Bridging East and West : The Establishment of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in the United States Foreign Policy of Bridge Building, 1964-1972.

The dissertation examines the foreign policies of the United States through the prism of science and technology. In the focal point of scrutiny is the policy establishing the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) and the development of the multilateral part of bridge building in American foreign policy during the 1960s and early 1970s. After a long and arduous negotiation process, the institute was finally established by twelve national member organizations from the following countries: Bulgaria, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), France, German Democratic Republic (GDR), Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Poland, Soviet Union and United States; a few years later Sweden, Finland and the Netherlands also joined. It is said that the goal of the institute was to bring together researchers from East and West to solve pertinent problems caused by the modernization process experienced in industrialized world. It originates from President Lyndon B. Johnson s bridge building policies that were launched in 1964, and was set in a well-contested and crowded domain of other international organizations of environmental and social planning. Since the distinct need for yet another organization was not evident, the process of negotiations in this multinational environment enlightens the foreign policy ambitions of the United States on the road to the Cold War détente. The study places this project within its political era, and juxtaposes it with other international organizations, especially that of the OECD, ECE and NATO. Conventionally, Lyndon Johnson s bridge building policies have been seen as a means to normalize its international relations bilaterally with different East European countries, and the multilateral dimension of the policy has been ignored. This is why IIASA s establishment process in this multilateral environment brings forth new information on US foreign policy goals, the means to achieve these goals, as well as its relations to other advanced industrialized societies before the time of détente, during the 1960s and early 1970s. Furthermore, the substance of the institute applied systems analysis illuminates the differences between European and American methodological thinking in social planning. Systems analysis is closely associated with (American) science and technology policies of the 1960s, especially in its military administrative applications, thus analysis within the foreign policy environment of the United States proved particularly fruitful. In the 1960s the institutional structures of European continent with faltering, and the growing tendencies of integration were in flux. One example of this was the long, drawn-out process of British membership in the EEC, another is de Gaulle s withdrawal from NATO s military-political cooperation. On the other hand, however, economic cooperation in Europe between East and West, and especially with the Soviet Union was expanding rapidly. This American initiative to form a new institutional actor has to be seen in that structural context, showing that bridge building was needed not only to the East, but also to the West. The narrative amounts to an analysis of how the United States managed both cooperation and conflict in its hegemonic aspirations in the emerging modern world, and how it used its special relationship with the United Kingdom to achieve its goals. The research is based on the archives of the United States, Great Britain, Sweden, Finland, and IIASA. The primary sources have been complemented with both contemporary and present day research literature, periodicals, and interviews.

Mesoporous silica- and silicon-based materials as carriers for poorly water soluble drugs

New chemical entities with unfavorable water solubility properties are continuously emerging in drug discovery. Without pharmaceutical manipulations inefficient concentrations of these drugs in the systemic circulation are probable. Typically, in order to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, the drug has to be dissolved. Several methods have been developed to improve the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs. In this study, the applicability of different types of mesoporous (pore diameters between 2 and 50 nm) silicon- and silica-based materials as pharmaceutical carriers for poorly water soluble drugs was evaluated. Thermally oxidized and carbonized mesoporous silicon materials, ordered mesoporous silicas MCM-41 and SBA-15, and non-treated mesoporous silicon and silica gel were assessed in the experiments. The characteristic properties of these materials are the narrow pore diameters and the large surface areas up to over 900 m²/g. Loading of poorly water soluble drugs into these pores restricts their crystallization, and thus, improves drug dissolution from the materials as compared to the bulk drug molecules. In addition, the wide surface area provides possibilities for interactions between the loaded substance and the carrier particle, allowing the stabilization of the system. Ibuprofen, indomethacin and furosemide were selected as poorly soluble model drugs in this study. Their solubilities are strongly pH-dependent and the poorest (< 100 µg/ml) at low pH values. The pharmaceutical performance of the studied materials was evaluated by several methods. In this work, drug loading was performed successfully using rotavapor and fluid bed equipment in a larger scale and in a more efficient manner than with the commonly used immersion methods. It was shown that several carrier particle properties, in particular the pore diameter, affect the loading efficiency (typically ~25-40 w-%) and the release rate of the drug from the mesoporous carriers. A wide pore diameter provided easier loading and faster release of the drug. The ordering and length of the pores also affected the efficiency of the drug diffusion. However, these properties can also compensate the effects of each other. The surface treatment of porous silicon was important in stabilizing the system, as the non-treated mesoporous silicon was easily oxidized at room temperature. Different surface chemical treatments changed the hydrophilicity of the porous silicon materials and also the potential interactions between the loaded drug and the particle, which further affected the drug release properties. In all of the studies, it was demonstrated that loading into mesoporous silicon and silica materials improved the dissolution of the poorly soluble drugs as compared to the corresponding bulk compounds (e.g. after 30 min ~2-7 times more drug was dissolved depending on the materials). The release profile of the loaded substances remained similar also after 3 months of storage at 30°C/56% RH. The thermally carbonized mesoporous silicon did not compromise the Caco-2 monolayer integrity in the permeation studies and improved drug permeability was observed. The loaded mesoporous silica materials were also successfully compressed into tablets without compromising their characteristic structural and drug releasing properties. The results of this research indicated that mesoporous silicon/silica-based materials are promising materials to improve the dissolution of poorly water soluble drugs. Their feasibility in pharmaceutical laboratory scale processes was also confirmed in this thesis.

Synthesis Of (+/-)-2-Isopropyl-5,6-Dimethylbicyclo[3.2.1]Oct-6-En-8-One

Methanolic hydrogen chloride cyclization of the triketone 8, prepared from the Mannich base 7 and 2-methylcyclopentane-1,3-dione, gives ketones 9 and 10. NaBH4 reduction of 9 followed by Grignard reaction with CH3MgI affords the diol 12. Catalytic hydrogenation of 12 followed by PCC oxidation yields the ketoalcohol 13. Dehydration of 13 with SOCl2/pyridine results in a 1:1 mixture of the endo-14 and exo-15 olefins, separated by chromatography.

The identification of 14 alpha,17 beta-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one monohydrate and 14 alpha,17 beta-dihydroxyandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one monohydrate, metabolites of androstenedione in Mucor piriformis

The microorganism Mucor piriformis transforms androst-4-ene-3,17-dione into a major and several minor metabolites. X-ray crystallographic analysis of two of these metabolites was undertaken to determine unambiguously their composition and chirality. Crystals belong to the orthorhombic space-group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with a = 7.199(4) angstrom and a = 6.023(3) angstrom, b = 11.719(3) angstrom and b = 13.455(4) angstrom, c = 20.409(3) angstrom and c = 20.702(4) angstrom for the two title compounds, respectively. The structures have been refined to final R values of 0.060 and 0.040, respectively.

Playing Games on Sets and Models

The most prominent objective of the thesis is the development of the generalized descriptive set theory, as we call it. There, we study the space of all functions from a fixed uncountable cardinal to itself, or to a finite set of size two. These correspond to generalized notions of the universal Baire space (functions from natural numbers to themselves with the product topology) and the Cantor space (functions from natural numbers to the {0,1}-set) respectively. We generalize the notion of Borel sets in three different ways and study the corresponding Borel structures with the aims of generalizing classical theorems of descriptive set theory or providing counter examples. In particular we are interested in equivalence relations on these spaces and their Borel reducibility to each other. The last chapter shows, using game-theoretic techniques, that the order of Borel equivalence relations under Borel reduciblity has very high complexity. The techniques in the above described set theoretical side of the thesis include forcing, general topological notions such as meager sets and combinatorial games of infinite length. By coding uncountable models to functions, we are able to apply the understanding of the generalized descriptive set theory to the model theory of uncountable models. The links between the theorems of model theory (including Shelah's classification theory) and the theorems in pure set theory are provided using game theoretic techniques from Ehrenfeucht-Fraïssé games in model theory to cub-games in set theory. The bottom line of the research declairs that the descriptive (set theoretic) complexity of an isomorphism relation of a first-order definable model class goes in synch with the stability theoretical complexity of the corresponding first-order theory. The first chapter of the thesis has slightly different focus and is purely concerned with a certain modification of the well known Ehrenfeucht-Fraïssé games. There we (me and my supervisor Tapani Hyttinen) answer some natural questions about that game mainly concerning determinacy and its relation to the standard EF-game

”En mä nyt mitää sateenkaarikorviksia käytä!” Sukupuolen ja seksuaalisuuden ruumiillinen tuottaminen toimisto- ja myymälätyöyhteisöissä

