DETERMINATION OF CELL-SPECIFIC NEUROTOXICITY OF MALONATE, METHYLMALONATE AND PROPIONATE IN A 3D RAT BRAIN CELL AGGREGATE SYSTEM

Malonate, methylmalonate and propionate are potentially neurotoxic metabolites in branched-chain organic acidurias. Their effects were tested on cultured 3D rat brain cell aggregates, using dosages of 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mM with a short but intense (twice a day over 3 days) and a longer but less intense treatment (every 3 rdday over 9 days). CNS cell-specific immunohistochemical stainings allowed the follow-up of neurons (axons, phosphorylated medium-weight neurofilament), astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein) and oligodendrocytes (myelin basic protein). Methylmalonate and malonate were quantified by tandem mass spectrometry. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis of harvested brain cell aggregates revealed clear intracellular accumulation of methylmalonate and malonate. In immunohistochemical stainings oligodendrocytes appeared the most affected brain cells. The MBP signal disappeared already at 0.1 mM treatment with each metabolite. Mature astrocytes were not affected by propionate, while immature astrocytes on intense treatment with propionate developed cell swelling. 1 mM methylmalonate induced cell swelling of both immature and mature astrocytes , while 1 mM malonate only affected mature astrocytes. Neurons were not affected by methylmalonate, but 10.0 mM malonate on less intense treatment and 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mM propionate on intense treatment affected axonal growth. Our study shows significant uptake and deleterious effects of these metabolites on brain cells, principally on astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. This may be explained by the absence of the pathway in glial cells, which thus are not able to degrade these metabolites. Further studies are ongoing to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the observed neurotoxic effects.

3D visualization software to analyze topological outcomes of topoisomerase reactions.

The action of various DNA topoisomerases frequently results in characteristic changes in DNA topology. Important information for understanding mechanistic details of action of these topoisomerases can be provided by investigating the knot types resulting from topoisomerase action on circular DNA forming a particular knot type. Depending on the topological bias of a given topoisomerase reaction, one observes different subsets of knotted products. To establish the character of topological bias, one needs to be aware of all possible topological outcomes of intersegmental passages occurring within a given knot type. However, it is not trivial to systematically enumerate topological outcomes of strand passage from a given knot type. We present here a 3D visualization software (TopoICE-X in KnotPlot) that incorporates topological analysis methods in order to visualize, for example, knots that can be obtained from a given knot by one intersegmental passage. The software has several other options for the topological analysis of mechanisms of action of various topoisomerases.

Dialectique entre facteurs de risque de maltraitance et ressources protectrices : analyse de situations de couples âgés dans le contexte de l'aide et des soins à domicile

Résumé Comment comprendre que certaines situations d'aide et de soins -comportant de nombreux facteurs de risque -présentent de la maltraitance, et d'autres pas ? Cette question est à l'origine de notre travail de thèse de doctorat en psychologie, réalisé en collaboration avec un service d'aide et de soins à domicile du canton de Neuchâtel (Suisse). La problématique des mauvais traitements envers les aînés est te plus souvent abordée dans une perspective positiviste visant, par des études quantitatives ou semi-quantitatives, à identifier ses caractéristiques «objectives ». Si ce type d'approche est pertinent pour cerner les contours du phénomène et élaborer des politiques de prévention, il s'avère insuffisant pour saisir en profondeur les mécanismes qui alimentent le .processus de maltraitance, et par là penser la prévention en amont. La littérature sur les mauvais traitements envers les aînés, les études sur le vécu des situations d'aide et de soins, et les théories systémiques proposent un cadre permettant d'interroger les dimensions relationnelle et subjective de la maltraitance. Par une recherche compréhensive centrée sur l'analyse de quelques situations de couples âgés dans le contexte de l'aide et des soins à domicile, notre travail questionne le rôle de la dynamique relationnelle et du sens donné à la situation d'aide et de soins dans le processus de maltraitance, et plus particulièrement dans le processus de «médiation » des risques. Des entretiens semi-directifs (individuels et de groupe) auprès des acteurs de la triade «conjoint aidé -conjoint aidant -professionnelle référente de situation» nous ont permis de recueillir des données sur les facteurs de déséquilibre et les ressources d'équilibre à l'oeuvre dans ces situations. L'analyse de ces données a mis en évidence l'intervention conjuguée de la dynamique relationnelle et du sens donné à la situation d'aide et de soins - à travers le processus de co-construction du sens dans l'interaction entre les acteurs et le contexte - dans le processus de maltraitance, et plus particulièrement dans la dialectique entre facteurs de risque et ressources protectrices. En révélant l'action médiatrice de la co-construction du sens sur le rapport entre risques et ressources, notre thèse apporte un éclairage inédit sur la maltraitance des personnes âgées et sa prévention. Elle incite à une réinterprétation du phénomène de la maltraitante touchant d'autres populations et ouvre la voie à des pratiques de prévention novatrices.

Guidelines for the clinical management of atrial fibrillation: a practical perspective.

Since the management of atrial fibrillation may be difficult in the individual patient, our purpose was to develop simple clinical recommendations to help the general internist manage this common clinical problem. Systematic review of the literature with evaluation of data-related evidence and framing of graded recommendations. Atrial fibrillation affects some 1% of the population in Western countries and is linked to a significant increase in morbidity and mortality. The management of atrial fibrillation requires individualised evaluation of the risks and benefits of therapeutic modalities, relying whenever possible on simple and validated tools. The two main points requiring a decision in clinical management are 1) whether or not to implement thromboembolic prevention therapy, and 2) whether preference should be given to a "rate control" or "rhythm control" strategy. Thromboembolic prophylaxis should be prescribed after individualised risk assessment: for patients at risk, oral anticoagulation with warfarin decreases the rate of embolic complications by 60% and aspirin by 20%, at the expense of an increased incidence of haemorrhagic complications. "Rate control" and "rhythm control" strategies are probably equivalent, and the choice should also be made on an individualised basis. To assist the physician in making his choices for the care of an atrial fibrillation patient we propose specific tables and algorithms, with graded recommendations. On the evidence of data from the literature we propose simple algorithms and tables for the clinical management of atrial fibrillation in the individual patient.

Implementació de les físiques d'un vehicle en un videojoc 3D

En la carrera del mundo de los videojuegos por alcanzar insospechables cotas de realismo con las que seguir sorprendiendo y enganchando al público, los motores de física se han convertido en la herramienta de presente y futuro. Atraídos por el auge de esta nueva tecnología, hemos lidiado con los motores referencia hoy día en el mercado, seleccionando luego uno de ellos e implementando un humilde videojuego de carreras como muestra de su potencial y de los conocimientos adquiridos.

A forensic perspective of the AFL investigation into peptides: an antidoping investigation case study.

BACKGROUND: The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is introducing enhancements to doping investigations in its 2015 Code, which include improved sharing of information between antidoping organisations (including sporting bodies) and enhanced accountability of athlete support staff. These additions will improve the control of links between sports doping and organised crime. In February 2013 the Australian Crime Commission released a report that linked several professional sporting codes, professional athletes with links to organised crime, performance enhancing drugs and illicit substances. Following this report the Australian Football League (AFL) partnered the Australian national antidoping organisation to investigate peptide use in Australian football. METHODS: This review compared the model proposed by Marclay, a hypothetical model for anti-doping investigations that proposed a forensic intelligence and analysis approach, to use the forensic capabilities of the AFL investigation to test the model's relevance to an actual case. RESULTS: The investigation uncovered the use of peptides used to enhance athlete performance. The AFL investigation found a high risk of doping where athlete support staff existed in teams with weak corporate governance controls. A further finding included the need for the investigation to provide a timely response in professional team sports that were sensitive to the competition timing. In the case of the AFL the team was sanctioned prior to the finals as an interim outcome for allowing the risk of use of performance-enhancing substances. Doping violation charges are still being considered. DISCUSSION: Antidoping strategies should include the investigation of corporate officers in team doping circumstances, the mandatory recording of all athlete substance use during competition and training phases, the wider sharing of forensic intelligence with non-sporting bodies particularly law enforcement and collaboration between antidoping and sporting organisations in doping investigations. CONCLUSIONS: The AFL investigation illustrated the importance of the 2015 WADA Code changes and highlighted the need for a systematic use of broad forensic intelligence activities in the investigation of doping violations.