Tax Exempt Property Report, 2008

Iowa law requires each assessor in the state to value tax exempt property within his or her jurisdiction, and report such values to the Director of Revenue each year. The following report lists the 2009 actual valuations of tax exempt property for the following types of property: religious institutions, literary societies and educational institutions, low rent housing, associations of war veterans, charitable and benevolent societies, libraries and art galleries, dwelling unit property, homes for soldiers, and racetracks. Also presented in this report are comparative 2008 exempt property values.

Tax Exempt Property Report, 2009

Iowa law requires each assessor in the state to value tax exempt property within his or her jurisdiction, and report such values to the Director of Revenue each year. The following report lists the 2009 actual valuations of tax exempt property for the following types of property: religious institutions, literary societies and educational institutions, low rent housing, associations of war veterans, charitable and benevolent societies, libraries and art galleries, dwelling unit property, homes for soldiers, and racetracks. Also presented in this report are comparative 2008 exempt property values.

Tax Exempt Property Report, 2010

Iowa law requires each assessor in the state to value tax exempt property within his or her jurisdiction, and report such values to the Director of Revenue each year. The following report lists the 2009 actual valuations of tax exempt property for the following types of property: religious institutions, literary societies and educational institutions, low rent housing, associations of war veterans, charitable and benevolent societies, libraries and art galleries, dwelling unit property, homes for soldiers, and racetracks. Also presented in this report are comparative 2008 exempt property values.

Erosividade das chuvas em Uruguaiana, RS, determinada pelo índice EI30, com base no período de 1963 a 1991

A erosividade representa o potencial que as chuvas têm de provocar erosão hídrica no solo. O índice EI30 é um método de determinação dessa erosividade das chuvas e é calculado, para cada chuva individual e erosiva, pelo produto da energia cinética total da chuva e sua intensidade máxima em 30 min. O objetivo deste trabalho foi calcular a erosividade das chuvas do município de Uruguaiana, RS, para subsidiar aplicações práticas em conservação do solo. A partir de pluviogramas diários, foram separados, para cada chuva individual e erosiva, os segmentos com a mesma intensidade, registrados em planilha, digitados e analisados com o programa Chuveros, que calculou o índice EI30. Foram analisadas 978 chuvas erosivas de Uruguaiana, no período de 1963 a 1991, sendo encontrados valores de precipitação média anual de 1.399,8 mm ano-1 e erosividade média anual das chuvas de 8.875 MJ mm ha-1 h-1. Esse é o valor do Fator "R" (erosividade das chuvas) para ser usado na Equação Universal de Perdas de Solo, para predição das perdas de solo por erosão hídrica em Uruguaiana, RS. O período de outubro a abril apresentou 67 e 77,5 % da precipitação e da erosividade anual, respectivamente, sendo por isso necessários maiores cuidados quanto ao manejo dos solos agrícolas. O mês de fevereiro é o de maior potencial erosivo, com 1.403 MJ mm ha-1 h-1. O município de Uruguaiana apresentou 49,2 % do total das chuvas no padrão avançado, 24,5 no padrão intermediário e 26,3 % no padrão atrasado. A erosividade média anual de Uruguaiana pode ser igualada ou superada pelo menos uma vez a cada dois anos. O EI30 médio mensal de Uruguaiana e seu entorno podem ser estimados usando as relações apresentadas com o coeficiente de chuvas, permitindo utilizar dados pluviométricos. O modelo matemático que apresentou a melhor correlação entre o EI30 médio mensal e o coeficiente de chuvas Rc foi o quadrático (r = 0,9948).