Tämän tutkielman tarkoitus on tarkastella sukupuolen ja seksuaalisuuden tuottamista työelämässä. Hahmotan sukupuolen ja seksuaalisuuden Judith Butlerin tavoin ruumiillisena ja esityksellisenä tekemisenä, jota tuotetaan julkisen toiston kautta. Olen yhdistänyt butlerilaiseen näkemykseen sukupuolesta ja seksuaalisuudesta Erving Goffmanin ajatuksia itsensä esittämisestä ja elämästä teatterina näyttämömetaforineen. Hahmotan siis sukupuolen ja seksuaalisuuden sosiaalisina konstruktioina, joita tuotetaan jokapäiväisessä vuorovaikutuksessa ruumiillisen toiminnan kautta. Tässä tutkielmassa viittaan ruumiillisella toiminnalla ulkonäköön, käyttäytymiseen, liikehdintään sekä puheääneen ja -tyyliin. Haastattelin tutkimustani varten kymmentä toimistossa ja myymälässä työskentelevää henkilöä. Pyrin lähestymään queer-teoreettisesta ajattelusta vaikuttuneena sukupuolen ja seksuaalisuuden kategorioita joustavasti. Annoin haastateltavien määritellä itse sukupuolensa ja seksuaalisuutensa. Lähestyin haastateltavien kuvauksia sukupuolesta ja seksuaalisuudesta subjektiuden ja toimijuuden näkökulmista tarkastellen samalla, miten heidän sukupuolensa ja seksuaalisuutensa ovat mahdollistaneet ja rajoittaneet heidän toimintaansa työelämässä. Haastateltavien oli ajoittain vaikea puhua sukupuolesta ja seksuaalisuudesta, minkä koen johtuvan osittain heteronormatiivisuuden institutionalisoidusta luonnollisuudesta, mutta myös suomalaisesta tasa-arvodiskurssista, jossa sukupuolesta ja seksuaalisuudesta puhutaan vähätellen ja työelämän kontekstissa vältellen. Tarkastelin haastateltavien kertomuksia diskursiivisina narratiiveina, eli tulkitsin haastateltavien kertomia kertomuksia yhdeksi mahdolliseksi tavaksi puhua sukupuolesta, seksuaalisuudesta ja työyhteisöstä. Ensimmäisenä tavoitteenani oli selvittää, miten toimisto- ja myymälätyöyhteisöissä tuotetaan sukupuolta ja seksuaalisuutta ruumiillisena toimintana. Haastateltavien kertomien tarinoiden perusteella sukupuolta ja seksuaalisuutta tuotetaan suomalaisissa toimisto- ja myymälätyöyhteisöissä ensinnäkin kaksijakoisten sukupuolityylien avulla. Toiseksi sukupuolityylien heteroseksuaalista luonnetta voidaan toisintoistaa lisäämällä ulkonäköön ei-heteroseksuaalisesta suuntautumisesta kertovia merkkejä, vaikkei työyhteisössä halutakaan korostaa sen enempää sukupuolta kuin seksuaalisuuttaakaan. Sekä toimisto- että myymälätyössä sukupuolta ja seksuaalisuutta korostava näyttäytyminen ja käyttäytyminen on kielletty, tai ainakaan usea haastateltava ei halunnut niitä tehdä. Tulkitsin tämän johtuvan ensinnäkin haastateltavien tekemästä kategorisesta rajanvedosta työn ja vapaa-ajan välille: liiallinen sukupuolen ja seksuaalisuuden korostaminen olisi työn kontekstissa epäsiistiä ja kielisi epäkompetentista toimijuudesta. Toimistossa ja myymälässä työskentelevien työntekijöiden halukkuus olla korostamatta sukupuolta ja seksuaalisuuttaan johtuu tulkintani mukaan myös työelämässä sovellettavasta vaikutelmanhallinnasta, jossa työntekijän on luotava vaikutelma itsestään pätevänä, ammattitaitoisena ja ruumiittomana työntekijänä. Asiakaspinnalla tehtävässä työssä vaikutelmaa ei kuitenkaan luoda vain itsestä, vaan esteettisen ja emotionaalisen ruumiinhallinnan avulla myös organisaation tuotteista ja palveluista. Suomalaisessa kulttuurissa työntekijöiden toimijuuden tila onkin tulkintani mukaan ristiriitainen: sukupuolittunut ja seksuaalinen ruumis tulisi peittää ja piilottaa, mutta toisaalta sitä on tuotava kaksijakoisten sukupuolityylien ja esteettisen ja emotionaalisen vaikutelmanhallinnan kautta esiin.