Finite element modelling of FRP-to-concrete bond behaviour using the concrete damage plasticity theory combined with a plastic degradation model

The technique of externally bonding fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites has been becoming popular worldwide for retrofitting existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures. A major failure mode in such strengthened structures is the debonding of FRP from the concrete substrate. The bond behaviour between FRP and concrete thus plays a crucial role in these structures. The FRP-to-concrete bond behaviour has been extensively investigated experimentally, commonly using the pull-off test of FRP-to-concrete bonded joint. Comparatively, much less research has been concerned with the numerical simulation of this bond behaviour, chiefly due to difficulties in accurately modelling the complex behaviour of concrete. This paper proposes a robust finite element (FE) model for simulating the bond behaviour in the entire loading process in the pull-off test. A concrete damage plasticity model based on the plastic degradation theory is proposed to overcome the weakness of the elastic degradation theory which has been commonly adopted in previous studies. The model produces results in very close agreement with test data. © Tsinghua University Press, Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011.

Simulating reinforced concrete members. Part 2: displacement-based analyses

A companion paper described the partial-interaction localised properties that require the development of pseudo properties. If the quantification through experimental testing of these pseudo properties could be removed by the use of mechanics-based models, which is the subject of this paper, then this would: (a) substantially reduce the cost of developing new reinforced concrete products by reducing the amount of testing; (b) increase the accuracy of designing existing and novel reinforced concrete members and structures, bearing in mind that experimentally derived pseudo properties are only applicable within the range of the testing from which they were derived; and (c) reduce the cost and increase the accuracy of developing reinforced concrete design rules. This paper deals with the development of pseudo properties and behaviours directly through mechanics, as opposed to experimental testing, and their incorporation into member global simulations. It also addresses the need for a fundamental shift to displacement-based analyses as opposed to strain-based analyses.

Simulating reinforced concrete members. Part 1: partial interaction properties

Reinforced concrete members are extremely complex under loading because of localised deformations in the concrete (cracks, sliding planes) and between the reinforcement and concrete (slip). An ideal model for simulating behaviour of reinforced concrete members should incorporate both global behaviour and the localised behaviours that are seen and measured in practice; these localised behaviours directly affect the global behaviour. Most commonly used models do not directly simulate these localised behaviours that can be seen or measured in real members; instead, they overcome these limitations by using empirically or semi-empirically derived strain-based pseudo properties such as the use of effective flexural rigidities for deflection; plastic hinge lengths for strength and ductility; and energy-based approaches for both concrete softening in compression and concrete softening after tensile cracking to allow for tension stiffening. Most reinforced concrete member experimental testing is associated with deriving these pseudo properties for use in design and analysis, and this component of development is thus costly. The aim of the present research is to reduce this cost substantially. In this paper, localised material behaviours and the mechanisms they induce are described. Their incorporation into reinforced concrete member behaviour without the need for empirically derived pseudo properties is described in a companion paper.

FRP-to-concrete bond-slip behaviour under dynamic loading

Strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) structures by externally bonded FRP composites has been widely used for static loading and seismic retrofitting since 1990s. More recently many studies on strengthening concrete and masonry structures with externally bonded FRP for improved blast and impact resistance in protective engineering have also been conducted. The bond behaviour between the FRP and concrete plays a critical role in a strengthening system with externally bonded FRP. However, the understanding of how the bond between FRP and concrete performs under high strain rate is severely limited. Due to the dynamic characteristics of blast and impact loading, the bond behaviour between FRP and concrete under such loading is very different from that under static loading. This paper presents a study on the dynamic bond-slip behaviour based on both the numerical analysis and test results. A dynamic bond-slip model is proposed in this paper.