Estimativa da susceptibilidade à compactação e do suporte de carga do solo com base em propriedades físicas de solos do Rio Grande do Sul

O conhecimento das relações entre propriedades físicas e mecânicas do solo pode contribuir no desenvolvimento de funções de pedotransferência, que permitam estimar outras propriedades do solo de difícil mensuração. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a relação entre a susceptibilidade à compactação e o suporte de carga com propriedades físicas de solos do sul do Brasil. Foram avaliadas a resistência à penetração, a umidade, a densidade e a compressibilidade de seis solos. A resistência à penetração pode ser estimada pelo modelo que considera a umidade e densidade do solo. Solos com maior densidade inicial apresentaram menor susceptibilidade à compactação e menor deformação, quando submetidos a pressões externas. Quanto maior a resistência do solo à penetração, menor é a deformação e maior é a capacidade de suporte de carga, embora isso não indique solos com qualidade física adequada para as culturas; quanto maior a deformação do solo, maior a susceptibilidade à compactação e menor a capacidade de suporte de carga. A susceptibilidade de um solo à compactação e sua capacidade de suporte de carga podem ser estimadas, respectivamente, pela densidade inicial e pela resistência do solo à penetração.

α-Ketoglutarate regulates acid-base balance through an intrarenal paracrine mechanism.

Paracrine communication between different parts of the renal tubule is increasingly recognized as an important determinant of renal function. Previous studies have shown that changes in dietary acid-base load can reverse the direction of apical α-ketoglutarate (αKG) transport in the proximal tubule and Henle's loop from reabsorption (acid load) to secretion (base load). Here we show that the resulting changes in the luminal concentrations of αKG are sensed by the αKG receptor OXGR1 expressed in the type B and non-A-non-B intercalated cells of the connecting tubule (CNT) and the cortical collecting duct (CCD). The addition of 1 mM αKG to the tubular lumen strongly stimulated Cl--dependent HCO3- secretion and electroneutral transepithelial NaCl reabsorption in microperfused CCDs of wild-type mice but not Oxgr1-/- mice. Analysis of alkali-loaded mice revealed a significantly reduced ability of Oxgr1-/- mice to maintain acid-base balance. Collectively, these results demonstrate that OXGR1 is involved in the adaptive regulation of HCO3- secretion and NaCl reabsorption in the CNT/CCD under acid-base stress and establish αKG as a paracrine mediator involved in the functional coordination of the proximal and the distal parts of the renal tubule.

The CbrA-CbrB two-component regulatory system controls the utilization of multiple carbon and nitrogen sources in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

A novel two-component system, CbrA-CbrB, was discovered in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; cbrA and cbrB mutants of strain PAO were found to be unable to use several amino acids (such as arginine, histidine and proline), polyamines and agmatine as sole carbon and nitrogen sources. These mutants were also unable to use, or used poorly, many other carbon sources, including mannitol, glucose, pyruvate and citrate. A 7 kb EcoRI fragment carrying the cbrA and cbrB genes was cloned and sequenced. The cbrA and cbrB genes encode a sensor/histidine kinase (Mr 108 379, 983 residues) and a cognate response regulator (Mr 52 254, 478 residues) respectively. The amino-terminal half (490 residues) of CbrA appears to be a sensor membrane domain, as predicted by 12 possible transmembrane helices, whereas the carboxy-terminal part shares homology with the histidine kinases of the NtrB family. The CbrB response regulator shows similarity to the NtrC family members. Complementation and primer extension experiments indicated that cbrA and cbrB are transcribed from separate promoters. In cbrA or cbrB mutants, as well as in the allelic argR9901 and argR9902 mutants, the aot-argR operon was not induced by arginine, indicating an essential role for this two-component system in the expression of the ArgR-dependent catabolic pathways, including the aruCFGDB operon specifying the major aerobic arginine catabolic pathway. The histidine catabolic enzyme histidase was not expressed in cbrAB mutants, even in the presence of histidine. In contrast, proline dehydrogenase, responsible for proline utilization (Pru), was expressed in a cbrB mutant at a level comparable with that of the wild-type strain. When succinate or other C4-dicarboxylates were added to proline medium at 1 mM, the cbrB mutant was restored to a Pru+ phenotype. Such a succinate-dependent Pru+ property was almost abolished by 20 mM ammonia. In conclusion, the CbrA-CbrB system controls the expression of several catabolic pathways and, perhaps together with the NtrB-NtrC system, appears to ensure the intracellular carbon: nitrogen balance in P. aeruginosa.

