Clinical characteristics of women diagnosed with carcinoma who tested positive for cervical and anal high-risk human papillomavirus DNA and E6 RNA

High-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) is an essential cause of cervical carcinoma and is also strongly related to anal cancer development. The hrHPV E6 oncoprotein plays a major role in carcinogenesis. We aimed to evaluate the frequency of hrHPV DNA and E6 oncoprotein in the anuses of women with cervical carcinoma. We analyzed 117 women with cervical cancer and 103 controls for hrHPV and the E6 oncogene. Positive test results for a cervical carcinoma included 66.7 % with hrHPV-16 and 7.7 % with hrHPV-18. One case tested positive for both HPV variants (0.9 %). The samples from the anal canal were positive for HPV-16 in 59.8 % of the cases. Simultaneous presence of HPV in the cervix and anal canal was found in 53.8 % of the cases. Regarding expression of E6 RNA, positivity for HPV-16 in the anal canal was found in 21.2 % of the cases, positivity for HPV-16 in the cervix was found in 75.0 %, and positivity for HPV-18 in the cervix was found in 1.9 %. E6 expression in both the cervix and anal canal was found in 19.2 % of the cases. In the controls, 1 % tested positive for HPV-16 and 0 % for HPV-18. Anal samples from the controls showed a hrHPV frequency of 4.9 % (only HPV16). The presence of hrHPV in the anal canal of women with cervical cancer was detected at a high frequency. We also detected E6 RNA expression in the anal canal of women with cervical cancer, suggesting that these women are at risk for anal hrHPV infection.

Anatomical and energy characteristics of charcoal made from five species

Charcoal is an important energy raw material and its properties are influenced by the wood's anatomical and chemical composition and the production process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomical characteristics, calorific power and volatiles and ash content of carbonized wood from Byrsonima spicata, Calophyllum brasiliense, Cecropia sciadophylla, Cochlospermum orinocense and Schefflera morototoni. The calorific power varied from 26,878 to 31,117 kJ kg-1; the content of volatile materials ranged from 20.9 to 31.7%; ash content ranged from 0.1 to 3.8%; and carbon content varied from 68.2 to 75.3%. Anatomical structures of charcoal can be used for species identification. The studied species are not indicated for charcoal production because the levels of ash and volatile compounds are higher than those recommended for charcoal produced for household use. In addition, the calorific power and level of carbon content are insufficient for use in the steel industry.

Structure dependent resistivity and dielectric characteristics of tantalum oxynitride thin films produced by magnetron sputtering

tThe main purpose of this work is to present and to interpret the change of electrical properties of TaxNyOzthin films, produced by DC reactive magnetron sputtering. Some parameters were varied during deposi-tion: the flow of the reactive gases mixture (N2and O2, with a constant concentration ratio of 17:3); thesubstrate voltage bias (grounded, −50 V or −100 V) and the substrate (glass, (1 0 0) Si or high speed steel).The obtained films exhibit significant differences. The variation of the deposition parameters inducesvariations of the composition, microstructure and morphology. These differences cause variation of theelectrical resistivity essentially correlated with the composition and structural changes. The gradualdecrease of the Ta concentration in the films induces amorphization and causes a raise of the resistivity.The dielectric characteristics of some of the high resistance TaxNyOzfilms were obtained in the sampleswith a capacitor-like design (deposited onto high speed steel, with gold pads deposited on the dielectricTaxNyOzfilms). Some of these films exhibited dielectric constant values higher than those reported forother tantalum based dielectric films.

The influence of nitrogen and oxygen additions on the thermal characteristics of aluminium-based thin films

The ternary aluminium oxynitride (AlNxOy) system offers the possibility to obtain a wide range of properties by tailoring the ratio between pure Al, AlNx and AlOy and therefore opening a significant number of possible applications. In this work the thermal behaviour of AlNxOy thin films was analysed by modulated infrared radiometry (MIRR), taking as reference the binary AlOy and AlNx systems. MIRR is a non-contact and non-destructive thermal wave measurement technique based on the excitation, propagation and detection of temperature oscillations of very small amplitudes. The intended change of the partial pressure of the reactive gas (N2 and/or O2) influenced the target condition and hence the deposition characteristics which, altogether, affected the composition and microstructure of the films. Based on the MIRR measurements and their qualitative and quantitative interpretation, some correlations between the thermal transport properties of the films and their chemical/physical properties have been found. Furthermore, the potential of such technique applied in this oxynitride system, which present a wide range of different physical responses, is also discussed. The experimental results obtained are consistent with those reported in previous works and show a high potential to fulfil the demands needed for the possible applications of the systems studied. They are clearly indicative of an adequate thermal response if this particular thin film system is aimed to be applied in small sensor devices or in electrodes for biosignal acquisition, such as those for electroencephalography or electromyography as it is the case of the main research area that is being developed in the group.