Bond behavior of NSM FRP strips between two adjacent cracks in concrete beams: A numerical study

Strengthening RC structures with near-surface mounted (NSM) fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites has a number of advantages compared with that with externally bonded (EB) FRP sheets/plates. As with EB FRP, the performance of the bond between NSM FRP and concrete is one of the key factors affecting the behaviour of the strengthened structure. This paper presents a numerical investigation into the behaviour of NSM FRP loaded at its both ends to simulate the NSM FRP-toconcrete bond between two adjacent cracks in RC members. The main objective of this study is to quantitatively clarify the effect of the bondline damage during slip reversal on the ultimate load (bond strength). The results show that the bondline damage has a significant effect on the load-carrying capacity of the NSM FRP-to-concrete bonded interface and should be considered in FE modeling of the interface.

Alkali activated fuel ash and slag mixes:optimization study from paste to concrete building blocks

Alkali activated binders, based on ash and slag, also known as geopolymers, can play a key role in reducing the carbon footprint of the construction sector by replacing ordinary Portland cement in some concretes. Since 1970s, research effort has been ongoing in many research institutions. In this study, pulverized fuel ash (pfa) from a UK power plant, ground granulated blast furnace slag (ggbs) and combinations of the two have been investigated as geopolymer binders for concrete applications. Activators used were sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions. Mortars with sand/binder ratio of 2.75 with several pfa and ggbs combinations have been mixed and tested. The optimization of alkali dosage (defined as the Na2O/binder mass ratio) and modulus (defined as the Na2O/SiO2 mass ratio) resulted in strengths in excess of 70 MPa for tested mortars. Setting time and workability have been considered for the identification of the best combination of pfa/ggbs and alkali activator dosage for different precast concrete products. Geopolymer concrete building blocks have been replicated in laboratory and a real scale factory trial has been successfully carried out. Ongoing microstructural characterization is aiming to identify reaction products arising from pfa/ggbs combinations.

Non-parametric bill of quantities estimation of concrete road bridges' superstructure: an artificial neural networks approach

Bridge construction responds to the need for environmentally friendly design of motorways and facilitates the passage through sensitive natural areas and the bypassing of urban areas. However, according to numerous research studies, bridge construction presents substantial budget overruns. Therefore, it is necessary early in the planning process for the decision makers to have reliable estimates of the final cost based on previously constructed projects. At the same time, the current European financial crisis reduces the available capital for investments and financial institutions are even less willing to finance transportation infrastructure. Consequently, it is even more necessary today to estimate the budget of high-cost construction projects -such as road bridges- with reasonable accuracy, in order for the state funds to be invested with lower risk and the projects to be designed with the highest possible efficiency. In this paper, a Bill-of-Quantities (BoQ) estimation tool for road bridges is developed in order to support the decisions made at the preliminary planning and design stages of highways. Specifically, a Feed-Forward Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with a hidden layer of 10 neurons is trained to predict the superstructure material quantities (concrete, pre-stressed steel and reinforcing steel) using the width of the deck, the adjusted length of span or cantilever and the type of the bridge as input variables. The training dataset includes actual data from 68 recently constructed concrete motorway bridges in Greece. According to the relevant metrics, the developed model captures very well the complex interrelations in the dataset and demonstrates strong generalisation capability. Furthermore, it outperforms the linear regression models developed for the same dataset. Therefore, the proposed cost estimation model stands as a useful and reliable tool for the construction industry as it enables planners to reach informed decisions for technical and economic planning of concrete bridge projects from their early implementation stages.

Assessment Of various sensors for structural health monitoring for bridge weigh-in-motion (B-WIM).