Estimativa do escoamento superficial em uma bacia hidrográfica com base em modelagem dinâmica e distribuída

A estimativa do escoamento superficial em bacias hidrográficas é de suma importância para conservação dos recursos naturais; entretanto, esse é um processo complexo e dinâmico, principalmente no contexto de sua variabilidade espacial. Dessa forma, torna-se adequada a aplicação dos Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG) usando pequenas células de informação, pois assim é possível considerar o comportamento espacial das variáveis associadas à origem do escoamento superficial. Este trabalho teve como objetivo implementar os modelos hidrológicos Curva Número (CN-SCS) e Curva-Número Modificado (CN-MMS), com base na linguagem de programação do SIG PCRaster e em uma base de dados reduzida, de forma distribuída e dinâmica, com o intuito de estimar as lâminas de escoamento superficial geradas numa bacia hidrográfica de Latossolos, localizada no município de Nazareno, região dos Campos das Vertentes, Minas Gerais. Para aplicação do modelo CN-SCS foi preciso desenvolver um mapa com valores de CN no formato do PCRaster, enquanto para o modelo CN-MMS foram necessários os seguintes mapas: umidade volumétrica de saturação do solo, umidade volumétrica inicial do solo e profundidade de solo. Para simulação e avaliação de ambos os modelos, foram aplicados 18 eventos de chuva natural que provocaram escoamento superficial, durante o ano hidrológico 2004-2005, e suas respectivas lâminas de escoamento observadas. A análise do desempenho dos modelos foi feita aplicando-se análise de sensibilidade baseada no erro médio e na Raiz do Erro Quadrático (REQ). Tendo-se como referência essas estatísticas de precisão, pôde-se constatar que o modelo CN-MMS apresentou melhor calibração quando comparado ao modelo CN-SCS, devido à consideração direta da umidade inicial do solo. Contudo, a estruturação dos modelos no SIG PCRaster possibilitou o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta computacional eficaz e útil para simulação do escoamento superficial, visto que propicia estruturação de rotinas computacionais considerando os problemas associados à variabilidade espacial dos dados de entrada dos modelos.

Spatial and temporal variability of crop yield and some Rhodic Hapludox properties under no-tillage

Soil properties are closely related with crop production and spite of the measures implemented, spatial variation has been repeatedly observed and described. Identifying and describing spatial variations of soil properties and their effects on crop yield can be a powerful decision-making tool in specific land management systems. The objective of this research was to characterize the spatial and temporal variations in crop yield and chemical and physical properties of a Rhodic Hapludox soil under no-tillage. The studied area of 3.42 ha had been cultivated since 1985 under no-tillage crop rotation in summer and winter. Yield and soil property were sampled in a regular 10 x 10 m grid, with 302 sample points. Yields of several crops were analyzed (soybean, maize, triticale, hyacinth bean and castor bean) as well as soil chemical (pH, Soil Organic Matter (SOM), P, Ca2+, Mg2+, H + Al, B, Fe, Mn, Zn, CEC, sum of bases (SB), and base saturation (V %)) and soil physical properties (saturated hydraulic conductivity, texture, density, total porosity, and mechanical penetration resistance). Data were analyzed using geostatistical analysis procedures and maps based on interpolation by kriging. Great variation in crop yields was observed in the years evaluated. The yield values in the Northern region of the study area were high in some years. Crop yields and some physical and soil chemical properties were spatially correlated.

One hundred base pairs of 5' flanking sequence of a vaccinia virus late gene are sufficient to temporally regulate late transcription.

A vaccinia virus late gene coding for a major structural polypeptide of 11 kDa was sequenced. Although the 5' flanking gene region is very A+T rich, it shows little homology either to the corresponding region of vaccinia early genes or to consensus sequences characteristic of most eukaryotic genes. Three DNA fragments (100, 200, and 500 base pairs, respectively), derived from the flanking region and including the late gene mRNA start site, were inserted into the coding sequence of the vaccinia virus thymidine kinase (TK) early gene by homologous in vivo recombination. Recombinants were selected on the basis of their TK- phenotype. Cells were infected with the recombinant viruses and RNA was isolated at 1-hr intervals. Transcripts initiating either from the TK early promoter, or from the late gene promoter at its authentic position, or from the translocated late gene promoters within the early gene were detected by nuclease S1 mapping. Early after infection, only transcripts from the TK early promoter were detected. Later in infection, however, transcripts were also initiated from the translocated late promoters. This RNA appeared at the same time and in similar quantities as the RNA from the late promoter at its authentic position. No quantitative differences in promoter efficiency between the 100-, 200-, and 500-base-pair insertions were observed. We conclude that all necessary signals for correct regulation of late-gene expression reside within only 100 base pairs of 5' flanking sequence.

Classificação de horizontes diagnósticos em níveis hierárquicos inferiores com base nas frações húmicas

Com desenvolvimento da classificação dos solos até o quarto nível categórico do Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos SiBCS, busca-se a elaboração e padronização de propostas para a classificação dos solos no quinto e sexto níveis categóricos (família e série). Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a viabilidade das frações húmicas para a classificação de horizontes diagnósticos no quinto ou sexto níveis categóricos (família e série) do SiBCS. Para o desenvolvimento da proposta, foram utilizados 169 horizontes diagnósticos distribuídos entre O hístico, H hístico, A chernozêmico, A húmico e B espódico. Esses horizontes foram analisados quanto à composição química e física. Também foram quantificados os teores de C orgânico nas frações: ácidos fúlvicos (C-FAF), ácidos húmicos (C-FAH) e humina (C-HUM), extrato alcalino (C-EA). Foram calculadas as relações C-FAH/C-FAF, C-EA/C-HUM (C-EA = C-FAF + C-FAH) e a %FAF, %FAH e %HUM. As propostas de classes estabelecidas para cada horizonte diagnóstico no quinto ou sexto níveis categóricos estão relacionadas ao C-FAH e C-HUM e às relações C-FAH/C-FAF e C-EA/C-HUM, identificadas a partir de correlações significativas com os atributos químicos e físicos. Quanto aos horizontes O e H hístico, apresentam-se classes com base na relação C-FAH/C-FAF. Nos horizontes A chernozêmico e A húmico há duas classes para cada um deles, tendo como base C-HUM e a relação C-FAH/C-FAF, para o primeiro, e C-FAH e C-HUM, para o segundo. Para os horizontes B espódico, apresentam-se três classes, a partir do C-FAH e das relações C-FAH/C-FAF e C-EA/C-HUM.

Cheminformatic studies of molecular properties and their influence on bioactivity in the context of drug discovery

Molecular shape has long been known to be an important property for the process of molecular recognition. Previous studies postulated the existence of a drug-like shape space that could be used to artificially bias the composition of screening libraries, with the aim to increase the chance of success in Hit Identification. In this work, it was analysed to which extend this assumption holds true. Normalized Principal Moments of Inertia Ratios (NPRs) have been used to describe the molecular shape of small molecules. It was investigated, whether active molecules of diverse targets are located in preferred subspaces of the NPR shape space. Results illustrated a significantly stronger clustering than could be expected by chance, with parts of the space unlikely to be occupied by active compounds. Furthermore, a strong enrichment of elongated, rather flat shapes could be observed, while globular compounds were highly underrepresented. This was confirmed for a wide range of small molecule datasets from different origins. Active compounds exhibited a high overlap in their shape distributions across different targets, making a purely shape­ based discrimination very difficult. An additional perspective was provided by comparing the shapes of protein binding pockets with those of their respective ligands. Although more globular than their ligands, it was observed that binding sites shapes exhibited a similarly skewed distribution in shape space: spherical shapes were highly underrepresented. This was different for unoccupied binding pockets of smaller size. These were on the contrary identified to possess a more globular shape. The relation between shape complementarity and exhibited bioactivity was analysed; a moderate correlation between bioactivity and parameters including pocket coverage, distance in shape space, and others could be identified, which reflects the importance of shape complementarity. However, this also suggests that other aspects are of relevance for molecular recognition. A subsequent analysis assessed if and how shape and volume information retrieved from pocket or respective reference ligands could be used as a pre-filter in a virtual screening approach. ln Lead Optimization compounds need to get optimized with respect to a variety of pararneters. Here, the availability of past success stories is very valuable, as they can guide medicinal chemists during their analogue synthesis plans. However, although of tremendous interest for the public domain, so far only large corporations had the ability to mine historical knowledge in their proprietary databases. With the aim to provide such information, the SwissBioisostere database was developed and released during this thesis. This database contains information on 21,293,355 performed substructural exchanges, corresponding to 5,586,462 unique replacements that have been measured in 35,039 assays against 1,948 molecular targets representing 30 target classes, and on their impact on bioactivity . A user-friendly interface was developed that provides facile access to these data and is accessible at http//www.swissbioisostere.ch. The ChEMBL database was used as primary data source of bioactivity information. Matched molecular pairs have been identified in the extracted and cleaned data. Success-based scores were developed and integrated into the database to allow re-ranking of proposed replacements by their past outcomes. It was analysed to which degree these scores correlate with chemical similarity of the underlying fragments. An unexpectedly weak relationship was detected and further investigated. Use cases of this database were envisioned, and functionalities implemented accordingly: replacement outcomes are aggregatable at the assay level, and it was shawn that an aggregation at the target or target class level could also be performed, but should be accompanied by a careful case-by-case assessment. It was furthermore observed that replacement success depends on the activity of the starting compound A within a matched molecular pair A-B. With increasing potency the probability to lose bioactivity through any substructural exchange was significantly higher than in low affine binders. A potential existence of a publication bias could be refuted. Furthermore, often performed medicinal chemistry strategies for structure-activity-relationship exploration were analysed using the acquired data. Finally, data originating from pharmaceutical companies were compared with those reported in the literature. It could be seen that industrial medicinal chemistry can access replacement information not available in the public domain. In contrast, a large amount of often-performed replacements within companies could also be identified in literature data. Preferences for particular replacements differed between these two sources. The value of combining different endpoints in an evaluation of molecular replacements was investigated. The performed studies highlighted furthermore that there seem to exist no universal substructural replacement that always retains bioactivity irrespective of the biological environment. A generalization of bioisosteric replacements seems therefore not possible. - La forme tridimensionnelle des molécules a depuis longtemps été reconnue comme une propriété importante pour le processus de reconnaissance moléculaire. Des études antérieures ont postulé que les médicaments occupent préférentiellement un sous-ensemble de l'espace des formes des molécules. Ce sous-ensemble pourrait être utilisé pour biaiser la composition de chimiothèques à cribler, dans le but d'augmenter les chances d'identifier des Hits. L'analyse et la validation de cette assertion fait l'objet de cette première partie. Les Ratios de Moments Principaux d'Inertie Normalisés (RPN) ont été utilisés pour décrire la forme tridimensionnelle de petites molécules de type médicament. Il a été étudié si les molécules actives sur des cibles différentes se co-localisaient dans des sous-espaces privilégiés de l'espace des formes. Les résultats montrent des regroupements de molécules incompatibles avec une répartition aléatoire, avec certaines parties de l'espace peu susceptibles d'être occupées par des composés actifs. Par ailleurs, un fort enrichissement en formes allongées et plutôt plates a pu être observé, tandis que les composés globulaires étaient fortement sous-représentés. Cela a été confirmé pour un large ensemble de compilations de molécules d'origines différentes. Les distributions de forme des molécules actives sur des cibles différentes se recoupent largement, rendant une discrimination fondée uniquement sur la forme très difficile. Une perspective supplémentaire a été ajoutée par la comparaison des formes des ligands avec celles de leurs sites de liaison (poches) dans leurs protéines respectives. Bien que plus globulaires que leurs ligands, il a été observé que les formes des poches présentent une distribution dans l'espace des formes avec le même type d'asymétrie que celle observée pour les ligands: les formes sphériques sont fortement sous­ représentées. Un résultat différent a été obtenu pour les poches de plus petite taille et cristallisées sans ligand: elles possédaient une forme plus globulaire. La relation entre complémentarité de forme et bioactivité a été également analysée; une corrélation modérée entre bioactivité et des paramètres tels que remplissage de poche, distance dans l'espace des formes, ainsi que d'autres, a pu être identifiée. Ceci reflète l'importance de la complémentarité des formes, mais aussi l'implication d'autres facteurs. Une analyse ultérieure a évalué si et comment la forme et le volume d'une poche ou de ses ligands de référence pouvaient être utilisés comme un pré-filtre dans une approche de criblage virtuel. Durant l'optimisation d'un Lead, de nombreux paramètres doivent être optimisés simultanément. Dans ce contexte, la disponibilité d'exemples d'optimisations réussies est précieuse, car ils peuvent orienter les chimistes médicinaux dans leurs plans de synthèse par analogie. Cependant, bien que d'un extrême intérêt pour les chercheurs dans le domaine public, seules les grandes sociétés pharmaceutiques avaient jusqu'à présent la capacité d'exploiter de telles connaissances au sein de leurs bases de données internes. Dans le but de remédier à cette limitation, la base de données SwissBioisostere a été élaborée et publiée dans le domaine public au cours de cette thèse. Cette base de données contient des informations sur 21 293 355 échanges sous-structuraux observés, correspondant à 5 586 462 remplacements uniques mesurés dans 35 039 tests contre 1948 cibles représentant 30 familles, ainsi que sur leur impact sur la bioactivité. Une interface a été développée pour permettre un accès facile à ces données, accessible à http:/ /www.swissbioisostere.ch. La base de données ChEMBL a été utilisée comme source de données de bioactivité. Une version modifiée de l'algorithme de Hussain et Rea a été implémentée pour identifier les Matched Molecular Pairs (MMP) dans les données préparées au préalable. Des scores de succès ont été développés et intégrés dans la base de données pour permettre un reclassement des remplacements proposés selon leurs résultats précédemment observés. La corrélation entre ces scores et la similarité chimique des fragments correspondants a été étudiée. Une corrélation plus faible qu'attendue a été détectée et analysée. Différents cas d'utilisation de cette base de données ont été envisagés, et les fonctionnalités correspondantes implémentées: l'agrégation des résultats de remplacement est effectuée au niveau de chaque test, et il a été montré qu'elle pourrait également être effectuée au niveau de la cible ou de la classe de cible, sous réserve d'une analyse au cas par cas. Il a en outre été constaté que le succès d'un remplacement dépend de l'activité du composé A au sein d'une paire A-B. Il a été montré que la probabilité de perdre la bioactivité à la suite d'un remplacement moléculaire quelconque est plus importante au sein des molécules les plus actives que chez les molécules de plus faible activité. L'existence potentielle d'un biais lié au processus de publication par articles a pu être réfutée. En outre, les stratégies fréquentes de chimie médicinale pour l'exploration des relations structure-activité ont été analysées à l'aide des données acquises. Enfin, les données provenant des compagnies pharmaceutiques ont été comparées à celles reportées dans la littérature. Il a pu être constaté que les chimistes médicinaux dans l'industrie peuvent accéder à des remplacements qui ne sont pas disponibles dans le domaine public. Par contre, un grand nombre de remplacements fréquemment observés dans les données de l'industrie ont également pu être identifiés dans les données de la littérature. Les préférences pour certains remplacements particuliers diffèrent entre ces deux sources. L'intérêt d'évaluer les remplacements moléculaires simultanément selon plusieurs paramètres (bioactivité et stabilité métabolique par ex.) a aussi été étudié. Les études réalisées ont souligné qu'il semble n'exister aucun remplacement sous-structural universel qui conserve toujours la bioactivité quel que soit le contexte biologique. Une généralisation des remplacements bioisostériques ne semble donc pas possible.