Epidemiological characteristics of congenital heart diseases in Londrina, Paraná South Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and other epidemiological characteristics of congenital heart diseases. METHODS: A retrospective population based study of children who were born in Londrina, from January '89 to December '98 (80,262 live births). Diagnoses were confirmed through autopsy, surgery, catheterization, or echocardiography. RESULTS: A total of 441 patients was as certained what corresponds to a prevalence of 5.494:1,000 live births. Ventricular septal defect was the commonest lesion. A small number of transpositions of the great vessels and of left ventricular hypoplasia was observed. A high propation of ventricular septal defect (28.3%) and atrioventricular septal defects (8.1%) occurred. Fifty-one (11.35%) affected children had syndromic diseases and 52 (12.01%) children had nonsyndromic anomalies. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of congenital heart diseases in Londrina is in accordance with that of other regions of the globe. This prevalence also may reflect the reality in the southern region of Brazil, because population characteristics are very similar in the 3 southernmost Brazilian states.

Demographic characteristics of the population undergoing cine coronary angiography at the Instituto do Coração of the Medical School of USP from 1986 to 1995

OBJECTIVE: To obtain information about the profile and behavior of a population with ischemic heart disease undergoing cine coronary angiography and to determine disease severity. METHODS: Retrospective study assessing patients hospitalized at InCor from 1986 to 1995, in which the variables age, sex, and number of major coronary arteries with obstruction degree > 40% were analyzed. RESULTS: We studied 18,221 patients and observed a significant increase in the number of females (22.8% to 25.2%, P=0.001) and an increase in age (57.1±29.3 to 60.4±10.7 years, P=0.0001). A significant increase in the incidence of multivessel disease was observed, which was more frequent among males (69.2% and 64.5%) and among the older patients (59.8±9.8 and 56.8±10.7 years, P=0.0001). A reduction in the incidence of single-vessel disease was also observed (66.2% vs 69.2% and 33.8% vs 30.5%, respectively, P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: A change in the profile of the population studied was observed as follows: patients undergoing cine coronary angiography at InCor were older, had a greater number of impaired major coronary arteries, and the number of females affected increased, leading to indices suggestive of a poorer prognosis.

Síntesis, caracterización y aplicaciones específicas de metalosilicatos cristalinos micro y mesoporosos con incorporación de nanoestructuras. Synthesis, characterization and specific aplications of crystalline micro and mesoporous metallosilicates with nanostructures.

La síntesis de materiales cristalinos micro y mesoporosos con incorporación de micro/nano partículas/clusters de especies formadas con entidades propias interaccionando con las redes, como óxidos de metales, cationes de neutralización, especies metálicas, etc., pueden potencialmente ser utilizados como "materiales hospedaje" en óptica, electrónica, sensores, como materiales magnéticos, en estrategias ambientales de control de la contaminación, catálisis en general y procesos de separación. Se sintetizaran y caracterizaran por diversas técnicas fisicoquímicas, zeolitas microporosas de poro medio (ZSM) y poro grande (Y), y materiales mesoporosos (MCM-41). La aplicación de los mismos se orientara, por una parte, a procesos catalíticos tecnológicamente innovadores relacionados con los siguientes campos: a)catálisis ambiental: transformación de desechos plásticos (polietileno, polipropileno, poliestireno o mezclas de los mismos) a hidrocarburos de mayor valor agregado (gasolinas, gasoil, gases licuados de petróleo, hidrocarburos aromáticos); b)química fina: oxidación parcial de hidrocarburos aromáticos hacia la obtención de commodities, fármacos, etc. Por otra parte, se evaluaran las propiedades magnéticas (ferromagnetismo, paramagnetismo, superparamagnetismo, diamagnetismo) que algunos de estos materiales presentan, en busca de su correlación con sus propiedades catalíticas, cuando sea factible. Se estudiaran las condiciones óptimas de síntesis de los materiales, aplicando técnicas hidrotermicas o sol gel, controlando variables como temperaturas y tiempos de síntesis, pH de geles iniciales-intermedios-finales, tipo de fuentes precursoras, etc. La modificación de las matrices con Co, Cr, Mn, H, o Zn, se realizara mediante diversos tratamientos químicos (intercambio, impregnación) a partir de las sales correspondientes, con el objeto de incorporar elementos activos al estado iónico, metálico, clusters, etc.; y la influencia de distintos tratamientos térmicos (oxidantes, inertes o reductores; atmósferas dinámicas o estáticas; temperaturas). La caracterización estructural de los materiales será por: AA (cuantificación elemental de bulk); XRD (determinacion de presencia de especies oxidos o metalicas de Zn, Co, Cr, o Mn; determinacion de cristalinidad y estructura); BET (determinacion de area superficial); DSC-TG-DTA (determinacion de estabilidad de las matrices sintetizadas); FTIR de piridina (determinacion de tipo-fuerza-cantidad de sitios activos); Raman y UV-reflectancia difusa (determinacion de especies ionicas interacturando o depositadas sobre las matrices); TPR (identificacion de especies reducibles); SEM-EDAX (determinacion de tamaño de particulas de especies activas y de las matrices y cuanfiticacion superficial); Magnetómetros SQUID y de muestra vibrante (medición de magnetización y susceptibilidad magnética a temperatura ambiente con variación de campo externo aplicado, y variación de temperaturas (4 a 300 K) con campo externo fijo). En síntesis, se plantean tres grandes áreas de trabajo: No1)Síntesis y caracterización de materiales micro y mesoporosos nanoestructurados; No2) Evaluación de las propiedades catalíticas; No3) Evaluación de las propiedades magnéticas. Estos lineamientos nos permitirán generar nuevos conocimientos científicos-tecnológicos, formando recursos humanos (dos becarios posdoctorales; un becario doctoral; tres becarios alumnos de investigación; aproximadamente 15 pasantes de grado al año) aptos para emprender tales desafíos. Los conocimientos originados son constantemente trabajados en las actividades docentes de grado y posgrado que los integrantes del proyecto poseen. Finalmente serán transmitidos y puestos a consideración de pares evaluadores en presentaciones a congresos nacionales e internacionales y revistas especializadas.

Biorremediación de cromo y fenol mediante la aplicación de microorganismos nativos de la Provincia de Córdoba Bioremediation of chromium and phenol by the application of native microorganisms from Córdoba Province

La contaminación ambiental por metales pesados como el cromo y por compuestos orgánicos como los fenoles es un grave problema a nivel mundial debido a su toxicidad y a sus efectos adversos sobre los seres humanos, la flora y la fauna, tanto por su acumulación en la cadena alimentaria como por su continua persistencia en el medio ambiente. En un estudio preliminar, efectuado por nuestro laboratorio, se han detectado elevados niveles de estos contaminantes en sedimentos y efluentes en zonas industriales del sur de la provincia de Córdoba, lo cual plantea la necesidad de removerlos. Entre las tecnologías disponibles, la biorremediación, que se basa en el uso de sistemas biológicos, como los microorganismos, para la detoxificación y la degradación de contaminantes, se presenta como una alternativa probablemente más efectiva y de menor costo que las técnicas convencionales. Sin embargo, la aplicación de esta tecnología depende en gran parte de la influencia de las características particulares y específicas de la zona a remediar. En consecuencia, en primer lugar se caracterizará la zona de muestreo y se aislarán e identificarán microorganismos nativos de la región, tolerantes a cromo y fenol, a partir de muestras de suelo, agua y sedimentos, ya que podrían constituir una adecuada herramienta biotecnológica, mejor adaptada al sitio a tratar. Posteriormente se estudiará la biorremediación de Cr y fenol utilizando dichos microorganismos, analizando su capacidad para biotransformar, bioacumular o bioadsorber a estos contaminantes, y se determinarán las condiciones óptimas para el tratamiento. Se analizarán los posibles mecanismos fisiológicos, bioquímicos y moleculares involucrados en la remediación, que constituye una etapa crucial para el diseño de una estrategia adecuada y eficiente. Finalmente, se aplicará esta tecnología a escala reactor, como una primera aproximación al tratamiento a mayor escala. De esta manera se espera reducir los niveles de estos contaminantes y así minimizar el impacto ambiental que ellos producen en suelos y acuíferos. A futuro, la utilización de los microorganismos seleccionados, de manera individual o formando consorcios, para el tratamiento de efluentes industriales previa liberación al medio ambiente, o su uso en bioaumento, constituirían posibles alternativas de aplicación. Los principales impactos científico-tecnológicos del proyecto serán: (a) la generación de una nueva tecnología biológica de decontaminación de cromo y fenol, intentando presentar soluciones frente a una problemática ambiental que afecta a nuestra región, pero que además es común a la mayoría de los países, (b) la formación de nuevos recursos humanos en el área y (c) el trabajo en colaboración con otros grupos de investigación que se destacan en el área de biotecnología ambiental. Environmental pollution produced by heavy metals, such as chromium and organic compounds like phenolics is a serious global problem due to their toxicity, their adverse effects on human life, plants and animals, their accumulation in the food chains and also by their persistance in the environment. In a previous study performed in our laboratory, high levels of these pollutants were detected in sediments and effluents from industrial zones of the south of Cordoba Province, which determine the need to remove them. Among various technologies, bioremediation which is based on the use of biological systems, such as microorganisms, to detoxify and to degrade contaminants, is probably the most effective alternative, and it is less expensive than other conventional technologies. However, the application of this technology depends on the influence of the particular and specific characteristics of the zone to be remediate. As a consecuence, at the first time, the zone of sampling will be characterized and then, native microorganisms, tolerant to chromium and phenol, will be isolated from soils, water and sediments and identificated. These microorganisms would be an adequate biotechnological tool, more adapted to the conditions of the site to be remediate than other ones. Then, the ability of these selected microorganisms to biotransform, bioaccumulate or biosorbe chromium and phenol will be studied and the optimal conditions for the treatment will be determined. The possible physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved in bioremediation will be also analized, because this is a crucial step in the design of an adequate and efficient remediation strategy. Finally, this technology will be applied in a reactor, as an approximation to the treatment at a major scale. A reduction in the levels of these pollutants will be expected, to minimize their environmental impact on soils and aquifers.