In recent years, Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems have been developed to monitor bridge deterioration, assess real load levels and hence extend bridge life and safety. A road bridge is only safe if the stresses caused by the passing vehicles are less than the capacity of the bridge to resist them. Conventional SHM systems can be used to improve knowledge of the bridges capacity to resist stresses but generally give no information on the causes of any increase in stresses (based on measuring strain). The concept of in Bridge Weigh-in-Motion (B-WIM) is to establish axle loads, without interruption to traffic flow, by using strain sensors at a bridge soffit and subsequently converting the data to real time axle loads or stresses. Recent studies have shown it would be most beneficial to develop a portable system which can be easily attached to existing and new bridge structures for a specified monitoring period. The sensors could then be left in place while the data acquisition can be moved for various other sites. Therefore it is necessary to find accurate sensors capable of capturing peak strains under dynamic load and suitable methods for attaching these strain sensors to existing and new bridge structures. Additionally, it is important to ensure accurate strain transfer between concrete and steel, the adhesives layer and the strain sensor. This paper describes research investigating the suitably of using various sensors for the monitoring of concrete structures under dynamic vehicle load. Electrical resistance strain (ERS) gauges, vibrating wire (VW) gauges and fibre optic sensors (FOS) are commonly used for SHM. A comparative study will be carried out to select a suitable sensor for a bridge Weigh in Motion System. This study will look at fixing methods, durability, scanning rate and accuracy range. Finite element modeling is used to predict the strains which are then validated in laboratory trials.

Effect of Cyclic Carbonation on Chloride Ingression in GGBS Concrete

Carbonation and chloride ingress are the two main causes of corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. An investigation to monitor the ingress of chlorides and the effect of carbonation on chloride ingression during an accelerated 12 month cyclic wetting and drying exposure regime that simulates conditions in which multiple mode transport mechanisms are active was conducted on ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) concrete. The penetration of chloride and carbon dioxide was evaluated using water and acid soluble chloride profiles and phenolphthalein indicator, respectively. The results indicated that when chloride and carbon dioxide ingress concomitantly the effects can be adverse. Carbonation has a detrimental effect on the binding capacity of the concrete, increasing the concentration of free (water soluble) chlorides. This contributed to greater concentration and greater penetration of chlorides and thus an increased corrosion risk.

Cyclic behaviour of RC elements with plain reinforcing bars

O comportamento cíclico das estruturas de betão armado é fortemente condicionado pelo mecanismo de aderência entre o betão e o aço. O escorregamento relativo entre os dois materiais, resultante da degradação progressiva da aderência em elementos solicitados por ações cíclicas, é uma causa frequente de danos graves e até do colapso de estruturas devido à ocorrência de sismos. Entre as estruturas existentes de betão armado que foram dimensionadas e construídas antes da entrada em vigor dos regulamentos sísmicos atuais, muitas foram construídas com armadura lisa, e portanto, possuem fracas propriedades de aderência. A informação disponível na literatura sobre o comportamento cíclico de elementos estruturais de betão armado com armadura lisa é reduzida e a influência das propriedades da aderência associadas a este tipo de armadura no comportamento cíclico das estruturas existentes não se encontra ainda devidamente estudada. O objectivo principal desta tese foi estudar a influência do escorregamento na resposta cíclica de elementos estruturais de betão armado com armadura lisa. Foram realizados ensaios cíclicos em elementos do tipo nó viga-pilar, construídos à escala real, representativos de ligações interiores em edifícios existentes sem pormenorização específica para resistir às ações sísmicas. Para comparação, foi realizado o ensaio de um nó construído com armadura nervurada. Foi ainda realizado o ensaio cíclico de uma viga de betão armado recolhida de uma estrutura antiga. Foram elaborados modelos numéricos não-lineares para simular a resposta dos elementos ensaiados, concentrando especial atenção no mecanismo do escorregamento. Os resultados obtidos no âmbito desta tese contribuem para o avanço do conhecimento sobre o comportamento cíclico de elementos estruturais de betão armado com armadura lisa. As análises numéricas realizadas comprovam a necessidade de incluir os efeitos do escorregamento na modelação numérica deste tipo de estruturas de forma a representar com rigor a sua resposta às ações cíclicas.

Comportamento à fadiga de juntas soldadas de aços tipo 460M com fios fluxados

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Velocidade da corrosão do aço em argamassas cimentícias modificadas com polímeros

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química

Dimensionamento de um edifício misto de receção de areias e pirites

Trabalho de Projeto para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização em Estruturas

Aço em varão para betão armado: caracterização do material e enquadramento atual

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil