Temporal distribution and magnitude of the vulnerability period around stroke depend on stroke subtype.

Background: We aimed to analyze the rate and time distribution of pre- and post-morbid cerebrovascular events in a single ischemic stroke population, and whether these depend on the etiology of the index stroke. Methods: In 2,203 consecutive patients admitted to a single stroke center registry (ASTRAL), the ischemic stroke that led to admission was considered the index event. Frequency distribution and cumulative relative distribution graphs of the most recent and first recurrent event (ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, intracranial or subarachnoid hemorrhage) were drawn in weekly and daily intervals for all strokes and for all stroke types. Results: The frequency of events at identical time points before and after the index stroke was mostly reduced in the first week after (vs. before) stroke (1.0 vs. 4.2%, p < 0.001) and the first month (2.7 vs. 7.4%, p < 0.001), and then ebbed over the first year (8.4 vs. 13.1%, p < 0.001). On daily basis, the peak frequency was noticed at day -1 (1.6%) with a reduction to 0.7% on the index day and 0.17% 24 h after. The event rate in patients with atherosclerotic stroke was particularly high around the index event, but 1-year cumulative recurrence rate was similar in all stroke types. Conclusions: We confirm a short window of increased vulnerability in ischemic stroke and show a 4-, 3- and 2-fold reduction in post-stroke events at 1 week, 1 month and 1 year, respectively, compared to identical pre-stroke periods. This break in the 'stroke wave' is particularly striking after atherosclerotic and lacunar strokes.

Syndrome de Cogan : à propos d'un cas et brève revue de la littérature [Cogan's Syndrome]

We report the case of a 20-year-old woman, with no medical history, who in a short period of time developed the association of a bilateral vestibulocochlear deficit and a nonsyphilitic interstitial keratitis, the usual clinical presentation of Cogan's syndrome. This rare disease was named after David Cogan, the ophthalmologist to whom we owe the description of the first series of cases. The precise aetiology of Cogan's syndrome has yet to be defined, but clinical and biological evidence point toward an immunopathological process. Some authors distinguish between a typical and an atypical form of Cogan's syndrome, the former being associated with interstitial keratitis, the latter with other forms of ocular involvement. The diagnosis of Cogan's syndrome is mainly a clinical one, the association of a bilateral vestibulocochlear deficit and a non-syphilitic keratitis being almost specific. Cogan's syndrome is frequently associated with general signs and cardiovascular, neurological, rheumathological and digestive involvement. Laboratory data usually show nonspecific inflammatory signs (elevation of the white cell count and of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate). The mortality of the disease is essentially determined by its cardiovascular involvement, mostly aortic insufficiency, which should therefore actively be sought for in every patient. It is useful to emphasise that the typical form of Cogan's syndrome carries a higher risk regarding the development of aortic insufficiency, whereas the atypical form is more often associated with a systemic vasculitis. Treatment is mandatory, based upon corticosteroids, and must sometimes be intensified by the administration of a steroid-sparing immunosuppressive drug. Although our patient perfectly met the diagnostic criteria of Cogan's syndrome, the vestibular symptoms preceded the visual complaints, the reverse temporal sequence being more often reported in the literature. Systemic signs and cardiovascular involvement are frequently seen in Cogan's syndrome, but were notably absent in our patient. Blood samples showed inflammatory signs, whereas both lumbar puncture and cerebral MRI were normal, which is the usual pattern encountered in Cogan's syndrome. Following the rapid initiation of immunosuppressive therapy (Prednisone), the visual symptoms due to the bilateral keratitis resolved in a matter of days, whereas the vestibulocochlear deficit was only partly - but dramatically - reduced. This is in accordance with literature data, showing that a severe and permanent auditory deficit occurs at some time in the majority of patients suffering from Cogan's syndrome. Tapering off Prednisone unfortunately reactivated the audiovestibular and ocular symptoms of the disease in our patient so that a steroid-sparing immunosuppressive drug had to be added (azathioprine, followed by mycophenolate mofetil because the patient developed hepatic intolerance). Only after these therapeutic measures could the disease be stabilised. With this case report, we would like to emphasise the importance of rapidly identifying the clinical picture of Cogan's syndrome, so that immunosuppressive therapy can be started without delay, which may significantly reduce both morbidity and mortality of this disease.