Statistical Characteristics of Flash Flood in Georgia

Results are presented from the analysis of observations data on flash flood in Georgia over a period of 45 years, from 1961 to 2005, provided of the of Hydro-meteorology Service of Georgia.

Bioclimatic Characteristics of Recreational Zones – Important Component of the Passport of the Health Resort – Tourist Potential of Georgia

მოყვანილია საკურორტო-ტურისტული პოტენციალის პასპორტის ძირითადი მაჩვენებლების აღწერილობა. განსაკუთრებული ყურადღება ეთმობა ბიოკლიმატურ პარამეტრებს. მოყვანილია პრაქტიკული მაგალითები აღნიშნული პარამეტრების გამოყენებისა საქართველოს ზოგიერთი საკურორტო-ტურისტული რაიონების ბიოკლიმატური პირობების შესაფასებლად.

Comparative Characteristics of Light Ions Content in the Urban and Ecologically Clean Locality in Georgia

The results of the stationary and expeditionary investigations of the light ions content in surface boundary layer in the urban and ecologically clean locality for different regions of Georgia are represented.

Teaching Basic Life Support to Students of Public and Private High Schools

Background:Despite being recommended as a compulsory part of the school curriculum, the teaching of basic life support (BLS) has yet to be implemented in high schools in most countries.Objectives:To compare prior knowledge and degree of immediate and delayed learning between students of one public and one private high school after these students received BLS training.Methods:Thirty students from each school initially answered a questionnaire on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and use of the automated external defibrillator (AED). They then received theoretical-practical BLS training, after which they were given two theory assessments: one immediately after the course and the other six months later.Results:The overall success rates in the prior, immediate, and delayed assessments were significantly different between groups, with better performance shown overall by private school students than by public school students: 42% ± 14% vs. 30.2% ± 12.2%, p = 0.001; 86% ± 7.8% vs. 62.4% ± 19.6%, p < 0.001; and 65% ± 12.4% vs. 45.6% ± 16%, p < 0.001, respectively. The total odds ratio of the questions showed that the private school students performed the best on all three assessments, respectively: 1.66 (CI95% 1.26-2.18), p < 0.001; 3.56 (CI95% 2.57-4.93), p < 0.001; and 2.21 (CI95% 1.69-2.89), p < 0.001.Conclusions:Before training, most students had insufficient knowledge about CPR and AED; after BLS training a significant immediate and delayed improvement in learning was observed in students, especially in private school students.

Protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 and PAR-2 protect rat astrocytes from apoptotic cell death via differentially regulating JNK isoform-specific release of the chemokine GRO/CINC-1 : two novel protective pathways in brain

Protease-activated receptor; c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK); thrombin; neuroprotection; siRNA

Characteristics of the P2Y 11 nucleotide receptor : ligand binding characteristics and P2Y 11-P2Y 1 receptor

Purinergic receptors, nucleotides, P2Y, diastereoselectivity, potency, mutagenesis, ligand recognition, heterooligomerization, endocytosis, co-pulldown