Unraveling the Intricate Organization of Mammalian Mitochondrial Presequence Translocases: Existence of Multiple Translocases for Maintenance of Mitochondrial Function

Mitochondria are indispensable organelles implicated in multiple aspects of cellular processes, including tumorigenesis. Heat shock proteins play a critical regulatory role in accurately delivering the nucleus-encoded proteins through membrane-bound presequence translocase (Tim23 complex) machinery. Although altered expression of mammalian presequence translocase components had been previously associated with malignant phenotypes, the overall organization of Tim23 complexes is still unsolved. In this report, we show the existence of three distinct Tim23 complexes, namely, B1, B2, and A, involved in the maintenance of normal mitochondrial function. Our data highlight the importance of Magmas as a regulator of translocase function and in dynamically recruiting the J-proteins DnaJC19 and DnaJC15 to individual translocases. The basic housekeeping function involves translocases B1 and B2 composed of Tim17b isoforms along with DnaJC19, whereas translocase A is nonessential and has a central role in oncogenesis. Translocase B, having a normal import rate, is essential for constitutive mitochondrial functions such as maintenance of electron transport chain complex activity, organellar morphology, iron-sulfur cluster protein biogenesis, and mitochondrial DNA. In contrast, translocase A, though dispensable for housekeeping functions with a comparatively lower import rate, plays a specific role in translocating oncoproteins lacking presequence, leading to reprogrammed mitochondrial functions and hence establishing a possible link between the TIM23 complex and tumorigenicity.

Size Dependent Magnetic Properties of Nd0.7Ca0.3MnO3 Nanomanganite

Nanoscale materials show different properties compared to bulk materials. Due to the size dependent properties the nanoscale materials have potential applications in industry. In this paper the size dependent magnetic properties of Nd0.7Ca0.3MnO3 nanomanganite have been investigated. Nd0.7Ca0.3MnO3 nanoparticles were prepared by low temperature sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and EDAX techniques were used to understand the structure, grain size and composition. Nanoparticles prepared were of the sizes 15 nm, 19 nm and 25 nm respectively. SQUID magnetometer was used to study the magnetic behavior of the nanoparticles. Field cooled (FC) and zero field cooled (ZFC) magnetization of all the nanosamples with respect to temperature was studied and compared. We have observed drastic changes in magnetic properties of 15 nm particles compared to the other nanoparticles. The `charge order peak' was seen to have disappeared in 15 nm particles while it was present in the other nanoparticles. All the nano particles exhibit superparamagnetism whose blocking temperature decreases as a function of decreasing particle size. The possible reasons for the influence of the particle size on the magnetic properties are discussed.

A Gold Sensors Array for Imaging The Real Tissue Phantom in Electrical Impedance Tomography

Surface electrodes in Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) phantoms usually reduce the SNR of the boundary potential data due to their design and development errors. A novel gold sensors array with high geometric precision is developed for EIT phantoms to improve the resistivity image quality. Gold thin films are deposited on a flexible FR4 sheet using electro-deposition process to make a sixteen electrode array with electrodes of identical geometry. A real tissue gold electrode phantom is developed with chicken tissue paste and the fat cylinders as the inhomogeneity. Boundary data are collected using a USB based high speed data acquisition system in a LabVIEW platform for different inhomogeneity positions. Resistivity images are reconstructed using EIDORS and compared with identical stainless steel electrode systems. Image contrast parameters are calculated from the resistivity matrix and the reconstructed images are evaluated for both the phantoms. Image contrast and image resolution of resistivity images are improved with gold electrode array.

Observation of photobleaching and intensity dependent kinetics in Ge22As22Se56 thin films under sub-bandgap light illumination

We experimentally demonstrate photobleaching (PB) in Ge22As22Se56 thin films, when illuminated with a diode pumped solid state laser (DPSSL) of wavelength 671 nm, which is far below the optical bandgap of the sample. Interestingly, we found that PB is a slow process and occurs even at moderate pump beam intensity of 0.2 W/cm(2), however the kinetics remain rather different.

Photo induced effects on the optical properties of As20Sb20S60 thin films

The thermally evaporated As20Sb20S60 amorphous film of 800 nm thickness was subjected to light exposure for photo induced studies. The as-prepared and illuminated thin films were studied by X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The optical band gap was reduced due to photo induced effects along with the increase in disorder. These optical properties changes are due to the change of homopolar bond densities. The core level peak shifting in XPS spectra and Raman shift supports the optical changes happening in the film due to light exposure.

Synthesis, characterization and low temperature electrical conductivity of Polyaniline/NiFe2O4 nanocomposites

Conducting polymer/ferrite nanocomposites with an organized structure provide a new functional hybrid between organic and inorganic materials. The most popular among the conductive polymers is the polyaniline (PANI) due to its wide application in different fields. In the present work nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) nanoparticles were prepared by sol-gel citrate-nitrate method with an average size of 21.6nm. PANI/NiFe2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple general and inexpensive in-situ polymerization in the presence of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles. The effects of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles on the dc-electrical properties of polyaniline were investigated. The structural components in the nanocomposites were identified from Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The crystalline phase of nanocomposites was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) reveals that there was some interaction between the NiFe2O4 particles and polyaniline and the nanocomposites are composed of polycrystalline ferrite nanoparticles and PANI. The dc conductivity of polyaniline/NiFe2O4 nanocomposites have been measured as a function of temperature in the range of 80K to 300K. It is observed that the room temperature conductivity sigma(RT) decreases with increase in the relative content of NiFe2O4. The experimental data reveals that the resistivity increases for all composites with decrease of temperature exhibiting semiconductor behaviour.

Doping effect of Ag+, Mn2+ ions on Structural and Optical Properties of ZnO nanoparticles

Pure ZnO and co-doped (Mn, Ag) ZnO nanoparticles have been successfully prepared by chemical co-precipitation method without using a capping agent. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies confirms the presence of wurtzite (hexagonal) crystal structure similar to undoped ZnO, suggesting that doped Mn, Ag ions are substituted to the regular Zn sites. The morphology of the samples were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chemical composition of pure and co-doped ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by energy dispersive X-ray analysis spectroscopy (EDAX). Optical absorption properties were determined by UV-vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectrophotometer. The incorporation of Ag+, Mn2+ in the place of Zn2+ provoked to decrease the size of nanocrystals as compared to pure ZnO. Optical absorption measurements indicates blue shift in the absorption band edge upon Ag, Mn ions doped ZnO nanoparticles.

Texture evolution during hot deformation of Moly-TZM

Moly-TZM was deformed at constant strain rate of 1.0 s(-1) to investigate the high strain rate deformation behaviour by microstructural and stress response change within a temperature range of 1400-1700 degrees C. To correlate the deformation behaviour with orientational change, recrystallization and recovery of the material, the microstructural investigation was undertaken using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD). Depending on the grain size and orientation spread recrystallized grains were identified and texture was calculated. Change in grain boundary characteristics with increasing temperature was determined by the misorientation angle distribution for the deformed and recrystallized grains. Subgrain coalescence and increase in subgrain size with increasing temperature was observed, indicating recrystallization not only occurred from the nucleation of the dislocation free grains in grain boundaries but also from the subgrain rotation and merging of the subgrains by annihilation of the low angle grain boundaries. Detailed studies on the evolution of texture of recrystallized grains showed continuous increase in <001> fiber texture in recrystallised grains, in contrast to a mixed fiber <001> +<111> for the deformed grains.

Role of stacking fault energy on texture evolution revisited

Three materials, pure aluminium, Al-4 wt.% Mg, alpha-brass have been chosen to understand the evolution of texture and microstructure during rolling. Pure Al develops a strong copper-type rolling texture and the deformation is entirely slip dominated. In Al-4Mg alloy, texture is copper-type throughout the deformation. The advent of Cu-type shear bands in the later stages of deformation has a negligible effect on the final texture. alpha-brass shows a characteristic brass-type texture from the early stages of rolling. Extensive twinning in the intermediate stages of deformation (epsilon(t) similar to 0.5) causes significant texture reorientation towards alpha-fiber. Beyond 40% reduction, deformation is dominated by Bs-type shear bands, and the banding coincides with the evolution of <111>parallel to ND components. The crystallites within the bands preferentially show <110>parallel to ND components. The absence of the Cu component throughout the deformation process indicates that, for the evolution of brass-type texture, the presence of Cu component is not a necessary condition. The final rolling texture is a synergistic effect of deformation twinning and shear banding.

Evolution of texture and its influence on the failure of components in some aluminium alloys

This paper describes the evolution of crystallographic texture in three of the most important high strength aluminium alloys, viz., AA2219, AA7075 and AFNOR7020 in the cold rolled and artificially aged condition. Bulk texture results were obtained by plotting pole figures from X-ray diffraction results followed by Orientation Distribution Function (ODF) analysis and micro-textures were measured using EBSD. The results indicate that the deformation texture components Cu, Bs and S, which were also present in the starting materials, strengthen with increase in amount of deformation. On the other hand, recrystallization texture components Goss and Cube weaken. The Bs component is stronger in the deformation texture. This is attributed to the shear banding. In-service applications indicate that the as-processed AFNOR7020 alloy fails more frequently compared to the other high strength Al alloys used in the aerospace industry. Detailed study of deformation texture revealed that strong Brass (Bs) component could be associated to shear banding, which in turn could explain the frequent failures in AFNOR7020 alloy. The alloying elements in this alloy that could possibly influence the stacking fault energy of the material could be accounted for the strong Bs component in the texture.

外流干扰对气动塞式喷管性能影响的数值模拟研究

首先对气动塞式喷管内外流干扰的机理进行了分析，在此基础上对外流干扰对气动塞式喷管性能的影响进行了数值模拟研究。数值方法采用NND格式求解二维N-S方程，对于不同的背压和来流马赫数条件进行了大量的数值实验。通过计算揭示了不同外流条件下气动塞式喷管的流动特征以及外流干扰对喷管性能的影响规律。

Latin hypercube sampling used in the calculation of the fracture probability

The paper proposes Latin hypercube sampling combined with the stratified sampling of variance reduction technique to calculate accurate fracture probability. In the compound sampling, the number of simulations is relatively small and the calculation error is satisfactory.

Determinación del período crítico de competencia de malezas en el cultivo del ajonjolí (Sesamun indicum L.) variedad Cuyumaqui

El presente trabajo se planificó con la finalidad de determinar el período critico de competencia de malezas sobre el rendimiento del cultivo del ajonjolí (Sesamum indicum L.) variedad Cuyumaqui. para lo cual se incluyeron tratamientos enmalezados hasta, y limpios hasta (15, 30, 45, 60, 75 y 100 días después de la germinación respectivamente) bajo las condiciones ecológicas de la finca La Concepción, Nagarote León. El ensayo se estableció en la siembra de postrera de 1999 (2 de septiembre al 12 de diciembre). utilizándose un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. El resultado estadístico realizado a la variable de rendimiento mostró diferencias significativas entre tratamientos, alcanzándose los mayores rendimientos en los tratamientos T10 (limpio hasta los 60 dds el tiempo limpio) con 1 121.3 kg./ha, T11 (limpio hasta los 75 dds) con 1 124.2 y el T12 (todo el tiempo limpio) con 1 131.3 kg./ha de grano respectivamente y sin diferencias estadísticas entre los mismos, y los rendimientos más bajos se alcanzaron en el T6 (enmalezado los 100 días) con 388.8 kg/ha y T7 (1impio hasta los 15 días) con 435.1 kglha . Así mismo, se llegó a la conclusión de que el período crítico de competencia de maleza para el cultivo del ajonjolí (variedad Cuyumaqui) se ubica a partir de los 15 hasta los 60 días después de la siembra.

Diagnóstico sobre el manejo postcosecha y la calidad inicial de la semilla de granos básicos producida artesanalmente en cinco zonas de Nicaragua

El objetivo del presente estudio fue obtener información acerca de la cosecha, post-cosecha y la calidad inicial de las semillas de los granos básicos producida por productores artesanales en distintas zonas de Nicaragua, mediante la realización de un Diagnóstico Rural Participativo (DRP) a 104 productores, y la determinación de la calidad inicial de la semilla a través de la medición de las variables: contenido de humedad, vigor, germinación y sanidad a muestras representativas de lotes de semilla de 26 productores artesanales. Para el análisis de la información obtenida del DRP se emplearon tablas de frecuencias y para el análisis de los resultados de la calidad inicial de la semilla se utilizaron rangos y promedios; exceptuando las variables vigor y germinación cuyos datos provenientes de un experimento bifactorial (factor A: zonas y factor B: productores dentro de zonas) arreglados en un diseño completamente al azar fueron sometidos al análisis de varianza. De igual manera se realizó el análisis de componente de varianza a fin de determinar el efecto de cada uno de los factores bajo estudio sobre la respuesta de las variables antes mencionadas en los cultivos de maíz, frijol y sorgo. En el caso del cultivo de arroz únicamente se determinó el efecto de productores sobre la germinación de las semillas. Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de las actividades realizadas en la producción de semillas son adecuadas; exceptuando la de secar la semilla durante todo el día a pleno sol y almacenar la semilla de arroz en sacos de polipropileno trenzado que por lo general son dañinas para la calidad de la semilla; los problemas con el almacenamiento de la semilla fueron alta incidencia de insectos, falta de contenedores, instrumentos de secado y capacitación sobre manejo post-cosecha. De acuerdo al análisis de varianza, los efectos zona y productores dentro de zonas resultaron altamente significativos para la variable vigor en los cultivos de maíz y frijol; en sorgo las mismas fuentes de variación tuvieron un efecto significativo sobre la misma variable. Por otro lado para la variable germinación los efectos de zona y productores dentro de zona resultaron altamente significativos en los cultivos de maíz y sorgo. En frijol las diferencias en los resultados de la variable antes mencionada fueron altamente significativas únicamente entre productores dentro de zona. En el caso del cultivo del arroz solamente se estudió el efecto productor sobre la germinación, el que resultó altamente significativo. Según parámetros establecidos el 57.7% de los productores manejan su semilla en un rango óptimo de humedad y el 84.6% presentan semillas de calidad fisiológica elevada en cuanto a germinación. El análisis de sanidad reveló que únicamente las semillas de los cultivos de maíz y frijol poseen características sanitarias inferiores a lo establecido por las normas específicas de certificación de semillas.

Propiedad privada, abasto y regulación del comercio y la circulación de mercancías en la campaña de Buenos Aires : desde fines de la colonia al gobierno de Martín Rodríguez

Resumen: El artículo indaga en la fiscalidad sobre el comercio interior de Buenos Aires y su relación con la consolidación de la propiedad privada en la campaña. A partir de un estudio de caso, se examinan las particularidades de las imposiciones fiscales sobre las actividades comerciales en el ámbito rural identificando cambios y continuidades en las formas de recaudación y gravamen. Este análisis se combina con el de los problemas que las prácticas ilegales vinculadas al abasto de ganado presentó tanto en su circulación en la campaña como en su introducción a los mercados citadinos. Ambas cuestiones son contrastadas con lo sucedido a partir de 1822, cuando durante el gobierno de Martín Rodríguez tanto el comercio como la circulación de ganado en el Hinterland intentarían ser regulados con mayor énfasis a fin de asegurar el respeto de la propiedad privada en el mundo rural.