Intranasal administration of the synthetic polypeptide from the C-terminus of the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium berghei with the modified heat-labile toxin of Escherichia coli (LTK63) induces a complete protection against malaria challenge.

Needle-free procedures are very attractive ways to deliver vaccines because they diminish the risk of contamination and may reduce local reactions, pain or pain fear especially in young children with a consequence of increasing the vaccination coverage for the whole population. For this purpose, the possible development of a mucosal malaria vaccine was investigated. Intranasal immunization was performed in BALB/c mice using a well-studied Plasmodium berghei model antigen derived from the circumsporozoite protein with the modified heat-labile toxin of Escherichia coli (LTK63), which is devoid of any enzymatic activity compared to the wild type form. Here, we show that intranasal administration of the two compounds activates the T and B cell immune response locally and systemically. In addition, a total protection of mice is obtained upon a challenge with live sporozoites.

Padrão espaço-temporal da umidade volumétrica do solo em uma bacia hidrográfica com predominância de latossolos

A umidade volumétrica do solo possui alta variabilidade espacial e temporal devido à influência de vários fatores ambientais e de uso do solo. Desse modo, seu entendimento assume papel fundamental na modelagem dos processos que envolvem o escoamento superficial, a erosão do solo e o transporte de sedimentos. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar o padrão espacial e temporal da umidade volumétrica na camada superficial do solo, nas diferentes estações do ano, em uma bacia hidrográfica experimental, com predominância de latossolos, localizada na região Sul de Minas Gerais. Para isso, utilizou-se o conceito de estabilidade temporal e escalonamento de semivariogramas, o qual possibilitou a comparação da estrutura espacial dos modelos de semivariogramas ajustados. Foi possível detectar forte dependência espacial da umidade do solo na bacia hidrográfica, com grau de dependência sempre acima de 80 %, e os semivariogramas escalonados mostraram semelhanças no padrão espacial no verão e no outono e diferenças em relação ao inverno e à primavera. Dessa forma, constatou-se que houve diferença no padrão espacial da umidade do solo ao longo do ano, contudo maior homogeneidade no período chuvoso (verão). Ocorreu variação no padrão temporal de umidade do solo de acordo com as estações do ano, sendo verificada tendência nos dados de inverno e primavera, demonstrada pelo teste de Spearman. Devido às diferenças verificadas no padrão espaçotemporal da umidade do solo ao longo das estações do ano, quatro pontos distintos foram identificados, um em cada estação, para implantação de monitoramento permanente desse atributo do solo na bacia hidrográfica.

Délégation de compétences et répartition des tâches au sein du conseil d'administration : rôles du conseil d'administration, de ses comités et de l'assemblée générale

Introduction générale : Depuis peu, la colère gronde au sein des actionnaires. Certains d'entre eux s'estiment écartés à tort de certaines décisions importantes et se plaignent de ne pouvoir exercer aucune influence sur la façon dont est gérée la société, dont ils sont pourtant propriétaires. Ce sentiment d'impuissance et même d'injustice est exacerbé par l'octroi, à certains dirigeants parfois peu scrupuleux, de rémunérations astronomiques et en décalage avec les résultats obtenus. Bien que l'assemblée générale soit, aux termes de l'art. 698 al. 1 CO, le pouvoir suprême de la société, les administrateurs et les directeurs donnent l'impression d'être omnipotents et exempts de toute responsabilité Certains actionnaires estiment en d'autres termes que les sociétés anonymes souffrent d'un manque de contrôle. Ce sentiment correspond-il à la réalité ? Notre étude tente de répondre à cette question en examinant l'éventuel rapport hiérarchique entre l'assemblée générale et le conseil d'administration, les devoirs de ce dernier, les conditions auxquelles il peut déléguer la gestion, enfin, la responsabilité de ses membres. Face à l'ampleur du sujet, nous avons été contraint d'effectuer des choix, forcément arbitraires. Nous avons décidé d'écarter la problématique des groupes de sociétés. De même, les législations sur les bourses, les banques et les fusions ne seront que mentionnées. Signalons enfin que certaines problématiques abordées par notre étude occupent actuellement le législateur. Nous avons dès lors tenu compte des travaux préparatoires effectués jusqu'à la fin de l'année 2008. Nous commencerons par étudier dans une première partie les relations et l'éventuel rapport hiérarchique entre l'assemblée générale, pouvoir suprême de la société, et le conseil d'administration, chargé d'exercer la haute direction et de gérer les affaires de la société. La détermination de leurs positions hiérarchiques respectives devrait nous permettre de savoir si et comment l'assemblée générale peut s'immiscer dans les compétences du conseil d'administration. Nous nous intéresserons ensuite à la gestion de la société, le législateur postulant qu'elle doit être conjointement exercée par tous les membres du conseil d'administration dans la mesure où elle n'a pas été déléguée. Or, comme un exercice conjoint par tous les administrateurs ne convient qu'aux plus petites sociétés anonymes, la gestion est très fréquemment déléguée en pratique. Nous examinerons ainsi les conditions formelles et les limites matérielles de la délégation de la gestion. Nous étudierons en particulier les portées et contenus respectifs de l'autorisation statutaire et du règlement d'organisation, puis passerons en revue la liste de compétences intransmissibles et inaliénables du conseil d'administration dressée par l'art. 716a al. 1 CO. Nous nous attarderons ensuite sur les différents destinataires de la délégation en insistant sur la flexibilité du système suisse, avant de considérer la problématique du cumul des fonctions à la tête de la société, et de nous demander si la gestion peut être déléguée à l'assemblée générale. Nous conclurons la première partie en étudiant la manière dont l'assemblée générale peut participer à la gestion de la société, et exposerons à cet égard les récentes propositions du Conseil fédéral. Dans une deuxième partie, nous constaterons que face à l'ampleur et à la complexité des tâches qui lui incombent, il est aujourd'hui largement recommandé au conseil d'administration d'une grande société de mettre en place certains comités afin de rationnaliser sa façon de travailler et d'optimiser ainsi ses performances. Contrairement aux développements menés dans la première partie, qui concernent toutes les sociétés anonymes indépendamment de leur taille, ceux consacrés aux comités du conseil d'administration s'adressent principalement aux sociétés ouvertes au public et aux grandes sociétés non cotées. Les petites et moyennes entreprises seraient toutefois avisées de s'en inspirer. Nous traiterons de la composition, du rôle et des tâches de chacun des trois comités usuels que sont le comité de contrôle, le comité de rémunération et le comité de nomination. Nous exposerons à cet égard les recommandations du Code suisse de bonne pratique pour le gouvernement d'entreprise ainsi que certaines règles en vigueur en Grande-Bretagne et aux Etats-Unis, états précurseurs en matière de gouvernement d'entreprise. L'étude des tâches des comités nous permettra également de déterminer l'étendue de leur propre pouvoir décisionnel. Nous aborderons enfin la problématique particulièrement sensible de la répartition des compétences en matière de rémunération des organes dirigeants. Notre troisième et dernière partie sera consacrée à la responsabilité des administrateurs. Nous exposerons dans un premier temps le système de la responsabilité des administrateurs en général, en abordant les nombreuses controverses dont il fait l'objet et en nous inspirant notamment des récentes décisions du Tribunal fédéral. Comme la gestion n'est que rarement exercée conjointement par tous les administrateurs, nous traiterons dans un deuxième temps de la responsabilité des administrateurs qui l'ont déléguée. A cet égard, nous nous arrêterons également sur les conséquences d'une délégation ne respectant pas les conditions formelles. Nous terminerons notre travail par l'étude de la responsabilité des administrateurs en rapport avec les tâches confiées à un comité de conseil d'administration. Comme le conseil d'administration a des attributions intransmissibles et inaliénables et que les principes d'un bon gouvernement d'entreprise lui recommandent de confier certaines de ces tâches à des comités spécialisés, il s'agit en effet de déterminer si et dans quelle mesure une répartition des tâches au sein du conseil d'administration entraîne une répartition des responsabilités.

A temporal hierarchy for conspecific vocalization discrimination in humans.

The ability to discriminate conspecific vocalizations is observed across species and early during development. However, its neurophysiologic mechanism remains controversial, particularly regarding whether it involves specialized processes with dedicated neural machinery. We identified spatiotemporal brain mechanisms for conspecific vocalization discrimination in humans by applying electrical neuroimaging analyses to auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) in response to acoustically and psychophysically controlled nonverbal human and animal vocalizations as well as sounds of man-made objects. AEP strength modulations in the absence of topographic modulations are suggestive of statistically indistinguishable brain networks. First, responses were significantly stronger, but topographically indistinguishable to human versus animal vocalizations starting at 169-219 ms after stimulus onset and within regions of the right superior temporal sulcus and superior temporal gyrus. This effect correlated with another AEP strength modulation occurring at 291-357 ms that was localized within the left inferior prefrontal and precentral gyri. Temporally segregated and spatially distributed stages of vocalization discrimination are thus functionally coupled and demonstrate how conventional views of functional specialization must incorporate network dynamics. Second, vocalization discrimination is not subject to facilitated processing in time, but instead lags more general categorization by approximately 100 ms, indicative of hierarchical processing during object discrimination. Third, although differences between human and animal vocalizations persisted when analyses were performed at a single-object level or extended to include additional (man-made) sound categories, at no latency were responses to human vocalizations stronger than those to all other categories. Vocalization discrimination transpires at times synchronous with that of face discrimination but is not functionally specialized.

Brief on Branstad-Reynolds administration Recommendations for World-Class School, January 6, 2012

In advance of the 2012 legislative session, I am pleased to provide for your review this legislative brief on Gov. Terry E. Branstad’s and Lt. Gov. Kim Reynolds’ education reform package. The purpose is to provide a broad overview of the components of the package, give some examples of where similar approaches are in place, and provide cost estimates. In collaboration with the Governor’s Office, the staff at the Iowa Department of Education and I have worked intensively to prepare a set of legislative proposals worthy of careful consideration. I believe this package puts us on the path to our unshakable vision of having one of the best school systems in the world. Iowa’s children deserve nothing less.

Spatial variation in the temporal change of male and female melanic ornamentation in the barn owl.

Because the magnitude of selection can vary between sexes and in space and time, sexually antagonistic selection is difficult to demonstrate. In a Swiss population of barn owls (Tyto alba), a heritable eumelanic colour trait (size of black spots on ventral feathers) was positively selected with respect to yearling survival only in females. It remains unclear whether the absence of negative selection in males is typical in this species. To tackle this issue indirectly, we measured the size of black spots in 1733 skin specimens collected by museums from 1816 to 2001 in seven European countries and in the Middle-East. The temporal change in spot size was sex- and country-specific. In males, spots became smaller particularly in three countries (Middle-East, Italy and Switzerland). In females, the size of spots increased significantly in two countries (UK and Spain) and decreased in two others (Germany and Switzerland). Because migration and phenotypic plasticity cannot explain these results, selection is the most likely cause. The weaker temporal change in spot size in females than males may be because of the combined effect of strong genetic correlation between the sexes and stronger negative selection in males than positive selection in females. We thus suggest that in the barn owl, spot size (or genetically correlated traits) is sexually antagonistically selected and that its pattern of selection may account for the maintenance of its variation and sexual dimorphism.

Front dynamics in the presence of spatio-temporal structured noises

Front dynamics modeled by a reaction-diffusion equation are studied under the influence of spatiotemporal structured noises. An effective deterministic model is analytical derived where the noise parameters, intensity, correlation time, and correlation length appear explicitly. The different effects of these parameters are discussed for the Ginzburg-Landau and Schlögl models. We obtain an analytical expression for the front velocity as a function of the noise parameters. Numerical simulation results are in a good agreement with the theoretical predictions.

Estabilidade temporal e variabilidade espacial da distribuição da armazenagem de água no solo numa sucessão feijão/aveia-preta

A armazenagem de água no solo é muito variável no tempo e no espaço devido à influência de vários fatores ambientais e topográficos. Objetivou-se neste estudo: quantificar a armazenagem de água no solo; avaliar sua estabilidade temporal e sua variabilidade espacial em um local próximo e outro distante do sistema radicular numa sucessão feijão/aveia-preta; e constatar sua variabilidade espacial em função do relevo. Em área experimental de 1.500 m², situada em Piracicaba-SP (latitude de 22° 42' 30" S, longitude de 47° 38' 00" W e 546 m de altitude), estabeleceram-se 60 pontos de amostragem, distanciados entre si de 5 m, numa grade de 10 por 6 pontos (50 x 30 m). Os valores da armazenagem de água no solo apresentaram comportamento-padrão para o solo estudado, com valores maiores em profundidade do que na camada mais superficial. Houve maior estabilidade temporal da armazenagem de água no solo durante o período chuvoso, porém na fase de secagem do solo a estabilidade temporal também foi constatada, mas com valores de coeficiente de correlação mais elevados na camada de 0,0-0,80 m, mostrando que essa estabilidade foi claramente devida à posição topográfica desses pontos, os quais estão localizados na porção mais baixa do relevo. Assim, o ponto 52 foi escolhido como representativo da média na fase de recarga de água no solo em ambas as camadas estudadas, e o ponto 46, na camada superior durante a fase de secagem do solo. A dependência espacial da variabilidade da armazenagem de água no solo foi detectada em ambas as camadas de solo, porém com maior alcance na camada de 0,0-0,40 m, quando houve ocorrência de precipitação. Quando as chuvas cessaram, o alcance foi maior na camada de 0,0-0,80 m. Durante o período chuvoso, o padrão de variabilidade espacial foi muito semelhante em ambas as camadas de solo, com armazenagens maiores na faixa de maior inclinação e depressões do terreno.

Agency Fact Sheet, Department of Corrections: Administration, FY2007

This document produced by the Iowa Department of Administrative Services has been developed to provide a multitude of information about executive branch agencies/department on a single sheet of paper. The facts provides general information, contact information, workforce data, leave and benefits information and affirmative action data.

Agency Fact Sheet, Department of Corrections: Administration, FY2008

This document produced by the Iowa Department of Administrative Services has been developed to provide a multitude of information about executive branch agencies/department on a single sheet of paper. The facts provides general information, contact information, workforce data, leave and benefits information and affirmative action data.

Agency Fact Sheet, Department of Corrections: Administration, FY2009

This document produced by the Iowa Department of Administrative Services has been developed to provide a multitude of information about executive branch agencies/department on a single sheet of paper. The facts provides general information, contact information, workforce data, leave and benefits information and affirmative action data.

Agency Fact Sheet, Department of Human Services: Administration, FY2009

This document produced by the Iowa Department of Administrative Services has been developed to provide a multitude of information about executive branch agencies/department on a single sheet of paper. The facts provides general information, contact information, workforce data, leave and benefits information and affirmative action data.