La ley del suelo del País Vasco : un paso más hacia la protección del suelo rural

[ES]La Ley del suelo del País Vasco del 2007 nace con el objeto de favorecer el acceso a una vivienda digna. Sin embargo, en la medida en que apuesta por frenar la especulación y la sostenibilidad del medio legisla sobre el tratamiento que se le ha de aportar al suelo no urbanizable. En este caso, no altera sustancialmente la regulación del suelo rural pero sí incorpora nuevas obligaciones dirigidas a frenar la intensidad de la urbanización en este suelo. Se regula la construcción de nueva vivienda, el desarrollo urbanístico de núcleos y barrios rurales y se obliga a profundizar en la calificación del suelo no urbanizable. La aplicación de los nuevos contenidos quedan en manos de los municipios e instituciones sectoriales y los primeros resultados parecen denotar un cambio de tendencia en municipios que han observado la pérdida de calidad paisajística del medio rural, la creciente especulación y la desagrarización de este entorno.

Novel approach for region merging and image segmentation for human-computer interaction

For the purpose of human-computer interaction (HCI), a vision-based gesture segmentation approach is proposed. The technique essentially includes skin color detection and gesture segmentation. The skin color detection employs a skin-color artificial neural network (ANN). To merge and segment the region of interest, we propose a novel mountain algorithm. The details of the approach and experiment results are provided. The experimental segmentation accuracy is 96.25%. (C) 2003 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Electrical, electrochemical, and optical characterization of ceria films

Acceptor-doped ceria has been recognized as a promising intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell electrode/electrolyte material. For practical implementation of ceria as a fuel cell electrolyte and for designing model experiments for electrochemical activity, it is necessary to fabricate thin films of ceria. Here, metal-organic chemical vapor deposition was carried out in a homemade reactor to grow ceria films for further electrical, electrochemical, and optical characterization. Doped/undoped ceria films are grown on single crystalline oxide wafers with/without Pt line pattern or Pt solid layer. Deposition conditions were varied to see the effect on the resultant film property. Recently, proton conduction in nanograined polycrystalline pellets of ceria drew much interest. Thickness-mode (through-plane, z-direction) electrical measurements were made to confirm the existence of proton conductivity and investigate the nature of the conduction pathway: exposed grain surfaces and parallel grain boundaries. Columnar structure presumably favors proton conduction, and we have found measurable proton conductivity enhancement. Electrochemical property of gas-columnar ceria interface on the hydrogen electrooxidation is studied by AC impedance spectroscopy. Isothermal gas composition dependence of the electrode resistance was studied to elucidate Sm doping level effect and microstructure effect. Significantly, preferred orientation is shown to affect the gas dependence and performance of the fuel cell anode. A hypothesis is proposed to explain the origin of this behavior. Lastly, an optical transmittance based methodology was developed to obtain reference refractive index and microstructural parameters (thickness, roughness, porosity) of ceria films via subsequent fitting procedure.

Continuous radial superresolution filters with large focal depth

A new set of continuous superresolution filters is proposed which exhibits a radial superresolution performance with an extended depth of focus in an optical system by properly choosing the design parameters. Numerical simulation results of the performance parameters of the superresolution gain, the radial central core size, the Strehl ratio, the side-lobe factor and the depth of focus with different design parameters for the optimized patterns are displayed. We also give a design example for this kind of filter characterized by a birefringent element inserted between two parallel polarizers. This kind of filter would be useful in fields such as optical data storage systems.

Search for heavy neutral resonances in the dielectron channel with the CMS detector at the LHC

A search for dielectron decays of heavy neutral resonances has been performed using proton-proton collision data collected at √s = 7 TeV by the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in 2011. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5 fb⁻¹. The dielectron mass distribution is consistent with Standard Model (SM) predictions. An upper limit on the ratio of the cross section times branching fraction of new bosons, normalized to the cross section times branching fraction of the Z boson, is set at the 95 % confidence level. This result is translated into limits on the mass of new neutral particles at the level of 2120 GeV for the Z′ in the Sequential Standard Model, 1810 GeV for the superstring-inspired Z′_ψ resonance, and 1940 (1640) GeV for Kaluza-Klein gravitons with the coupling parameter k/M_Pl of 0.10 (0.05).

Zanderfischerei an der deutschen Ostseeküste - Jungzander 1992 - extrem in Vorkommen, Verbreitung und Wachstum

Die Zanderanlandungen an der deutschen Ostseeküste lagen in den letzten 10 Jahren auf einem verhältnismäßig hohen Niveau (Durchschnitt 471 t; 1992,477 t). Im jahreszeitlichen Verlauf gibt es eine Frühjahr (April)- und Herbst (Oktober)-Saison. Hauptfangplätze waren 1992 Außenstrand (bis zu 3 sm) und Ostsee, Kleines Haff und Darßer Bodden. Im Oderbankgebiet wurde im Herbst 1992 die überdurchschnittlich gut eingeschätzte 0-Gruppe untersucht, die ab 1994 und teilweise ab 1995 in den befischbaren Bestand eintritt. Die Entwicklung des Bestandes wird weiterhin wissenschaftlich überwacht.

A unified strategy to ent-kauranoid natural products : total syntheses of (–)-maoecrystal Z, (–)-trichorabdal A, and (–)-longikaurin E

The diterpenoid constituents of the Isodon plants have attracted reasearchers interested in both their chemical structures and biological properties for more than a half-century. In recent years, the isolations of new members displaying previously unprecedented ring systems and highly selective biological properties have piqued interest from the synthetic community in this class of natural products.

Reported herein is the first total synthesis of such a recently isolated diterpenoid, (–)-maoecrystal Z. The principal transformations implemented in this synthesis include two highly diastereoselective radical cyclization reactions: a Sm^(II)-mediated reductive cascade cyclization, which forms two rings and establishes four new stereocenters in a single step, and a Ti^(III)-mediated reductive epoxide-acrylate coupling that yields a functionalized spirolactone product, which forms a core bicycle of maoecrystal Z.

The preparation of two additional ent-kauranoid natural products, (–)-trichorabdal A and (–)-longikaurin E, is also described from a derivative of this key spirolactone. These syntheses are additionally enabled by the palladium-mediated oxidative cyclization reaction of a silyl ketene acetal precursor that is used to install the bridgehead all-carbon quaternary stereocenter and bicyclo[3.2.1]octane present in each natural product. These studies have established a synthetic relationship among three architecturally distinct ent-kaurane diterpenoids and have forged a path for the preparation of interesting unnatural ent-kauranoid structural analogs for more thorough biological study.

Velocity resolved - scalar modeled simulations of high Schmidt number turbulent transport

The objective of this thesis is to develop a framework to conduct velocity resolved - scalar modeled (VR-SM) simulations, which will enable accurate simulations at higher Reynolds and Schmidt (Sc) numbers than are currently feasible. The framework established will serve as a first step to enable future simulation studies for practical applications. To achieve this goal, in-depth analyses of the physical, numerical, and modeling aspects related to Sc>>1 are presented, specifically when modeling in the viscous-convective subrange. Transport characteristics are scrutinized by examining scalar-velocity Fourier mode interactions in Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) datasets and suggest that scalar modes in the viscous-convective subrange do not directly affect large-scale transport for high Sc. Further observations confirm that discretization errors inherent in numerical schemes can be sufficiently large to wipe out any meaningful contribution from subfilter models. This provides strong incentive to develop more effective numerical schemes to support high Sc simulations. To lower numerical dissipation while maintaining physically and mathematically appropriate scalar bounds during the convection step, a novel method of enforcing bounds is formulated, specifically for use with cubic Hermite polynomials. Boundedness of the scalar being transported is effected by applying derivative limiting techniques, and physically plausible single sub-cell extrema are allowed to exist to help minimize numerical dissipation. The proposed bounding algorithm results in significant performance gain in DNS of turbulent mixing layers and of homogeneous isotropic turbulence. Next, the combined physical/mathematical behavior of the subfilter scalar-flux vector is analyzed in homogeneous isotropic turbulence, by examining vector orientation in the strain-rate eigenframe. The results indicate no discernible dependence on the modeled scalar field, and lead to the identification of the tensor-diffusivity model as a good representation of the subfilter flux. Velocity resolved - scalar modeled simulations of homogeneous isotropic turbulence are conducted to confirm the behavior theorized in these a priori analyses, and suggest that the tensor-diffusivity model is ideal for use in the viscous-convective subrange. Simulations of a turbulent mixing layer are also discussed, with the partial objective of analyzing Schmidt number dependence of a variety of scalar statistics. Large-scale statistics are confirmed to be relatively independent of the Schmidt number for Sc>>1, which is explained by the dominance of subfilter dissipation over resolved molecular dissipation in the simulations. Overall, the VR-SM framework presented is quite effective in predicting large-scale transport characteristics of high Schmidt number scalars, however, it is determined that prediction of subfilter quantities would entail additional modeling intended specifically for this purpose. The VR-SM simulations presented in this thesis provide us with the opportunity to overlap with experimental studies, while at the same time creating an assortment of baseline datasets for future validation of LES models, thereby satisfying the objectives outlined for this work.

Meeresschutzgebiete aus ökologischer Sicht

Die Konzepte für das Fischereimanagement haben in den vergangenen hundert Jahren eine tiefgreifende Wandlung durchgemacht. Sie entwickelten sich in der zweiten Hälfte des vergangenen Jahrhunderts von monospezifischen Ansätzen, in denen einzelne Populationen oder Bestände weitgehend isoliert betrachtet wurden, zum Multispecies-Management, das auch Wechselbeziehungen zwischen genutzten Arten berücksichtigte. Die stark verbesserten Ortungs- und Fangtechniken und die Nutzung noch unterfischter Fanggründe und Bestände hielten die Anlandungen eine Zeitlang auf hohem Niveau. Die rückläufigen Weltfischereierträge in den letzten Dekaden des vergangenen Jahrhunderts, der Kollaps wichtiger Fischereien und die auch von der Fischerei zu verantwortende fortschreitende Degradierung mariner Ökosysteme zeigten jedoch, dass eine nachhaltige Nutzung der fischereilichen Ressourcen bei gleichzeitiger Erhaltung der Ökosysteme mit diesen Konzepten nicht möglich ist. Angesichts dieses Offenbarungseids und unter dem zunehmenden Druck der Naturschützer wurden daher die Konzepte des ökosystemverträglichen Fischereimanagements (EBFM, ecosystem-based fisheries management) und des räumlichen Fischereimanagements (SM, spatial management) entwickelt, bei denen die Prioritäten umgedreht sind: Das Management geht nicht mehr vom Fischereiobjekt, sondern vom Ökosystem aus, das horizontal und vertikal in Zonen unterteilt wird, die zu verschiedenen Zeiten befischt oder unter Schutz gestellt werden können. EBFM zielt darauf ab, gesunde Ökosysteme inklusive der Fischereien zu erhalten, die von diesen Ökosystemen ohne Schädigung getragen werden. Möglicherweise sind diese neuen Konzepte nur wenig realistischer als die Ideen vom langfristigen Dauerertrag oder dem der nachhaltigen Fischerei, die der realen Welt überdimensionierter Fangflotten, unersättlicher Märkte und zahlreicher politischer Fehlentscheidungen nicht standhielten. Die traurige Tatsache ist, dass nicht nur die Fischerei, sondern auch die marinen Ökosysteme sich in einem sehr schlechten Zustand befinden. Um dem abzuhelfen, sind u.a. Schutzgebiete vorgesehen, in denen die Fischerei eingeschränkt oder verboten ist. Zusammen mit anderen Nutzungen wie Offshore-Windparks bedeutet diese neue Raumordnung einen massiven Eingriff in die bisherigen Rechte und Gewohnheiten der Fischer. In dieser Arbeit werden vor dem Hintergrund der Ökosystem-Degradierung einige grundlegende ökologische Zusammenhänge in natürlichen, befischten und geschützten marinen Systemen diskutiert. Dabei stützen wir uns auf empirische und experimentelle Befunde aus Nord- und Ostsee sowie anderen marinen Ökosystemen. Unter dem Strich sollten Schutzgebiete im Rahmen der neuen Managementkonzepte langfristig auch der Fischerei dienen; inwieweit allerdings eine Fischerei unter der künftigen Raumordnung noch sinnvoll ist, steht dahin.