for Health Statistics/WHO 5th percentile) aged 12-23 months, who were compared with 200 well-nourished children with regard to exposure to a series of factors related to their social support system. Univariate and multiple logistic regressions were carried out, odds ratios being adjusted for per capita family income, mother's schooling, and number of children. The presence of an interaction between income and social support variables was also tested. Absence of a partner living with the mother increased risk of malnutrition (odds ratio 2.4 (95 % CI 1.19, 4.89)), even after adjustment for per capita family income, mother's schooling, and number of children. The lack of economic support during adverse situations accounted for a very high risk of malnutrition (odds ratio 10.1 (95 % CI 3.48, 29.13)) among low-income children, but had no effect on children of higher-income families. Results indicate that receiving economic support is an efficient risk modulator for malnutrition among low-income children. In addition, it was shown that the absence of a partner living with the mother is an important risk factor for malnutrition, with an effect independent from per capita family income, mother's schooling, and number of children.

Effects of cigarette smoke exposure on pregnancy outcome and offspring of diabetic rats

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Anxiolytic effect of Rubus brasilensis in rats and mice

The aim of the present work was to investigate if infuse and ethanolic extracts (aqueous, butanolic and wax fractions) of Rubus brasiliensis Martius (Rosaceae) induce anxiolytic effect. The extracts were administered to male Wistar rats and Swiss mice per oral route, at 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg, 30 min before the behavioral evaluation in the elevated plus maze (EPM). Both infuse and wax ethanolic fraction at the dosage 150 mg/kg, vo, increased the number and the percentage of open arm entries of rats and mice. The aqueous and butanolic fractions, obtained from ethanolic extract, failed to induce anxiolytic effect. The treatment of mice with flumazenil (Ro 15-1788), 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mg/kg, i.p., 15-min before the administration of infuse or wax fraction, 150 mg/kg, vo, blocked the infuse or wax fraction-induced anxiolytic effect. The LD50 for the wax fraction was 1000 mg/kg. In conclusion, the infuse and wax ethanolic fraction of R. brasiliensis present anxiolytic effect in rats and mice. In addition, it is suggested that the anxiolytic effect may be attributed at least to one liposoluble principle with low acute toxicity which may be acting as an agonist on GABA(A)-benzodiazepine receptor complex. (C) 1998 Elsevier B.V. Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Larynx and cervical trachea in humidification and heating of inhaled gases

To evaluate the participation of the larynx and cervical trachea in conditioning inspired gases, we randomly allocated 16 mixed-breed dogs to two groups: group TT (tracheal tube; n = 8) and group LMA (laryngeal mask airway; n = 8). The dogs were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium and mechanically ventilated for 3 hours. The parameters studied were temperature and absolute humidities of ambient, inhaled, and tracheal air. There was a small increase in tracheal air temperature compared to inhaled air temperature, but no significant difference between groups. The absolute humidity of tracheal air was greater in group LMA than in group TT (23 mg H2O center dot L-1 and 14 mg H2O center dot L-1, respectively; p < .0001). The difference in absolute humidity between the tracheal air and the inhaled air was higher in group LMA at all times (p < .0001). We conclude that the larynx and cervical trachea of the dog participate in humidification and heating of inhaled air by means of air contact with mucosa in this airway segment.

Effects to exposure of tobacco smoke and alcohol on the tongue and pharynx of rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effect of water storage and heat treatment on the cytotoxicity of soft liners

Objective: To evaluate the effect of water storage time on the cytotoxicity of soft liners.Methods: Sample discs of soft liners Dentusoft, Dentuflex, Trusoft, Ufi-Gel-P and denture base acrylic resin Lucitone-550 were prepared and divided into four groups: GN: No treatment, G24: Stored in water at 37 degrees C for 24 h; G48: Stored in water at 37 degrees C for 48 h, GHW: Immersed in water at 55 degrees C for 10 min. To analyse the cytotoxic effect, three samples of each group were placed in tubes with Dubelcco's Modified Eagle Mediums and incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 h. During this period, the toxic substances were leached to the culture medium. The cytotoxicity was analysed quantitatively by the incorporation of radioactivity H-3-thymidine checking the number of viable cells (synthesis of DNA). The data were statistically analysed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's honestly significant difference tests (alpha = 0.05).Results: Treatments did not reduce the cytotoxicity effect of the soft liners (p > 0.05). It was found that Ufi-Gel-P had a non-cytotoxic effect, Trusoft had a slightly cytotoxic effect, Dentuflex had a moderated cytotoxic effect, Dentusoft alternated between slightly and non-cytotoxic effect, and Lucitone-550 had non-cytotoxic effect when stored in water for 48 h.Conclusion: The effect of water storage and the heat treatment did not reduce the cytotoxicity of the soft liners.

