Madurez sexual, frecuencia de desove y fecundidad de la anchoveta peruana durante invierno-primavera de 1997

Analiza tres aspectos importantes en el estudio de la biología reproductiva de la anchoveta Engraulis ringens: el estado reproductivo por grado latitudinal (entre 16° y 5°S), la frecuencia de desove y la fecundidad parcial. El desove fue más intenso en el área comprendida entre los grados 10°S y 12°S. La frecuencia de desove fue 0,071, disminuyendo en 32,0% en comparación al cálculo del año anterior.

Sexual behaviour of men that consulted in medical outpatient clinics in Western Switzerland from 2005-2006: risk levels unknown to doctors?

BACKGROUND: To determine male outpatient attenders' sexual behaviours, expectations and experience of talking about their sexuality and sexual health needs with a doctor. METHODS: A survey was conducted among all male patients aged 18-70, recruited from the two main medical outpatient clinics in Lausanne, Switzerland, in 2005-2006. The anonymous self-administered questionnaire included questions on sexual behaviour, HIV/STI information needs, expectations and experiences regarding discussion of sexual matters with a doctor. RESULTS: The response rate was 53.0% (N = 1452). The mean age was 37.7 years. Overall, 13.4% of patients were defined as at STI risk--i.e. having not consistently used condoms with casual partners in the last 6 months, or with a paid partner during the last intercourse--regarding their sexual behaviour in the last year. 90.9% would have liked their physician to ask them questions concerning their sexual life; only 61.4% had ever had such a discussion. The multivariate analysis showed that patients at risk tended to have the following characteristics: recruited from the HIV testing clinic, lived alone, declared no religion, had a low level of education, felt uninformed about HIV/AIDS, were younger, had had concurrent sexual partners in the last 12 months. However they were not more likely to have discussed sexual matters with their doctor than patients not at risk. CONCLUSION: Recording the sexual history and advice on the prevention of the risks of STI should become routine practice for primary health care doctors.

Circuito das Denúncias de Abuso Sexual contra Crianças e Adolescentes na Cidade da Praia Estudo de Caso do Programa Disque Denúncia do ICCA

Este estudo foi elaborado a partir das experiências vivenciadas no campo de estágio (Programa Disque Denúncia do ICCA- PDD - ICCA), através do atendimento sistemático e emergencial da criança e do adolescente em situação de risco pessoal e social, cujas problemáticas apresentadas possuem características semelhantes como os maus tratos, a negligência, o abandono, as violências, física, psicológica e sexual. O conceito da violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes é problema antigo, que perdure na sociedade contemporânea, mesmo depois da liberdade sexual generalizada. Contudo, esse ato é social e legalmente considerado crime grave contra as crianças e os adolescentes. Por consequência, o infrator é punido de acordo com a legislação do seu país. As nações unidas, criou convenções dos direitos das crianças e dos adolescentes, como forma de protegê-los. Essa Convenção que Cabo Verde já ratificou para legitimar a sua aplicabilidade e poder usufruir das suas recomendações. É de realçar, o tratamento da saúde física e mental da criança e do adolescente e até dos seus familiares, tendo em vista as consequências psicológicas decorrentes da situação de abusos. Essas consequências que provêm da desestruturação, da família da criança e do seu meio ambiente. Em Cabo Verde, infelizmente ainda, temos crianças que são vítimas de violação dos seus direitos e de crimes violentos, como é o caso da violência sexual, que acabam pondo em causa o desenvolvimento saudável dessas crianças. É de frisar, a extrema importância ao repor esses direitos a essas crianças e fazer com que o agressor, criminoso pague pelos seus crimes. São os grandes desafios do Governo, das Instituições Públicas e Privadas, Associações, ONG, e a Sociedade Civil, que trabalham em prol da Promoção, Divulgação e Garantia dos Direitos das Crianças. Neste sentido, foram criadas várias parcerias com estas instituições de modo a realizarem um trabalho em equipa, multidisciplinar e em articulação, cabendo a cada uma realizar, de melhor forma, a parte que lhe compete sempre com o princípio de salvaguardar o direito da criança e do adolescente. A títulode exemplo, ressaltamos o Programa Disque Denúncia, que dependendo da natureza e da gravidade das denúncias e dos casos atendidos são encaminhados para o Ministério Publico, Tribunal, Polícia Judiciária, Polícia Nacional, Delegacia de Saúde, entre outras instituições, no sentido de serem tomadas as devidas providências e assim garantir e repor os direitos violados. É extremamente importante o envolvimento da família e de toda a comunidade educativa, na garantia dos diretos da criança e do adolescente. Só assim é possível um trabalho em rede por forma desmistificar os possíveis abusos. A revelação do abuso sexual produz uma crise imediata nas famílias e na rede de profissionais. A complexidade dos processos envolvidos exige uma abordagem multidisciplinar que integre os três tipos de intervenção: punitiva, protetora e terapêutica, como propõe Furniss, (1993). Integrar essas ações de forma a não causar maiores danos à criança, diante da situação de exposição e ruturas desencadeadas pela situação da revelação, é o grande desafio dos profissionais. O trabalho de atendimento à família, vítimas e agressores, é fundamental. Todavia, infelizmente muitas vezes a família tenta fugir do atendimento, devido a enorme carga, medo e de ansiedade mobilizada nestas situações, sendo muitas vezes, necessário apoio legal e psicológico para mantê-la em acompanhamento. Este trabalho académico pretende compreender como funciona o processo da violação sexual da criança e adolescente no ICCA através do Programa Disque Denúncia (PDD). Porém, ao longo desta pesquisa, pudemos constatar que existem algumas falhas no procedimento da denúncia, muitas vezes, por falta de meios materiais e humanos. Nessa perspetiva, acredita-se que este estudo tem o seu significado, pois, permitirá o questionamento técnico e científico, propondo formas alternativas de ação que possam ajudar as crianças e adolescentes vitimados, trazendo o problema para a discussão crítica e técnica dos especialistas e da sociedade civil em geral. Para concluir este trabalho efetuamos entrevistas com as instituições nacionais intervenientes no processo da violação sexual de menores, que após as análises críticas, aferimos que há aproveitamento das sinergias para sanar este problema, mas que existem cm curtos-circuitos ouruídos que não deixam o processo avançar devidamente. Por conseguinte, propomos a criação de um departamento do citado PDD no ICCA com a representação de todos os interessados (PN, PJ, DSP, MP e SC), em todas as delegações do ICCA.

