Distribution of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) at different altitudes in an endemic region of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil

The involvement of different sand fly species in the transmission of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) at different altitudes was evaluated in the municipality of Afonso Cláudio in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil, from November 1995 to February 1997. CDC light traps and Shannon traps baited with human volunteers were hung simultaneously at three altitudes of a river valley: (a) 650-750 m in an area of active ACL transmission; (b) 750-850 m in a transitional area; and (c) 850-950 m in an area where no ACL transmission occurred. A total of 13,363 specimens belonging to 28 species was collected. The five most abundant man-biting species were Lutzomyia intermedia, which constituted 24.3% of the total, Lu. migonei (22.3%), Lu. whitmani (15.4%), Lu. fischeri (14.9%) and Lu. monticola (5.8%). Analysis of the distribution of these species at the three altitudes provided evidence that Lu. fischeri and Lu. monticola were not involved in ACL transmission, whereas Lu. migonei and Lu. whitmani might act as secondary vectors of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Lu. intermedia was probably the principal vector of the parasite. These results reinforce those published in the existing literature, which indicate that Lu. intermedia is the main vector of Le. (V.) braziliensis in Southeast Brazil, while Lu. migonei and Lu. whitmani are of secondary importance.

Llorenç Tomàs i Costa : Els temps convulsos de la guerra de Successió i l'exili

Aproximació biogràfica al personatge de Llorenç Tomàs i Costa, canceller del Principat de Catalunya durant el govern de l'arxiduc Carles III (1705-1714)

Epidemiological and clinical features of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil

Between 1985 and 2000, epidemiological surveys of the American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) were carried out in several rural and urban communities in Espírito Santo, Brazil. A total of 100 stocks of Leishmania (comprising isolates from both human and canine hosts with ATL) were identified by two methods of molecular characterization, using specific monoclonal antibodies and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Parasite isolates from 19 municipalities were found to belong to the same zymodeme and serodeme type as of the Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis reference strain. In contrast, our genotyping studies have shown intra-specific variation among these parasites (comparisons of the variability of the internal transcribed spacers between the small and large subunits of the rRNA genes of the 22 stocks studiedrevealed at least 11 genotypes). Two main clusters of L. (V.) braziliensis genotypes were observed, representing parasites collected from different endemic regions in the state, where transmission reflects distinct eco-epidemiological features. Infection with this pathogen was associated with the characteristic disease forms, but neither the clinical outcome nor the response to treatment could be related to the genetic polymorphism of the isolates, as defined by using the proposed methodology.

Peridomiciliary colonies of Triatoma vitticeps (Stal, 1859) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) infected with Trypanosoma cruzi in rural areas of the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil

In Brazil, the colonization of human dwellings by triatomines occurs in areas with native vegetation of the caatinga or cerrado types. In areas of Atlantic forest such as in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo, there are no species adapted to live in human habitations. The few autochthonous cases of Chagas disease encountered in Espírito Santo have been attributed to adult specimens of Triatoma vitticeps that invade houses from forest remnants. In recent years, the entomology unit of the Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat has recorded nymphs infected with flagellates similar to Trypanosoma cruzi in rural localities. Entomological surveys were carried out in the residences and outbuildings in which the insects were found, and serological examinations for Chagas disease performed on the inhabitants. Four colonies were found, all associated with nests of opossums (Didelphis aurita), 111 specimens of T. vitticeps, and 159 eggs being collected. All the triatomines presented flagellates in their frass. Mice inoculated with the faeces presented trypomastigotes in the circulating blood and groups of amastigotes in the cardiac muscle fibres. Serological tests performed on the inhabitants were negative for T. cruzi. Even with the intense devastation of the forest in Espírito Santo, there are no indications of change in the sylvatic habits of T. vitticeps. Colonies of this insect associated with opossum nests would indicate an expansion of the sylvatic environment into the peridomicile.

Human immunodeficiency virus type- 1 subtypes of infected patients in Espírito Santo, Brazil

Genetic variability of human immunodeficiency virus type - 1(HIV-1) is a potential threat for both diagnosis and treatment of HIV/AIDS, as well as the development of effective vaccines. Up to now, HIV subtypes circulating among HIV-positive patients in the state of Espírito Santo were not known. In the present study, blood samples from 100 therapy-naïve HIV-1 infected patients were collected and the HIV subtype was determined through the Heteroduplex Mobility Assay (HMA). Ninety-seven out of 100 studied samples were subtyped by HMA, 73 samples (75.2%) were from subtype B, 9 (9.3%) from subtype F, 3 (3.1%) from subtype C, 6 (6.2%) Benv/Fgag, and another 6 (6.2%) Fenv/Bgag, what suggests that recombinant viruses were present in the studied samples. Twenty-eight percent of the subtype B samples were represented by the Brazilian B" subtype, which were identified by RFLP with Fok I. Data presented here demonstrate that the epidemiological characteristics of the HIV epidemic in the state of Espírito Santo are similar to those from the other Southeastern states and helped to better understand the genetic polymorphism of HIV in Brazil.

Description of Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) falquetoi sp. nov. (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) a new species from the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil

Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) falquetoi, sp. nov. (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) is described from the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. This new species belongs to the series longipalpis and is easily distinguished from the other members of this taxon by the presence of five well-developed spines and a pre-apical spiniform bristle on the gonostyle as well as nine bristles on the basal tuft of the gonocoxite.

Hospitalization due to norovirus and genotypes of rotavirus in pediatric patients, state of Espírito Santo

Viruses are the leading cause for hospitalization due to gastroenteritis worldwide. Group A rotaviruses (RV) are the most prevalent and are assorted in glycoproteins (G) and protease sensitive (P) dual genotypes based on polymorphic genes that encode the external VP7 and VP4 capsid proteins, respectively. Noroviruses (NoV) have increasingly answered by sporadic gastroenteritis. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of NoV and RV in 68 hospitalized children, between July 2004 and November 2006, at a pediatric hospital in Vitória city, state of Espírito Santo, Southeastern Brazil. Nucleic acid was extracted from fecal suspension following the guanidine-silica procedure. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were employed for NoV and RV detection, respectively. RV genotyping was accomplished using RT-PCR followed by heminested multiplex PCR with specific primers for the most prevalent types of G and P. Fecal samples were positive for NoV and RV in 39.7% (27/68) and 20.5% (14/68), respectively and together were responsible for 60% (41/68) of the cases. RV genotypes were: 50% G9P[8], 28.7% G2P[4], 7.1% G1P[8], G2P[8] and G?P[8]. Vomit was a prominent manifestation observed in 92% and 85% of the NoV and RV cases, respectively. The median hospitalization was 5 and 5.5 days for the patients infected with NoV and RV, respectively. The data showed that NoV prevailed over RV and it also corroborated the emergence of RV G9 genotype followed by G2P[4], reinforcing the need for RV genotype surveillance.

Use of geoprocessing to define malaria risk areas and evaluation of the vectorial importance of anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Espírito Santo, Brazil

In Brazil, introduced malaria occurs from the flat to the sloping hot areas, predominantly outside the Amazon Region, where endemic malaria has occurred in the past. This is a consequence of human migrations to other Brazilian states, including the state of Espírito Santo (ES). The objective of this study was to use geoprocessing to define the areas at risk of introduced malaria transmission and evaluate the vectorial importance of species of anophelines in ES. Anophelines were sampled from 1997-2005 in 297 rural localities identified or not identified as foci of malaria during the last 20 years. The geoclimatic variables temperature, relief and marine influence were obtained from a database of the ES Natural Units. The 14,663 anophelines captured belonged to 22 species. A significant association was found between the occurrence of malaria foci and the presence of hot, low-lying areas or gently undulating to undulating relief. The occurrence of the disease was associated with the presence of Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles aquasalis. Geoprocessing was determined to be a useful tool for defining areas at risk for malaria and vectors in ES.

Description of Evandromyia grimaldii sp. nov. (Diptera: Psychodidae), a new phlebotomine species from the state of Espírito Santo, Southeast Brazil

Phlebotomine sand flies present great species diversity, especially in Brazil, where there are about 300 known species. This work describes a new species of sand fly found in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo, in the Reserva Biológica de Duas Bocas, municipality of Cariacica. Spermathecae with superficial striations and the common duct longer than the genital fork permit the inclusion of the new species in the subgenus Evandromyia s. str., series rupicola. The new species resemble Ev. rupicola from which it may be distinguished by the aspects of the spermatheca and the length of the genital filament of the male, longer in the new species.

Study of sand fly fauna in an endemic area of American cutaneous leishmaniasis and canine visceral leishmaniasis in the municipality of Espírito Santo do Pinhal, São Paulo, Brazil

Canine American visceral leishmaniasis and American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) cases have been recorded in Espírito Santo do Pinhal. The aim of this study was to gather knowledge of the sand fly community and its population ecology within the municipality. Captures were made weekly over a period of 15 months in the urban, periurban and rural areas of the municipality, using automatic light traps. A total of 5,562 sand flies were collected, comprising 17 species. The most abundant species were Nyssomyia whitmani and Pintomyia pessoai in the rural area, Lutzomyia longipalpis and Ny. whitmani in the periurban area and Lu. longipalpis in the urban area. The highest species richness and greatest index species diversity were found in the rural area. The similarity index showed that urban and periurban areas were most alike. Lu. longipalpis was found in great numbers during both dry and humid periods. The presence of dogs infected with Leishmania infantum chagasi in the urban area indicates a high risk for the establishment of the disease in the region. A high abundance of Ny. whitmani and Pi. pessoai in the rural and periurban areas indicates the possibility of new cases of ACL occurring in and spreading to the periurban area of Espírito Santo do Pinhal.

L'histoire naturelle au XVIe siècle : regards, lectures et discours sur la nature à travers l'exemple de La nature et diversité des poissons de Pierre Belon (1555)

Plan du travail Nous traiterons de cet aspect historique et contextuel dans la première partie. Les trois premiers chapitres décrivent les fondements antiques et médiévaux de la philosophie naturelle seiziémiste et évoquent l'influence du De animalibus d'Albert le Grand sur les médecins naturalistes. Nous en arriverons alors aux liens qui unissent ces derniers (chapitre IV) et aux conditions matérielles et intellectuelles qui entourent et parfois entravent la parution des ouvrages (chapitre V). Nous nous pencherons ensuite sur l'identité des lecteurs susceptibles d'être intéressés par les traités d'histoire naturelle. Ces lecteurs ont des attentes qui méritent aussi un examen quant à leur origine, car elles conditionnent pour une part variable, mais importante, le contenu des oeuvres (chapitre VI). Confrontés à des critiques, à des obstacles institutionnels parfois séculaires, les médecins naturalistes se défendent pour une part en reprenant les arguments de leurs prédécesseurs médiévaux. Mais nous les verrons mettre en place de nouvelles stratégies, en relation étroite avec le renouveau bien connu de la dialectique et de la rhétorique, qui trouve ses racines en Italie du nord à la fin du XVe siècle. Ce point sera développé dans la seconde partie, qui servira de transition essentielle dans notre exposé. C'est là que nous découvrirons que la rhétorique ne s'impose pas uniquement comme un rituel renouvelé de la dispute médiévale : elle n'entre pas seulement en jeu lorsqu'il s'agit de défendre ses intérêts contre des rivaux ou des adversaires académiques (chapitre VII). Les médecins naturalistes mettent au contraire au point des instruments au service d'un processus heuristique qui s'inspire des nouveaux canons de la rhétorique, dont Rudolph Agricola est un des théoriciens principaux (chapitre VIII). Ces observations nous amèneront à repréciser ce qu'il faut entendre par philosophie naturelle au XVIe siècle, notamment au travers de l'autorité de personnages comme Théodore Gaza (chapitre IX) et à définir les fondements généraux de l'histoire naturelle seiziémiste, en adoptant des points de vue divers : examen des tables des matières d'ouvrages, des réflexions des médecins naturalistes, avec à leur tête Conrad Gesner, ou encore étude de la pénétration de l'histoire naturelle dans quelques récits des voyageurs aux Amériques (chapitre X et XI). Arrivé à ce point de l'exposé, le lecteur aura constaté que la solidité de l'histoire naturelle seiziémiste tient à une stratégie discursive soigneusement élaborée. Le développement détaillé et l'application de ce nouveau processus, qui s'ancre au plus profond du discours descriptif de la nature, seront décrits dans la troisième partie. Nous commencerons par y rappeler quels sont les instruments antiques de la description des particulares, l'accident et la différence, que les médecins naturalistes adaptent à leurs exigences heuristiques (chapitre XII). Nous verrons le rôle de "nota", outil discursif méconnu, qui désigne les éléments décisifs ou arguments par lesquels les médecins naturalistes identifient les espèces décrites par les anciens en les confrontant aux espèces réelles (chapitre XIII). Une fois présenté l'instrument descriptif, se pose la question de son utilisation par les médecins naturalistes et de son évaluation par rapport au fonctionnement de la taxonomie moderne (chapitre XIV). La différence entre les deux regards sur la nature apparaîtra comme fondamentale : les médecins naturalistes assignent à leurs investigations des limites, inhérentes à l'origine sacrée de leur quête, qui relève de la philosophie, elle-même subordonnée à la théologie. Cela se percevra par exemple dans la description des animaux du Nouveau Monde. Les conséquences de cette constatation sont considérables : elles remettent en cause le statut du "savant" du XVIe siècle, qui ne saurait être assimilé à l'observateur extérieur tel que l'érige la science des Lumières. Belon et ses collègues se disent plutôt des "contemplateurs" et des interprètes, ce qui les rapprochent de la figure du poète, avec qui ils entretiennent des rapports ambivalents. C'est la relation même du médecin naturaliste au langage de la nature qui s'en trouve affectée : le savant n'a pas la maîtrise du discours, dans la mesure où les signes qu'il interprète et, dans une certaine mesure, ordonne, du latin : les noms d'espèces, entre autres dans les titres de notices descriptives, pour mieux cerner la relation entre la langue antique et la vernaculaire, ainsi que la notion de langue originelle chez les médecins naturalistes (chapitre XVIII). Les points communs qui émergeront de cette confrontation feront disparaître le clivage anachronique entre langue latine et langue vernaculaire, de même que l'hypothèse de l'insuffisance lexicale de la seconde, dont les médecins naturalistes auraient en vain voulu faire l'instrument de la science moderne (chapitre XIX). Le chapitre XX aura pour but d'établir le lien et l'adéquation entre les caractéristiques du discours descriptif ainsi mises en évidence et les fondements véritables de l'histoire naturelle seiziémiste.

Molecular identification of Sporothrix species involved in the first familial outbreak of sporotrichosis in the state of Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil

Sporotrichosis is a widespread subcutaneous mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungi now known as the Sporothrix schenckii complex. This complex is comprised of at least six species, including Sporothrix albicans, Sporothrix brasiliensis, Sporothrix globosa, Sporothrix luriei, Sporothrix mexicana and S. schenckii. Cases of sporotrichosis have significantly increased in Brazil over the past decade, especially in the state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ), where an epidemic among cat owners has been observed. The zoonotic transmission from cats to humans suggests a common source of infection and indicates that animals can act as vectors. We performed a molecular characterisation of samples collected during the first outbreak of familial sporotrichosis caused by S. brasiliensis in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. These results represent the first description of such an outbreak outside the endemic area of zoonotic sporotrichosis in RJ.

L'aportació de Tomàs Cerdà en la introducció del càlcul diferencial i integral a l'Espanya del segle XVIII

El desenvolupament del càlcul diferencial i integral com a disciplina científica a Europa durant el segle XVIII no és un tema nou. Però s’ha acostumat a enfocar la visió d’aquesta formació molt sovint des del “centre” i a partir de les grans figures com Isaac Newton o Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. En el present treball el protagonista potser, per a molts, no és una figura de primera línia; Tomàs Cerdà, és un ensenyant a Barcelona i a Madrid durant la segona meitat del segle XVIII, que “tradueix” al castellà autors anglesos, però que amb la seva pràctica està realment introduint el nou càlcul a Espanya i donant, de fet, una orientació d’aquesta nova disciplina als seus deixebles. El com i per què Cerdà decideix quin serà el seu guia en la introducció del càlcul diferencial i integral i quines seran les seves pròpies aportacions en aquesta labor seran els temes centrals del nostre treball. La nostra tasca ha anat, així doncs, a entendre millor, el procés de divulgació del coneixement científic, veient-lo en tot moment com formant part activa del mateix procés de construcció d’aquest coneixement.

Terapias alternativas/complementares: o saber e o fazer das enfermeiras do distrito administrativo 71 - Santo Amaro - São Paulo

Este estudo objetivou verificar o saber e o fazer das enfermeiras que atuam nas unidades municipais de Saúde do Distrito Administrativo 71-Santo Amaro -São Paulo, frente às Terapias Alternativas/Complementares(TA/C). A pesquisa, de abordagem quantitativa com análise qualitativa dos dados, permitiu evidenciar que 89% dos enfermeiros acreditam nas TA/C porém, apenas 22,2% têm conhecimento do respaldo legal e 5,5% têm cursos nesta área; 44,4% aplicam em si mesma e 11,1% aplicam nos pacientes, sete TA/C distintas, classificadas em cinco grupos de HILL. Desvendou-se que há necessidade de buscar novos saberes como opções de assistência à promoção da saúde da população.