In vitro antibacterial action of Tetraclean, MTAD and five experimental irrigation solutions

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Antioxidant defense in rat brain regions after developmental lead exposure

Oxidative stress is considered a possible molecular mechanism involved in Pb neurotoxicity. Considering the vulnerability of the developing brain to Pb neurotoxicity, this study was carried out to investigate the effects of low-level developmental Pb exposure on brain regions antioxidant enzymes activities. Wister dams were exposed to 500 ppm of Pb, as Pb acetate, or to 660 ppm Na acetate in the drinking water during pregnancy and lactation. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were determined in the hypothalamus, hippocampus and striatum of male pups at 23 (weaned) or 70 days (adult) of age. In the Pb-exposed 23-day-old pups, the activity of SOD was decreased in the hypothalamus. Regarding adults, there was no significant treatment effect in any of the enzymes and regions evaluated. Based on the present results, it seems that oxidative stress due to decreased antioxidant function may occur in weaned rats but it is suggested that this should not be the main mechanism involved in the neurotoxicity of low-level Pb exposure. (C) 2001 Elsevier B.V. Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Comparison of the gastroprotective effect of a diterpene lactone isolated from Croton cajucara with its synthetic derivatives

The effect of three new derivatives from dehydrocrotonin (DHC-compound I) on gastric damage indifferent animal models including gastric ulceration induced by a necrotic agent and hypothermic restrained-stress was studied: compound 11 (produced by reducing the cyclohexenone moiety of DHC with NaBH4): compound III (produced by reducing the carbonyls with LiAlH4); and compound IV (produced by transforming the lactone moiety into an amide). Their structures were confirmed on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. When previously administered (p.o.) at a dose of 100 mg/kg, compound II significantly (P < 0.01) reduced gastric injury induced by HCl/ethanol (78%) and indomethacin (88%) better than did reference compound 1 (48 and 43%, respectively). But the anti-ulcerogenic activity of compound II was completely abolished by the stress-induced ulcer. Reduction of carbonyls with LiAlH4 (compound 111) caused decreased activity, markedly when no protective effect in any of the models was applied (P > 0.05). However, compound IV, in which the lactone moiety was changed into an amide. when administered at the same dose (100 mg/kg, p.o.), was more effective. The presence of a lactone moiety or Michael acceptor is probably essential for the anti-ulcerogenic effect of these compounds. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evolutionary dynamics of heterochromatin in the genome of Dichotomius beetles based on chromosomal analysis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Reproductive pattern of the South American endemic shrimp Artemesia longinaris (Decapoda : Penaeoidea), off São Paulo State, Brazil

Sexual maturity, temporal reproductive pattern, and recruitment of juveniles were examined for the penaeoid shrimp Artemesia longinaris sampled for five and a half years in a tropical locality off the coast of São Paulo (23 degrees S), Brazil. Monthly samples were taken from January 1998 to June 2003 at depths between 5 and 45 m. Ovarian maturity was used to examine breeding in adult females. Recruitment was defined as the percentage of juveniles of the total number of individuals in each month and season. A total of 10 288 females and 5 551 males were collected. Estimated sizes (carapace length) at the onset of sexual maturity were 11.0 mm and 13.4 mm for males and females, respectively. Over the five and a half years, females with ripe gonads were found in every season, with the highest percentages in summer (January-March). Juvenile shrimps occur-red year-round. These results suggest a continuous reproduction of A. longinaris with temperature acting as an environmental stimulus for the duration of the ovary development cycle. These data and the hypothesis of the intrusion of the South Atlantic Central Water mass, which lowered water temperature and raised plankton production, suggest that the end of spring and the beginning of summer were the principal reproductive months. The classical paradigm of continuous reproduction at lower latitudes, with increased seasonality of breeding period at higher latitudes seems to apply to this species.

Growth and reproductive dynamics of the South American red shrimp, Pleoticus muelleri (Crustacea: Solenoceridae), from the southeastern coast of Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Reproduction and recruitment of the South American red shrimp, Pleoticus muelleri (Crustacea : Solenoceridae), from the Southeastern coast of Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Reproductive biology of the rock shrimp Sicyonia dorsalis (Decapoda: Penaeoidea) from the southeastern coast of Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)