Observaciones de la madurez sexual y desove de la cachema Cynoscion analis (Jenyns) de Paita

Analiza la información obtenida en el Laboratorio Regional de Paita, en el período de marzo de 1964 a diciembre de 1967, donde se investiga el proceso biológico del recurso cachema obteniendo conocimiento sobre la madurez sexual y el desove, que incluye el reconocimiento de la época de evacuación de sus productos sexuales, la longitud media o tamaño promedio, así como la relación de la madurez sexual con el contenido de grasa del recurso.

Sexual behavior of the digger wasp Sphex ingens Smith (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae)

A species' mating system depends on its spatial distribution and temporal availability of mating opportunities, as well as on the resources that create these opportunities. In addition, for many species, courtship is driven by specific behaviors that precede and follow copulation. Although Sphex ingens is a taxonomically well known species of digger wasp, its ecology and behavior remain poorly known. Hence, we analyzed patterns and trends of sexual behavior, in order to understand whether courtship can persist in a polygamous mating system. We monitored by video wasp populations in Ilha Grande, southeastern Brazil. Based on the observed behaviors, we calculated stochastic probabilities with a Markov chain to infer on behavioral trends. We recorded four behavioral phases based on 19,196 behavioral acts observed in 224 copulation attempts. There were no significant differences in common behavioral acts between males and females. The copulation patterns, conflicts, and trends observed in S. ingens clearly show the influence of sexual selection in its promiscuous mating system.

Repercussão da histerectomia na vida sexual das mulheres: Intervenções de Enfermagem

Com este estudo pretende-se identificar os sentimentos das mulheres antes e após a histerectomia e as interferências emocionais para sua saúde sexual. Foi feita uma abordagem qualitativa descritiva, sendo a população alvo dez mulheres submetidas à histerectomia: duas do pré operatório e as restantes do pós-operatório. O instrumento de recolha de dados foi a entrevista semi-estruturada com perguntas abertas relacionadas com os sentimentos relacionados com a cirurgia. As interferências na saúde sexual e nos sentimentos da mulher histerectomizada devem ser minimizadas pelos profissionais de saúde, nomeadamente pelos enfermeiros, com a estimulação do diálogo e do autocuidado. O enfermeiro deve ter um papel facilitador para a mulher nos atendimentos de ginecologia, realçando a necessidade do autoconhecimento para o seu desempenho sexual. A maioria das mulheres descreve a histerectomia como um alívio para os sintomas, apesar disso apresentam medo e receios antes da cirurgia pelas mudanças sexuais, porém, depois vêm o procedimento como positivo para a saúde sexual. Os objectivos deste estudo foram alcançados, devendo-se aqui destacar a importância do apoio da família, amigos e do enfermeiro na fase de reabilitação da utente, pois é esse apoio que ira ajudá-la a enfrentar com optimismo os impactos a nível psicológico e social.

A link between FXYD3 (Mat-8)-mediated Na,K-ATPase regulation and differentiation of Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells.

FXYD3 (Mat-8) proteins are regulators of Na,K-ATPase. In normal tissue, FXYD3 is mainly expressed in stomach and colon, but it is also overexpressed in cancer cells, suggesting a role in tumorogenesis. We show that FXYD3 silencing has no effect on cell proliferation but promotes cell apoptosis and prevents cell differentiation of human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2), which is reflected by a reduction in alkaline phosphatase and villin expression, a change in several other differentiation markers, and a decrease in transepithelial resistance. Inhibition of cell differentiation in FXYD3-deficient cells is accompanied by an increase in the apparent Na+ and K+ affinities of Na,K-ATPase, reflecting the absence of Na,K-pump regulation by FXYD3. In addition, we observe a decrease in the maximal Na,K-ATPase activity due to a decrease in its turnover number, which correlates with a change in Na,K-ATPase isozyme expression that is characteristic of cancer cells. Overall, our results suggest an important role of FXYD3 in cell differentiation of Caco-2 cells. One possibility is that FXYD3 silencing prevents proper regulation of Na,K-ATPase, which leads to perturbation of cellular Na+ and K+ homeostasis and changes in the expression of Na,K-ATPase isozymes, whose functional properties are incompatible with Caco-2 cell differentiation.

The population genetics of clonal and partially clonal diploids.

The consequences of variable rates of clonal reproduction on the population genetics of neutral markers are explored in diploid organisms within a subdivided population (island model). We use both analytical and stochastic simulation approaches. High rates of clonal reproduction will positively affect heterozygosity. As a consequence, nearly twice as many alleles per locus can be maintained and population differentiation estimated as F(ST) value is strongly decreased in purely clonal populations as compared to purely sexual ones. With increasing clonal reproduction, effective population size first slowly increases and then points toward extreme values when the reproductive system tends toward strict clonality. This reflects the fact that polymorphism is protected within individuals due to fixed heterozygosity. Contrarily, genotypic diversity smoothly decreases with increasing rates of clonal reproduction. Asexual populations thus maintain higher genetic diversity at each single locus but a lower number of different genotypes. Mixed clonal/sexual reproduction is nearly indistinguishable from strict sexual reproduction as long as the proportion of clonal reproduction is not strongly predominant for all quantities investigated, except for genotypic diversities (both at individual loci and over multiple loci).

Medidas de Prevención y Sanción ante el Hostigamiento y Acoso Sexual en el IMARPE

Prevenir y sancionar los actos de hostigamiento y acoso sexual en las relaciones laborales que pudieran producirse en el IMARPE.

Regulation of proliferation and differentiation of human fetal bone cells.

During the last decade, extensive research has been performed in the field of orthopedic medicine to develop cell-based therapies for the restoration of injured bone tissue. We previously demonstrated that human primary fetal bone cells (HFBCs) associated with porous scaffolds induced a bone formation in critical calvaria defect; however, the environmental factors regulating their behavior in culture have not been identified. HFBCs (human fetal femur,12 week development) were compared to marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (HMSCs) for their capacity to proliferate and differentiate into osteoblasts under various culture conditions. When cultured in standard alphaMEM medium, PDGF and FGF-2 increased cell proliferation of both cell types. Investigation of the differentiating capacity of HFBCs and HMSCs in a normal culture medium indicated that HFBCs expressed higher expression levels of RUNX2, OSX, and osteogenic markers compared with HMSCs, while SOX9 was expressed at very low levels in both cells types. However, HMSCs, but not HFBCs enhanced osteoblastic markers in response to osteogenic factors. Surprisingly, BMP-2 with osteogenic factors increased cell numbers and reduced osteoblastic differentiation in HFBCs with the opposite effect seen in HMSCs. Associated with a higher expression of osteoblastic markers, HFBCs produced a higher calcified extra cellular matrix compared with HMSCs. Taken together, data presented in this study suggest that HFBCs have characteristics of osteoprecursor cells that are more advanced in their osteogenesis development compared with mesenchymal stem cells, making fetal cells an interesting biological tool for treatment of skeletal defects and diseases.

Estudio de la edad, el crecimiento, la madurez sexual y el desove de la anchoveta (Cetengraulis Mysticetus) en el Golfo de Panamá

Realiza un estudio sobre la edad, crecimiento, madurez sexual y las épocas de desove de la anchoveta. Estas investigaciones se realizaron en el Golfo de Panamá entre los años de junio de 1951 a enero de 1956.

Estudio de la edad, el crecimiento, la madurez sexual y el desove de la anchoveta (Cetengraulis Mysticetus) en el Golfo de Panamá (Conclusión)

Presenta los métodos utilizados en los laboratorios para determinar la madurez sexual y desove de la población de anchovetas, su época y frecuencia. Estos datos concluyen la edad con relación al tiempo del desove anual gracias al índice de gónadas recolectado en el Golfo de Panamá.

Between Equity and Differentiation: An Analytical Schema of the Social Function of Education

The educational sphere has an internal function relatively agreed by social scientists. Nonetheless, the contribution that educational systems provide to the society (i.e., their social function) does not have the same degree of consensus. Taking into consideration such theoretical precedent, the current article raises an analytical schema to grasp the social function of education considering a sociological perspective. Starting from the assumption that there is an intrinsic relationship between the internal and social functions of social systems, we suggest there are particular stratification determinants modifying the internal pedagogical function of education, which impact on its social function by creating simultaneous conditions of equity and differentiation. Throughout the paper this social function is considered a paradoxical mechanism. We highlight how this paradoxical dynamic is deployed in different structural levels of the educational sphere. Additionally, we discuss eventual consequences of this paradoxical social function for the inclusion possibilities that educational systems offer to individuals.

Differentiation of trophoblast giant cells and their metabolic functions are dependent on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta.

Mutation of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta) severely affects placenta development, leading to embryonic death at embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) to E10.5 of most, but not all, PPARbeta/delta-null mutant embryos. While very little is known at present about the pathway governed by PPARbeta/delta in the developing placenta, this paper demonstrates that the main alteration of the placenta of PPARbeta/delta-null embryos is found in the giant cell layer. PPARbeta/delta activity is in fact essential for the differentiation of the Rcho-1 cells in giant cells, as shown by the severe inhibition of differentiation once PPARbeta/delta is silenced. Conversely, exposure of Rcho-1 cells to a PPARbeta/delta agonist triggers a massive differentiation via increased expression of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 and integrin-linked kinase and subsequent phosphorylation of Akt. The links between PPARbeta/delta activity in giant cells and its role on Akt activity are further strengthened by the remarkable pattern of phospho-Akt expression in vivo at E9.5, specifically in the nucleus of the giant cells. In addition to this phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt main pathway, PPARbeta/delta also induced giant cell differentiation via increased expression of I-mfa, an inhibitor of Mash-2 activity. Finally, giant cell differentiation at E9.5 is accompanied by a PPARbeta/delta-dependent accumulation of lipid droplets and an increased expression of the adipose differentiation-related protein (also called adipophilin), which may participate to lipid metabolism and/or steroidogenesis. Altogether, this important role of PPARbeta/delta in placenta development and giant cell differentiation should be considered when contemplating the potency of PPARbeta/delta agonist as therapeutic agents of broad application.

Deletion of delta-opioid receptor in mice alters skin differentiation and delays wound healing.

In addition to their well-known antinociceptive action, opioids can modulate non-neuronal functions, such as immune activity and physiology of different cell types. Several findings suggest that the delta-opioid receptor (DOR) and its endogenous ligands (enkephalins) are important players in cell differentiation and proliferation. Here we show the expression of DOR in mouse skin and human skin cultured fibroblasts and keratinocytes using RT-PCR. In DOR knock-out (KO) mice, a phenotype of thinner epidermis and higher expression of cell differentiation marker cytokeratin 10 (CK 10) were observed compared with wild type (WT). Using a burn wound model, significant wound healing delay (about 2 days) and severe epidermal hypertrophy were shown at the wound margin of DOR KO mice. This wound healing delay was further investigated by immunohistochemistry using markers for proliferation, differentiation, re-epithelialization, and dermal repair (CK 6, CK 10, and collagen IV). The levels of all these markers were increased in wounds of KO mice compared with WT. During the wound healing, the epidermal thickness in KO mice augments faster and exceeds that of the WT by day 3. These results suggest an essential role of DOR in skin differentiation, proliferation, and migration, factors that are important for wound healing.