Residual Stress Measurement on a MEMS Structure With High-Spatial Resolution

A new approach to the local measurement of residual stress in microstructures is described in this paper. The presented technique takes advantage of the combined milling-imaging features of a focused ion beam (FIB) equipment to scale down the widely known hole drilling method. This method consists of drilling a small hole in a solid with inherent residual stresses and measuring the strains/displacements caused by the local stress release, that takes place around the hole. In the presented case, the displacements caused by the milling are determined by applying digital image correlation (DIC) techniques to high resolution micrographs taken before and after the milling process. The residual stress value is then obtained by fitting the measured displacements to the analytical solution of the displacement fields. The feasibility of this approach has been demonstrated on a micromachined silicon nitride membrane showing that this method has high potential for applications in the field of mechanical characterization of micro/nanoelectromechanical systems.

Influência de esterco bovino e calcário sobre o efeito residual da adubação fosfatada para a Brachiaria brizantha cultivada após o feijoeiro

A deficiência de P é uma das limitações mais generalizadas ao estabelecimento e à manutenção de pastagens nas regiões tropicais. Essa deficiência é devida, principalmente, ao baixo teor e aos processos de adsorção/precipitação do P nos solos. Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da calagem e da adubação orgânica sobre o efeito residual do P, aplicado ao feijoeiro, na nutrição fosfatada e no rendimento do braquiarão cultivado em sucessão, foram conduzidos, em casa de vegetação, quatro experimentos inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4 x 5 e três repetições. Cada unidade experimental foi constituída por um vaso contendo 4 dm³ dos solos: Latossolo Vermelho distrófico textura muito argilosa, Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico textura argilosa, Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico textura média e Neossolo Quartzarênico órtico textura arenosa. Cada solo, representando um experimento, recebeu os tratamentos constituídos de quatro doses de calcário (0,0; 0,5; 1,0; e 2,0 vezes a dose recomendada para elevar a saturação por bases a 60 %) e cinco doses de esterco bovino (0,0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5; e 10,0 % do volume de solo). Os vasos foram cultivados com feijoeiro e, após a colheita deste, cultivaram-se três plantas de braquiarão, as quais foram submetidas a cortes consecutivos aos 70, 160 e 290 dias após a emergência. As produções totais de matéria seca e o acúmulo de P na parte aérea do braquiarão foram positivamente influenciados pela adubação orgânica e pela calagem. Esses tratamentos também influenciaram positivamente o efeito residual da adubação fosfatada, aplicada ao feijoeiro, na nutrição fosfatada e no rendimento do braquiarão.

Nutrient supply by mass flow and diffusion to maize plants in response to soil aggregate size and water potential

Nutrients are basically transported to the roots by mass flow and diffusion. The aim of this study was to quantify the contribution of these two mechanisms to the acquisition of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S) and cationic micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu) by maize plants as well as xylem exudate volume and composition in response to soil aggregate size and water availability. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with samples of an Oxisol, from under two management systems: a region of natural savanna-like vegetation (Cerradão, CER) and continuous maize under conventional management for over 30 years (CCM). The treatments were arranged in a factorial [2 x (1 + 2) x 2] design, with two management systems (CER and CCM), (1 + 2) soil sifted through a 4 mm sieve and two aggregate classes (< 0.5 mm and 0.5 - 4.0 mm) and two soil matric potentials (-40 and -10 kPa). These were evaluated in a randomized block design with four replications. The experiment was conducted for 70 days after sowing. The influence of soil aggregate size and water potential on the nutrient transport mechanisms was highest in soil samples with higher nutrient concentrations in solution, in the CER system; diffusion became more relevant when water availability was higher and in aggregates < 0.5 mm. The volume of xylem exudate collected from maize plants increased with the decrease in aggregate size and the increased availability of soil water in the CER system. The highest Ca and Mg concentrations in the xylem exudate of plants grown on samples from the CER system were related to the high concentrations of these nutrients in the soil solution of this management system.

Measurements of seismic attenuation and transient fluid pressure in partially saturated Berea sandstone: Evidence of fluid flow on the mesoscopic scale

A novel laboratory technique is proposed to investigate wave-induced fluid flow on the mesoscopic scale as a mechanism for seismic attenuation in partially saturated rocks. This technique combines measurements of seismic attenuation in the frequency range from 1 to 100?Hz with measurements of transient fluid pressure as a response of a step stress applied on top of the sample. We used a Berea sandstone sample partially saturated with water. The laboratory results suggest that wave-induced fluid flow on the mesoscopic scale is dominant in partially saturated samples. A 3-D numerical model representing the sample was used to verify the experimental results. Biot's equations of consolidation were solved with the finite-element method. Wave-induced fluid flow on the mesoscopic scale was the only attenuation mechanism accounted for in the numerical solution. The numerically calculated transient fluid pressure reproduced the laboratory data. Moreover, the numerically calculated attenuation, superposed to the frequency-independent matrix anelasticity, reproduced the attenuation measured in the laboratory in the partially saturated sample. This experimental?numerical fit demonstrates that wave-induced fluid flow on the mesoscopic scale and matrix anelasticity are the dominant mechanisms for seismic attenuation in partially saturated Berea sandstone.

Efeito residual da adubação na cana-planta e da adubação nitrogenada e potássica na cana-soca colhidas com e sem a queima da palhada

A aplicação de vinhaça na cana-de-açúcar, complementada com adubação nitrogenada e manutenção da palhada na superfície do solo, melhoram as propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo, podendo resultar em aumento da produtividade da cultura. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito residual de adubação na cana-planta e a adubação da cana-soca, com e sem aplicação de vinhaça, sob diferentes sistemas de colheita no município de Conceição da Barra - ES. O experimento foi conduzido no período de 2005 a 2007, num Argissolo Amarelo em Tabuleiros Costeiros. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, no esquema fatorial 2 x 7, com parcelas subdivididas, sendo dois tratamentos cana crua e cana queimada e sete subtratamentos com diferentes doses de N associadas a doses de K2O na forma de cloreto de K e vinhaça. Os tratamentos foram: testemunha (T1); vinhaça (T2); vinhaça + 80 kg de N incorporado (T3); vinhaça + 80 kg de N em cobertura (T4); vinhaça + 40 kg de N em cobertura (T5); K2O + 80 kg de N incorporado (T6); e K2O + 80 kg de N em cobertura (T7). Não houve efeito residual de adubação na produtividade de colmos na cana-planta. A cana crua apresentou produtividade superior à da cana queimada na cana-soca. Nesta, a fertilização com vinhaça complementada com N incorporado ou em cobertura e a adubação com 120 kg de K2O na forma de KCl + 80 kg de N incorporados ao solo proporcionaram produtividade superior à dos demais tratamentos. Não foi verificada diferença na produtividade de colmos entre as doses de 40 e 80 kg ha-1 de N, aplicadas em cobertura na cana-soca. A extração e retorno de nutrientes ocorreu de forma similar entre cana-planta e cana-soca.

On the use of spatially discrete data to compute energy and mass balance

In many practical applications the state of field soils is monitored by recording the evolution of temperature and soil moisture at discrete depths. We theoretically investigate the systematic errors that arise when mass and energy balances are computed directly from these measurements. We show that, even with no measurement or model errors, large residuals might result when finite difference approximations are used to compute fluxes and storage term. To calculate the limits set by the use of spatially discrete measurements on the accuracy of balance closure, we derive an analytical solution to estimate the residual on the basis of the two key parameters: the penetration depth and the distance between the measurements. When the thickness of the control layer for which the balance is computed is comparable to the penetration depth of the forcing (which depends on the thermal diffusivity and on the forcing period) large residuals arise. The residual is also very sensitive to the distance between the measurements, which requires accurately controlling the position of the sensors in field experiments. We also demonstrate that, for the same experimental setup, mass residuals are sensitively larger than the energy residuals due to the nonlinearity of the moisture transport equation. Our analysis suggests that a careful assessment of the systematic mass error introduced by the use of spatially discrete data is required before using fluxes and residuals computed directly from field measurements.

Added prognostic value of myocardial blood flow quantitation in rubidium-82 positron emission tomography imaging.

AIMS: We studied the respective added value of the quantitative myocardial blood flow (MBF) and the myocardial flow reserve (MFR) as assessed with (82)Rb positron emission tomography (PET)/CT in predicting major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in patients with suspected myocardial ischaemia. METHODS AND RESULTS: Myocardial perfusion images were analysed semi-quantitatively (SDS, summed difference score) and quantitatively (MBF, MFR) in 351 patients. Follow-up was completed in 335 patients and annualized MACE (cardiac death, myocardial infarction, revascularization, or hospitalization for congestive heart failure or de novo stable angor) rates were analysed with the Kaplan-Meier method in 318 patients after excluding 17 patients with early revascularizations (<60 days). Independent predictors of MACEs were identified by multivariate analysis. During a median follow-up of 624 days (inter-quartile range 540-697), 35 MACEs occurred. An annualized MACE rate was higher in patients with ischaemia (SDS >2) (n = 105) than those without [14% (95% CI = 9.1-22%) vs. 4.5% (2.7-7.4%), P < 0.0001]. The lowest MFR tertile group (MFR <1.8) had the highest MACE rate [16% (11-25%) vs. 2.9% (1.2-7.0%) and 4.3% (2.1-9.0%), P < 0.0001]. Similarly, the lowest stress MBF tertile group (MBF <1.8 mL/min/g) had the highest MACE rate [14% (9.2-22%) vs. 7.3% (4.2-13%) and 1.8% (0.6-5.5%), P = 0.0005]. Quantitation with stress MBF or MFR had a significant independent prognostic power in addition to semi-quantitative findings. The largest added value was conferred by combining stress MBF to SDS. This holds true even for patients without ischaemia. CONCLUSION: Perfusion findings in (82)Rb PET/CT are strong MACE outcome predictors. MBF quantification has an added value allowing further risk stratification in patients with normal and abnormal perfusion images.

Reduced atrial emptying after orthotopic heart transplantation masquerading as restrictive transmitral Doppler flow pattern?

BACKGROUND: An elevated early (E) to late (A) diastolic filling velocities ratio, typically seen in advanced diastolic dysfunction, has also been observed after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation as a consequence of the depressed left atrial (LA) contractility. We hypothesized that the impaired LA contractile function demonstrated after orthotopic cardiac transplantation (OCT) could also lead to this "pseudorestrictive" pattern. METHOD: E/A ratio related to the tissue Doppler early mitral annular velocity (Ea) as preload-independent index of LV relaxation was evaluated in all consecutive OCT patients between 2005 and 2007. RESULTS: The study population comprised 48 patients 97 ± 77 months after OCT. Thirty-two patients (67%) had an E/A ratio > 2. LV systolic function and myocardial relaxation assessed by the Ea velocity were similar compared to patients with normal ratio (61 ± 6% vs. 60 ± 12%, P = 0.854 and 15 ± 4 cm/s vs. 14 ± 3 cm/s, r = 0.15, P = 0.323, respectively). On the other hand, the proportion of the recipient and donor LA cuffs as estimated by the recipient/global LA area ratio and the LA emptying fraction significantly correlated with the E/A ratio (r = 0.40, P = 0.005 and r =-0.33, P = 0.022, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our study shows that there is a high prevalence of elevated E/A ratio after standard OCT which seems mainly related to reduced LA contractility. