Survival, Causes of Death, and Prognostic Factors in Systemic Sclerosis: Analysis of 947 Brazilian Patients

Objective. To analyze survival, prognostic factors, and causes of death in a large cohort of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Methods. From 1991 to 2010, 947 patients with SSc were treated at 2 referral university centers in Brazil. Causes of death were considered SSc-related and non-SSc-related. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify prognostic factors. Survival at 5 and 10 years was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results. One hundred sixty-eight patients died during the followup. Among the 110 deaths considered related to SSc, there was predominance of lung (48.1%) and heart (24.5%) involvement. Most of the 58 deaths not related to SSc were caused by infection, cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, and cancer. Male sex, modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS) > 20, osteoarticular involvement, lung involvement, and renal crisis were the main prognostic factors associated to death. Overall survival rate was 90% for 5 years and 84% for 10 years. Patients presented worse prognosis if they had diffuse SSc (85% vs 92% at 5 yrs, respectively, and 77% vs 87% at 10 yrs, compared to limited SSc), male sex (77% vs 90% at 5 yrs and 64% vs 86% at 10 yrs, compared to female sex), and mRSS > 20 (83% vs 90% at 5 yrs and 66% vs 86% at 10 yrs, compared to mRSS <20). Conclusion. Survival was worse in male patients with diffuse SSc, and lung and heart involvement represented the main causes of death in this South American series of patients with SSc. (First Release Aug 15 2012; J Rheumatol 2012;39:1971-8; doi:10.3899/jrheum.111582)

Differential Gene Expression Profiles May Differentiate Responder and Nonresponder Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis for Methotrexate (MTX) Monotherapy and MTX plus Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor Combined Therapy

Objective. We aimed to evaluate whether the differential gene expression profiles of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) could distinguish responders from nonresponders to methotrexate (MTX) and, in the case of MTX nonresponders, responsiveness to MTX plus anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (anti-TNF) combined therapy. Methods. We evaluated 25 patients with RA taking MTX 15-20 mg/week as a monotherapy (8 responders and 17 nonresponders). All MTX nonresponders received intliximab and were reassessed after 20 weeks to evaluate their anti-TNF responsiveness using the European League Against Rheumatism response criteria. A differential gene expression analysis from peripheral blood mononuclear cells was performed in terms of hierarchical gene clustering, and an evaluation of differentially expressed genes was performed using the significance analysis of microarrays program. Results. Hierarchical gene expression clustering discriminated MTX responders from nonresponders, and MTX plus anti-TNF responders from nonresponders. The evaluation of only highly modulated genes (fold change > 1.3 or < 0.7) yielded 5 induced (4 antiapoptotic and CCL4) and 4 repressed (4 proapoptotic) genes in MTX nonresponders compared to responders. In MTX plus anti-TNF nonresponders, the CCL4, CD83, and BCL2A1 genes were induced in relation to responders. Conclusion. Study of the gene expression profiles of RA peripheral blood cells permitted differentiation of responders from nonresponders to MTX and anti-TNF. Several candidate genes in MTX non-responders (CCL4, HTRA2, PRKCD, BCL2A1, CAV1, TNIP1 CASP8AP2, MXD1, and BTG2) and 3 genes in MTX plus anti-TNF nonresponders (CCL4, CD83, and BCL2A1) were identified for further study. (First Release July 1 2012; J Rheumatol 2012;39:1524-32; doi:10.3899/jrheum.120092)

Glucocorticoid: Major Factor for Reduced Immunogenicity of 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Vaccine in Patients with Juvenile Autoimmune Rheumatic Disease

Objective. To assess the immunogenicity and safety of non-adjuvanted influenza A H1N1/2009 vaccine in patients with juvenile autoimmune rheumatic disease (ARD) and healthy controls, because data are limited to the adult rheumatologic population. Method's. A total of 237 patients with juvenile ARD [juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM), juvenile scleroderma, and vasculitis] and 91 healthy controls were vaccinated. Serology for anti-H1N1 was performed by hemagglutination inhibition assay. Seroprotection rate, seroconversion rate, and factor-increase in geometric mean titer (GMT) were calculated. Adverse events were evaluated. Results. Age was comparable in patients and controls (14.8 +/- 3.0 vs 14.6 +/- 3.7 years, respectively; p = 0.47). Three weeks after immunization, seroprotection rate (81.4% vs 95.6%; p = 0.0007), seroconversion rate (74.3 vs 95.6%; p < 0.0001), and the factor-increase in GMT (12.9 vs 20.3; p = 0.012) were significantly lower in patients with juvenile ARD versus controls. Subgroup analysis revealed reduced seroconversion rates in JSLE (p < 0.0001), JIA (p = 0.008), JDM (p = 0.025), and vasculitis (p = 0.017). Seroprotection (p < 0.0001) and GMT (p < 0.0001) were decreased only in JSLE. Glucocorticoid use and lymphopenia were associated with lower seroconversion rates (60.4 vs 82.9%; p = 0.0001; and 55.6 vs 77.2%; p = 0.012). Multivariate logistic regression including diseases, lymphopenia, glucocorticoid, and immunosuppressants demonstrated that only glucocorticoid use (p = 0.012) remained significant. Conclusion. This is the largest study to demonstrate a reduced but adequate immune response to H1N1 vaccine in patients with juvenile ARD. It identified current glucocorticoid use as the major factor for decreased antibody production. The short-term safety results support its routine recommendation for patients with juvenile ARD. ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT01151644. (First Release Nov 15 2011; J Rheumatol 2012;39:167-73; doi:10.3899/jrheum.110721)

Properties of dental resins submitted to pH catalysed hydrolysis

Objectives: This study evaluated the surface microhardness (SM) and roughness (SR) alterations of dental resins submitted to pH catalysed degradation regimens. Methods: Thirty discs of each TPH Spectrum (Dentsply), Z100 (3M-ESPE), or an unfilled experimental bis-GMA/TEGDMA resin were fabricated, totaling 90 specimens. Each specimen was polymerized for 40 s, finished, polished, and individually stored in deionized water at 37 degrees C for 7 days. Specimens were randomly assigned to the following pH solutions: 1.0, 6.9 or 13, and for SM or SR evaluations (n = 5). Baseline Knoop-hardness of each specimen was obtained by the arithmetic mean of five random micro-indentations. For SR, mean baseline values were obtained by five random surface tracings (R-a). Specimens were then soaked in one of the following storage media at 37 degrees C: (1) 0.1 M, pH 1.0 HCl, (2) 0.1 N, pH 13.0 NaOCl, and (3) deionized water (pH 6.9). Solutions were replaced daily. Repeated SM and SR measurements were performed at the 3-, 7- and 14-day storage time intervals. For each test and resin, data were analysed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (alpha = 0.05). Results: There was significant decrease in SM and increase in SR values of composites after storage in alkaline medium. TPH and Z100 presented similar behaviour for SM and SR after immersion in the different media, whereas unfilled resin values showed no significant change. Conclusion: Hydrolytic degradation of resin composites seems to begin with the silanized inorganic particles and therefore depend on their composition. Significance: To accelerate composite hydrolysis and produce quick in vitro microstructural damage, alkaline medium appears to be more suitable than acidic medium. Contemporary resin composite properties seem to withstand neutral and acidic oral environments tolerably well. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ethnic Influence in Clinical and Functional Measures of Brazilian Patients with Spondyloarthritis

Objective. Spondyloarthritides (SpA) can present different disease spectra according to ethnic background. The Brazilian Registry of Spondyloarthritis (RBE) is a nationwide registry that comprises a large databank on clinical, functional, and treatment data on Brazilian patients with SpA. The aim of our study was to analyze the influence of ethnic background in SpA disease patterns in a large series of Brazilian patients. Methods. A common protocol of investigation was prospectively applied to 1318 SpA patients in 29 centers distributed through the main geographical regions in Brazil. The group comprised whites (65%), African Brazilians (31.3%), and people of mixed origins (3.7%). Clinical and demographic variables and various disease index scores were compiled. Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) was the most frequent disease in the group (65.1%); others were psoriatic arthritis (18.3%), undifferentiated SpA (6.8%), enteropathic arthritis (3.7%), and reactive arthritis (3.4%). Results. White patients were significantly associated with psoriasis (p = 0.002), positive HLA-B27 (p = 0.014), and use of corticosteroids (p < 0.0001). Hip involvement (p = 0.02), axial inflammatory pain (p = 0.04), and radiographic sacroiliitis (p = 0.025) were associated with African Brazilian descent. Sex distribution, family history, and presence of peripheral arthritis, uveitis, dactylitis, urethritis, and inflammatory bowel disease were similar in the 3 groups, as well as age at disease onset, time from first symptom until diagnosis, and use of anti-tumor necrosis factor-a agents (p > 0.05). Schober test and thoracic expansion were similar in the 3 groups, whereas African Brazilians had higher Maastricht Ankylasing Spondylitis Enthesitis Scores (p = 0.005) and decreased lateral lumbar flexion (p = 0.003), while whites had a higher occiput-to-wall distance (p = 0.02). African Brazilians reported a worse patient global assessment of disease (p = 0.011). Other index scores and prevalence of work incapacity were similar in the 3 groups, although African Brazilians had worse performance in the Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life questionnaire (p < 0.001). Conclusion. Ethnic background is associated with distinct clinical aspects of SpA in Brazilian patients. African Brazilian patients with SpA have a poorer quality of life and report worse disease compared to whites, (First Release Nov 1 2011; J Rheumatol 2012;39:141-7; doi:10.3899/jrheum.110372)

Decreased expression of ADAMTS-1 in human breast tumors stimulates migration and invasion

Abstract Background ADAMTS-1 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs) is a member of the ADAMTS family of metalloproteases. Here, we investigated mRNA and protein levels of ADAMTS-1 in normal and neoplastic tissues using qPCR, immunohistochemistry and immunoblot analyses, and we addressed the role of ADAMTS-1 in regulating migration, invasion and invadopodia formation in breast tumor cell lines. Results In a series of primary breast tumors, we observed variable levels of ADAMTS-1 mRNA expression but lower levels of ADAMTS-1 protein expression in human breast cancers as compared to normal tissue, with a striking decrease observed in high-malignancy cases (triple-negative for estrogen, progesterone and Her-2). This result prompted us to analyze the effect of ADAMTS-1 knockdown in breast cancer cells in vitro. MDA-MB-231 cells with depleted ADAMTS-1 expression demonstrated increased migration, invasion and invadopodia formation. The regulatory mechanisms underlying the effects of ADAMTS-1 may be related to VEGF, a growth factor involved in migration and invasion. MDA-MB-231 cells with depleted ADAMTS-1 showed increased VEGF concentrations in conditioned medium capable of inducing human endothelial cells (HUVEC) tubulogenesis. Furthermore, expression of the VEGF receptor (VEGFR2) was increased in MDA-MB-231 cells as compared to MCF7 cells. To further determine the relationship between ADAMTS-1 and VEGF regulating breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231 cells with reduced expression of ADAMTS-1 were pretreated with a function-blocking antibody against VEGF and then tested in migration and invasion assays; both were partially rescued to control levels. Conclusions ADAMTS-1 expression was decreased in human breast tumors, and ADAMTS-1 knockdown stimulated migration, invasion and invadopodia formation in breast cancer cells in vitro. Therefore, this series of experiments suggests that VEGF is involved in the effects mediated by ADAMTS-1 in breast cancer cells.

The phenotype of Floating-Harbor syndrome: clinical characterization of 52 individuals with mutations in exon 34 of SRCAP

Background Floating-Harbor syndrome (FHS) is a rare condition characterized by short stature, delays in expressive language, and a distinctive facial appearance. Recently, heterozygous truncating mutations in SRCAP were determined to be disease-causing. With the availability of a DNA based confirmatory test, we set forth to define the clinical features of this syndrome. Methods and results Clinical information on fifty-two individuals with SRCAP mutations was collected using standardized questionnaires. Twenty-four males and twenty-eight females were studied with ages ranging from 2 to 52 years. The facial phenotype and expressive language impairments were defining features within the group. Height measurements were typically between minus two and minus four standard deviations, with occipitofrontal circumferences usually within the average range. Thirty-three of the subjects (63%) had at least one major anomaly requiring medical intervention. We did not observe any specific phenotype-genotype correlations. Conclusions This large cohort of individuals with molecularly confirmed FHS has allowed us to better delineate the clinical features of this rare but classic genetic syndrome, thereby facilitating the development of management protocols.

Bioremediation of PAHs - Limitations and soultions

Introduction 1.1 Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the environment Worldwide industrial and agricultural developments have released a large number of natural and synthetic hazardous compounds into the environment due to careless waste disposal, illegal waste dumping and accidental spills. As a result, there are numerous sites in the world that require cleanup of soils and groundwater. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the major groups of these contaminants (Da Silva et al., 2003). PAHs constitute a diverse class of organic compounds consisting of two or more aromatic rings with various structural configurations (Prabhu and Phale, 2003). Being a derivative of benzene, PAHs are thermodynamically stable. In addition, these chemicals tend to adhere to particle surfaces, such as soils, because of their low water solubility and strong hydrophobicity, and this results in greater persistence under natural conditions. This persistence coupled with their potential carcinogenicity makes PAHs problematic environmental contaminants (Cerniglia, 1992; Sutherland, 1992). PAHs are widely found in high concentrations at many industrial sites, particularly those associated with petroleum, gas production and wood preserving industries (Wilson and Jones, 1993). 1.2 Remediation technologies Conventional techniques used for the remediation of soil polluted with organic contaminants include excavation of the contaminated soil and disposal to a landfill or capping - containment - of the contaminated areas of a site. These methods have some drawbacks. The first method simply moves the contamination elsewhere and may create significant risks in the excavation, handling and transport of hazardous material. Additionally, it is very difficult and increasingly expensive to find new landfill sites for the final disposal of the material. The cap and containment method is only an interim solution since the contamination remains on site, requiring monitoring and maintenance of the isolation barriers long into the future, with all the associated costs and potential liability. A better approach than these traditional methods is to completely destroy the pollutants, if possible, or transform them into harmless substances. Some technologies that have been used are high-temperature incineration and various types of chemical decomposition (for example, base-catalyzed dechlorination, UV oxidation). However, these methods have significant disadvantages, principally their technological complexity, high cost , and the lack of public acceptance. Bioremediation, on the contrast, is a promising option for the complete removal and destruction of contaminants. 1.3 Bioremediation of PAH contaminated soil & groundwater Bioremediation is the use of living organisms, primarily microorganisms, to degrade or detoxify hazardous wastes into harmless substances such as carbon dioxide, water and cell biomass Most PAHs are biodegradable unter natural conditions (Da Silva et al., 2003; Meysami and Baheri, 2003) and bioremediation for cleanup of PAH wastes has been extensively studied at both laboratory and commercial levels- It has been implemented at a number of contaminated sites, including the cleanup of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska in 1989, the Mega Borg spill off the Texas coast in 1990 and the Burgan Oil Field, Kuwait in 1994 (Purwaningsih, 2002). Different strategies for PAH bioremediation, such as in situ , ex situ or on site bioremediation were developed in recent years. In situ bioremediation is a technique that is applied to soil and groundwater at the site without removing the contaminated soil or groundwater, based on the provision of optimum conditions for microbiological contaminant breakdown.. Ex situ bioremediation of PAHs, on the other hand, is a technique applied to soil and groundwater which has been removed from the site via excavation (soil) or pumping (water). Hazardous contaminants are converted in controlled bioreactors into harmless compounds in an efficient manner. 1.4 Bioavailability of PAH in the subsurface Frequently, PAH contamination in the environment is occurs as contaminants that are sorbed onto soilparticles rather than in phase (NAPL, non aqueous phase liquids). It is known that the biodegradation rate of most PAHs sorbed onto soil is far lower than rates measured in solution cultures of microorganisms with pure solid pollutants (Alexander and Scow, 1989; Hamaker, 1972). It is generally believed that only that fraction of PAHs dissolved in the solution can be metabolized by microorganisms in soil. The amount of contaminant that can be readily taken up and degraded by microorganisms is defined as bioavailability (Bosma et al., 1997; Maier, 2000). Two phenomena have been suggested to cause the low bioavailability of PAHs in soil (Danielsson, 2000). The first one is strong adsorption of the contaminants to the soil constituents which then leads to very slow release rates of contaminants to the aqueous phase. Sorption is often well correlated with soil organic matter content (Means, 1980) and significantly reduces biodegradation (Manilal and Alexander, 1991). The second phenomenon is slow mass transfer of pollutants, such as pore diffusion in the soil aggregates or diffusion in the organic matter in the soil. The complex set of these physical, chemical and biological processes is schematically illustrated in Figure 1. As shown in Figure 1, biodegradation processes are taking place in the soil solution while diffusion processes occur in the narrow pores in and between soil aggregates (Danielsson, 2000). Seemingly contradictory studies can be found in the literature that indicate the rate and final extent of metabolism may be either lower or higher for sorbed PAHs by soil than those for pure PAHs (Van Loosdrecht et al., 1990). These contrasting results demonstrate that the bioavailability of organic contaminants sorbed onto soil is far from being well understood. Besides bioavailability, there are several other factors influencing the rate and extent of biodegradation of PAHs in soil including microbial population characteristics, physical and chemical properties of PAHs and environmental factors (temperature, moisture, pH, degree of contamination). Figure 1: Schematic diagram showing possible rate-limiting processes during bioremediation of hydrophobic organic contaminants in a contaminated soil-water system (not to scale) (Danielsson, 2000). 1.5 Increasing the bioavailability of PAH in soil Attempts to improve the biodegradation of PAHs in soil by increasing their bioavailability include the use of surfactants , solvents or solubility enhancers.. However, introduction of synthetic surfactant may result in the addition of one more pollutant. (Wang and Brusseau, 1993).A study conducted by Mulder et al. showed that the introduction of hydropropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HPCD), a well-known PAH solubility enhancer, significantly increased the solubilization of PAHs although it did not improve the biodegradation rate of PAHs (Mulder et al., 1998), indicating that further research is required in order to develop a feasible and efficient remediation method. Enhancing the extent of PAHs mass transfer from the soil phase to the liquid might prove an efficient and environmentally low-risk alternative way of addressing the problem of slow PAH biodegradation in soil.

Relazione gestante-feto, modalità del parto e sviluppo fisico del bambino

Extensive literature outlined that the quality of the mother-foetus relationship is considered the main feature with regard to the quality of postnatal mother-infant interaction and also to the child’s psychical development. Nowadays the relationship between the pregnant woman and her foetus is viewed as the central factor of the somatic dialogue between the functioning of the maternal and the foetal organisms. This dialogue is responsible for the physic development of the child, as well as of its psychosomatic structure. Therefore the research area has necessarily had to extend to the analysis of psychological processes concerning: the pregnancy, the couple that is bound by parenthood, the influence of intergenerational dynamics. In fact, the formation of maternal identity, as well as that of the relationship between the woman and the foetus, refers to the pregnant woman’s relationship with her parents, especially with her mother. The same pregnancy, considered as a psychosomatic event, is directly influenced by relational, affective and social factors, particularly by the quality of the interiorized parental relations and the quality of the current relationships (such as that with her partner and with her family of origin). Some studies have begun to investigate the relationship between the pregnant woman and the foetus in term of “prenatal attachment” and its relationship with socio-demographic, psychological e psychopathological aspects (such as pre and post partum depression), but the research area is still largely unexplored. The present longitudinal research aimed to investigate the quality of the pregnant womanfoetus relationship by the prenatal attachment index, the quality of the interiorized relationship with woman’s parents, the level of alexithymic features and maternity social support, in relation with the modulation of the physiology of delivery and of postpartum, as well as of the physical development of the child. A consecutive sample of 62 Italian primipara women without any kind of pathologies, participated in the longitudinal study. In the first phase of this study (third trimester of the pregnancy), it has investigated the psychological processes connected to the affective investment of the pregnant women towards the unborn baby (by Prenatal Attachment Inventory), the mothers’ interiorized relationship with their own parents (by Parental Bonding Instrument), the social and affective support from their partner and their family of origin are able to supply (by Maternity Social Support Scale), and the level of alexithymia (by 20-Toronto Alexithymia Scale). In the second phase of this study, some data concerning the childbirth course carried out from a “deliverygram” (such as labour, induction durations and modalities of delivery) and data relative to the newborns state of well-being (such as Apgar and pH indexes). Finally, in the third phase of the study women have been telephoned a month after the childbirth. The semistructured interview investigated the following areas: the memory concerning the delivery, the return to home, the first interactions between the mother and the newborn, the breastfeeding, the biological rhythms achieved from newborns. From the data analysis a sample with a good level of prenatal attachment and of support social and a good capability to mental functioning emerged. An interesting result is that the most of the women have a great percentage of “affectionless control style” with both parents, but data is not sufficient to interpret this result. Moreover, considering the data relative to the delivery, medical and welfare procedures, that have been necessary, are coherent with the Italian mean, while the percentage of the caesarean section (12.9%) is inferior to the national percentage (30%). The 29% of vaginal partum has got epidural analgesia, which explains the high number (37%) of obstetrician operations (such as Kristeller). The data relative to the newborn (22 male, 40 female) indicates a good state of well-being because Apgar and pH indexes are superior to 7 at first and fifth minutes. Concerning the prenatal phase, correlation analysis showed that: the prenatal attachment scores positively correlated with the expected social support and negatively correlated with the “externally oriented thinking” dimension of alexithymia; the maternity social support negatively correlated with total alexithymia score, particularly with the “externally oriented thinking” dimension, and negatively correlated with maternal control of parental bonding. Concerning the delivery data, there are many correlations (after all obvious) among themselves. The most important are that the labour duration negatively correlated with the newborn’s index state of well-being. Finally, concerning the data from the postpartum phase the women’ assessments relative to the partum negatively correlated with the duration of the delivery and positively correlated with the assessment relative to the return to home and the interaction with the newborn. Moreover the length of permanence in the hospital negatively correlated with women’s assessments relative to the return to home that, in turn, positively correlated with the quality of breastfeeding, the interaction between the mother and the newborn and the biological regulation of the child. Finally, the women’ assessments relative to breastfeeding positively correlated with the mother-child interactions and the biological rhythms of children. From the correlation analysis between the variables of the prenatal phase and the data relative to the delivery, emerged that the prenatal attachment scores positively correlated with the dilatation stage scores and with the newborn’s Apgar index at first minute, the paternal care dimension of parental bonding positively correlated with the lengths of the various periods of childbirth like so the paternal control dimension with placental stage. Moreover, emerged that the expected social support positively correlated with the lengths of the various periods of childbirth and that the global alexithymia scores, particularly “difficulty to describe emotions” dimension, negatively correlated with total childbirth scores. From the correlation analysis between the variables of the prenatal phase and variable of the postpartum phase emerged that the total alexithymia scores positively correlated with the time elapsed from the childbirth to the breastfeeding of the child, the difficulty to describe emotions dimension of the alexithymia negatively correlated with the quality of the breastfeeding, the “externally oriented thinking” dimension of the alexithymia negatively correlated with mother-child interactions, and finally the paternal control dimension of the parental bonding negatively correlated with the time elapsed from the child to the breastfeeding of the child. Finally, from the analysis of the correlation between the data of the partum and the women’s assessments of the postpartum phase, emerged the negative correlation between the woman’s assessment relative to the delivery and the quantitative of obstetrician operations and the lengths of the various periods of childbirth, the positive correlation between the women’s assessment about the length of delivery periods and the real lengths of the same ones, the positive relation between woman’s assessment relative to the delivery and the Apgar index of children. In conclusion, there is a remarkable relation between the quality of the relationship the woman establishes with the foetus that influences the course of the pregnancy and the delivery that, in turn, influences the postpartum outcome, particularly relative to the mother-children relationship. Such data should be confirmed by heterogeneous populations in order to identify vulnerable women and to project focused intervention.

Ravenna e la Darsena di città Progetto per un museo e centro di ricerca di scienze ambientali

Il mio lavoro di tesi è partito da uno studio approfondito del contesto in cui si trova la Darsena di Ravenna, la mia area di progetto. Tutta la storia dell’evoluzione di Ravenna è legata soprattutto a due fattori principali: la necessità di difendersi dalle incursioni esterne e il continuo adattarsi alle trasformazioni del territorio soprattutto per quanto riguarda la linea di costa e il corso dei due fiumi che la circondano, il Ronco e il Montone. Questi due fattori hanno fatto si che Ravenna sia apparsa, sin dai primi secoli d. C., una città cinta da grandi mura, circondate da fiumi. Il Ronco e il Montone, sono poi diventati, a metà del XVI sec. i protagonisti principali della storia di Ravenna. I diversi progetti che si sono susseguiti nel tempo per cercare di deviarli e allontanarli dalla città, dato che ormai rappresentavano solo un grosso pericolo di alluvione, hanno determinato l’abbandono del primo porto della città, voluto dall’imperatore Augusto e la nascita dell’attuale canale Candiano. Fin dall’inizio il nuovo porto di Ravenna ha presentato una serie di problemi legati alla scarsa profondità del fondale e ai costi di manutenzione, a tal punto che le attività del porto sono sempre state molto limitate. Oggi la Darsena di città è caratterizzata da una moltitudine di edifici di archeologia industriale, risalenti al boom economico degli anni ’50, che risultano per la maggior parte, in uno stato di degrado e abbandono, incominciato con la crisi petrolifera degli anni ’70. A partire dal P.R.G. del 1993, si sono messi in atto una serie di iniziative atte a rivitalizzare e reintegrare quest’area all’interno della città storica, in modo che non sembri più un’entità separata ma che possa diventare un grande potenziale di sviluppo per la città stessa. La politica di riqualificazione del waterfront non riguarda solo Ravenna, ma è una strategia che molte città del modo hanno adottato negli ultimi decenni per ridare lustro alla città stessa e, allo stesso tempo recuperare zone spesso lasciate al loro destino. Fra queste città ho scelto di approfondirne cinque, Baltimora, Barcellona, Genova, Amburgo e Bilbao, evidenziando le diverse situazioni ma soprattutto le diverse motivazioni che le hanno spinte a raggiungere la medesima conclusione, quella che l’area portuale rappresenta un grande fattore di sviluppo. La mia attenzione poi si è spostata su quale attività potesse essere più adatta ad assolvere questo obiettivo. Ho pensato di progettare un museo e una serie di edifici ad esso collegati, come un centro di ricerca con residenze annesse e una torre belvedere, che dessero all’area la possibilità di essere vissuta in tutto l’arco della giornata e per tutto l’anno. Prima di affrontare direttamente la parte progettuale ho cercato di capire quale fosse la tipologia di museo e quali fossero i principali elementi indispensabili che caratterizzano questi edifici. Durante lo studio di questi casi ho classificato i musei secondo 5 categorie diverse, la galleria, la rotonda, la corte, la spirale e la pianta libera, che rispecchiano anche lo sviluppo storico di questa particolare tipologia architettonica. In base a tutte queste considerazioni ho affrontato il mio progetto. L’area presa in esame è caratterizzata da un’ampia superficie su cui insistono tre imponenti edifici di archeologia industriale molto degradati e utilizzati come magazzini dalla società proprietaria dell’area. Due di questi presentano un orientamento parallelo alla tessitura dei campi, il terzo invece segue un orientamento proprio. Oltre a queste due trame nell’area se ne può rilevare una terza legata all’andamento del canale. Queste grandi cattedrali del lavoro mi hanno fatto subito pensare di poterle utilizzare come spazi espositivi per mostre permanenti e temporanee, mantenendo intatta la loro struttura portante. Ho deciso di immergere l’edificio più imponente dei tre, che si trova in asse con la strada veicolare di accesso dalla città, in una grande corte verde delimitata ai lati da due nuovi edifici a L adibiti a veri e propri musei. Se da una parte questi musei costituiscono i limiti della corte, dall’altra rappresentano le quinte sceniche di aree completamenti differenti. Il museo adiacente al canale si affaccia su una grande piazza pavimentata dove troneggia l’edificio di archeologia industriale più simile ad una basilica e che accoglie i visitatori che arrivano tramite la navetta costiera; l’altro invece guarda verso il centro di ricerca e le residenze universitarie legati tra loro da un grande campo lungo completamente verde. A concludere la composizione ho pensato ad una torre belvedere dalla pianta circolare che potesse assorbire tutte le diverse direzioni e che si trova proprio in asse con il terzo edificio di archeologia industriale e a contatto con l’acqua. Per quanto riguarda l’organizzazione interna dei musei ho scelto di proporre due sezioni dello stesso museo con caratteristiche ben distinte. Il primo museo riguarda la storia della civiltà marinara di Ravenna ed è caratterizzato da ambienti conclusi lungo un percorso prestabilito che segue un criterio cronologico, il secondo invece presenta una pianta abbastanza libera dove i visitatori possono scegliere come e su cosa indirizzare la propria visita. Questa decisione è nata dalla volontà di soddisfare le esigenze di tutta l’utenza, pensando soprattutto alla necessità di coinvolgere persone giovani e bambini. Il centro di ricerca è organizzato planimetrica mente come una grande C, dove le due ali più lunghe ospitano i laboratori mentre l’ala più corta rappresenta l’ingresso sottolineato da un portico aggettante sulla corte. Simmetricamente si trovano i sette volumi delle residenze. Ognuno di questi può alloggiare sei studenti in altrettanti monolocali con servizi annessi, e presenta al piano terra aree di relax e sale lettura comuni. La torre belvedere invece riveste un ruolo più commerciale ospitando negozi, uffici per le varie associazioni legate al mare e un ristorante su più livelli, fino ad arrivare alla lanterna, che, come il faro per le navi, diventa un vero segno di riconoscimento e di orientamento dell’area sia dal mare che dalla città.

La ridefinizione di un luogo : un auditorium per la città di Rimini

Il progetto di tesi si sviluppa in una delle tre aree individuate dal bando di concorso indetto dal Comune di Rimini, allo scopo di riqualificare il lungomare della città, donandogli una nuova immagine in Italia e nel mondo. Le aree, tra di loro attigue, si collocano su di un tratto di costa lungo circa due km, che vanno da piazzale Boscovich al Parco Fellini, dal Parco Fellini a piazzale Kennedy e da piazzale Kennedy a piazza Marvelli, già piazza Tripoli. Si tratta di una procedura concorsuale sulla base delle leggi urbanistiche vigenti con la quale nel corso del 2008 l'Amministrazione Comunale di Rimini ha inteso ricercare soggetti privati per ridefinire in senso ambientale, urbano e funzionale, una delle parti più preziose e delicate della città: il waterfront di Marina centro. In particolare il bando stabiliva tutta una serie di obbiettivi da perseguire tra i quali: l'aumento dell'attività turistica per tutto l'arco dell'anno, la riorganizzazione della viabilità, la realizzazione di spazi legati al commercio e al terziario, la riqualificazione urbana, una diversa collocazione degli attuali parcheggi, la completa pedonalizzazione del lungomare, oggi principale elemento viario di questa parte di città. Alla scadenza del bando, il 28 marzo del 2008 sono pervenuti agli uffici comunali tre proposte: dallo Studio Altieri con l'architetto Julien de Smedt e Coopsette con l'architetto Jean Nouvel per il bando relativo al tratto Piazzale Boscovich – piazzale Kennedy; e da Gecos con Foster + Partners per il tratto piazzale Kennedy – piazza Marvelli. Nello sviluppo del progetto mi è sembrato necessario integrare quelle che erano le richieste del bando con alcune scelte programmatiche, di forte impatto, ma a mio avviso indispensabili per assicurare e ritrovare quella “urbanità” che qui sembra sia stata dimenticata. In tal senso in prossimità di piazzale Boscovich ho proposto la realizzazione di una serie di spazi culturali legati allo spettacolo, per mezzo di due auditorium con sale di 250 e 900 posti e una serie di spazi espositivi legati alle varie manifestazioni.

Una pausa fra Rimini e Riccione : piano di riqualificazione urbana e paesaggistica della Città delle Colonie del Marano

La presente Tesi di Laurea si pone in continuità rispetto al Laboratorio di Sintesi Finale in Urbanistica “Spiagge urbane. Paesaggi, luoghi, architetture nella città balneare adriatica”. Nel corso del Laboratorio si è condotto uno studio delle possibili soluzioni per la riqualificazione dell’area e delle colonie fortemente degradate della “Città delle Colonie del Marano”. Si è anche condotto uno studio di ciò che sono state le Colonie Marine ed il turismo di massa per le realtà balneari della Riviera Romagnola. Il patrimonio delle colonie marine include 246 edifici in Romagna, edifici di altri tempi che guardano il mare da una posizione di privilegio. Infatti da Ravenna a Cattolica le colonie marine testimoniano un patrimonio edilizio ormai perduto ed in certi casi dimenticato. Purtroppo ad oggi risultano in stato di abbandono totale, rimanendo comunque forti testimonianze storiche. Queste città delle colonie sono pertanto aree da riqualificare e da reinventare, in grado di offrire nuove potenzialità e nuovi sviluppi alle città e al turismo della Riviera. La prima fase del Laboratorio ha riguardato l’analisi del territorio compreso tra i Comuni di Rimini e Riccione, cercando di estrapolare qualsiasi caratteristica di queste aree da riutilizzare, da valorizzare e da riprogettare : si sono studiate le colonie, le loro aree di pertinenza, i loro vincoli, le aree fluviali da salvaguardare, le infrastrutture e la potenzialità edificatoria del territorio. In una seconda fase di lavoro, si sono fatti incontri con docenti e professionisti al fine di approfondire gli eventuali progetti di riqualificazione già avviati, semplificando così anche il lavoro di analisi degli strumenti urbanistici vigenti. Queste fasi hanno portato alla redazione di un masteplan dettato dalle linee generali su cui si è voluto impostare tutta la progettazione urbanistica e compositiva: innanzitutto si è immaginato un nuovo waterfront costituito dalla vista delle colonie di valore storico in primo piano, e la nuova città in secondo piano. Si è immaginata inoltre una città balneare diversa, non più caratterizzata dalla presenza di aree fortemente densificate, ma un’area costruita in altezza per mantenere ampie zone a verde : la città balneare deve essere il più possibile accogliente e libera da veicoli, per non essere più vissuta unicamente nella stagione estiva. Si sono sempre tenute in considerazione anche le nuove tecnologie ed i principi guida della sostenibilità urbana, infatti la città si serve dell’ambiente circostante per gli scarichi dei reflui, per illuminare e per l’accumulo dell’acqua piovana.

Manhattan: progettare il margine

Un percorso di ricerca che interessa la città di New York prevede inevitabilmente nel suo sviluppo un approfondimento sulle diverse tematiche riguardanti in primis la città americana intesa in termini generali e, parallelamente, tutti quegli elementi che sono riconoscibili quali punti focali per l’isola di Manhattan. La lettura delle mappe storiche diventa un elemento fondamentale su cui basare un’analisi relativa alla crescita e al tessuto urbano; una particolare attenzione alle trasformazioni della griglia stradale che impone alla struttura della città un sistema rigido e che contemporaneamente sviluppa elementi di contraddizione al suo interno. E’ necessario quindi indagare il tema della griglia nelle città di fondazione e nelle varianti storiche. Se da un lato si è svolta una lettura storica, dall’altro viene affiancata una lettura critica, che mira principalmente all’analisi delle “crisi della regolarità”, cioè a quei punti in cui la struttura della griglia diviene più fragile o addirittura viene negata dall’assetto della città. Sulla scia delle riflessioni di Mario Gandelsonas sulle città americane, si è voluto a tracciare non solo un percorso analitico, ma anche una ricerca più personale, con il tentativo di indagare la città in relazione dicotomica rispetto alla sua architettura, riflettendo sul modo in cui l’una si interfaccia con l’altra in un rapporto di antagonismo che è andato crescendo giorno dopo giorno. Un rapporto di antagonismo, ma anche di inevitabile collaborazione tra le parti in un quadro che non è mai fisso e che coinvolge due elementi in continuo mutamento, genera un sistema di necessarie articolazioni, che non si presentano mai come una situazione stabile tra i due elementi, ma come una relazione tra due prassi che cambiano nel tempo. I temi progettuali chiave non sono frutto di una decisione preventiva, ma, viceversa, emergono come risultato della prima parte di questo lavoro. La ricerca è stata così indirizzata verso alcune questioni che sono apparse più rilevanti anche in ai fini progettuali: l’infrastruttura, approfondita mediante il caso studio del Port Authority Bus Terminal di Pier Luigi Nervi; l’edilizia sociale, che si presenta sempre con tipologie anomale rispetto al blocco newyorkese, come nel caso di Stuyvesant Town; ed i margini della città, ex zone industriali, oggi al centro del dibattito sulla riqualificazione di aree a forte potenziale naturalistico. I punti qui esaminati evidenziano e sintetizzano le problematiche del Waste Transfer previsto dall’amministrazione newyorkese nell’area sud di Manhattan.

Recupero della Colonia Reggiana di Riccione. Una residenza socio-assistenziale per anziani

La Colonia Reggiana, situata a Riccione presso la foce del fiume Marano, è stata costruita nel 1934, dal progetto dell’arch. C. Costantini. Nata come colonia marina per i bambini di Reggio Emilia, ha mantenuto la sua funzione fino agli anni ‘80, quando, in seguito al passaggio di proprietà dalla regione Emilia Romagna al comune di Riccione, è caduta in disuso. Dal 1989 una parte dell’edificio ha ospitato associazioni di sport acquatici fino all’estate del 2012, quando è stato vietato l’accesso alla colonia a scopo cautelativo, a causa dell’attività sismica che ha colpito la regione Emilia Romagna. La Colonia si inserisce in una porzione periferica del comune di Riccione. La zona del Marano, caratterizzata da una concentrazione elevata di colonie marine, si trova in un’area di confine tra i comuni di Riccione e di Rimini, caratterizzata da un’interruzione del waterfront, da una minore densità di edifici e da una natura urbanistica irrisolta, nonostante la posizione strategica di ‘porta della città’ e il pregio di essere una delle ultime zone libere lungo la costa. In particolare, l’ambito di interesse è l’area delimitata a est dal mare, a ovest dalla linea ferroviaria, a sud dal fiume Marano e a nord dal confine comunale, che coincide con il Rio dell’Asse. La pianificazione comunale, in accordo con le indicazioni di livello sovraordinato, prevede la riqualificazione degli ampi spazi lasciati incolti e il potenziamento della zona attraverso uno sviluppo di carattere alberghiero, ma anche residenziale e di servizi di vicinato. L’area dovrebbe perdere il suo carattere isolato dal resto della città e il progetto presentato da questa tesi, riportando le indicazioni comunali per lo sfruttamento delle aree verdi secondo piani già approvati, propone per la Colonia Reggiana una funzione diversa da quella alberghiera prevista. Mantenendo il carattere ricettivo richiesto dalla pianificazione urbanistica, il progetto si prefigge di riqualificare l’edificio convertendolo in una residenza socio-assistenziale per anziani. La funzione risulta adatta alla tipologia della colonia, nata come residenza estiva per bambini a scopo curativo, oltre che ricreativo, rispondendo quindi alla natura dell’edificio. La posizione, inoltre, appare positiva e piacevole per la permanenza di persone anziane che, nel periodo più avanzato della propria vita, possono godere del paesaggio e dell’aria marina, invece di ritrovarsi in edifici isolati. Il progetto di recupero della colonia consiste nel restauro o sostituzione delle parti degradate, conservando l’immagine e la natura del progetto, e nel miglioramento delle prestazioni dell’involucro in modo tale che, inserendo un sistema impiantistico adeguato, si possa raggiungere una buona prestazione energetica. La tesi si propone di valutare la possibilità di recuperare la colonia sia dal punto funzionale che da quello energetico, nel rispetto delle normative vigenti.

Application of Submerged Grouted Anchors in Sheet Pile Quay Walls

Sheet pile walls are one of the oldest earth retention systems utilized in civil engineering projects. They are used for various purposes; such as excavation support system, cofferdams, cut-off walls under dams, slope stabilization, waterfront structures, and flood walls. Sheet pile walls are one of the most common types of quay walls used in port construction. The worldwide increases in utilization of large ships for transportation have created an urgent need of deepening the seabed within port areas and consequently the rehabilitation of its wharfs. Several methods can be used to increase the load-carrying capacity of sheet-piling walls. The use of additional anchored tie rods grouted into the backfill soil and arranged along the exposed wall height is one of the most practical and appropriate solutions adopted for stabilization and rehabilitation of the existing quay wall. The Ravenna Port Authority initiated a project to deepen the harbor bottom at selected wharves. An extensive parametric study through the finite element program, PLAXIS 2D, version 2012 was carried out to investigate the enhancement of using submerged grouted anchors technique on the load response of sheet-piling quay wall. The influence of grout-ties area, length of grouted body, anchor inclination and anchor location were considered and evaluated due to the effect of different system parameters. Also a comparative study was conducted by Plaxis 2D and 3D program to investigate the behavior of these sheet pile quay walls in terms of horizontal displacements induced along the sheet pile wall and ground surface settlements as well as the anchor force and calculated factor of safety. Finally, a comprehensive study was carried out by using different constitutive models to simulate the mechanical behavior of the soil to investigate the effect of these two models (Mohr-Coulomb and Hardening Soil) on the behavior of these sheet pile quay walls.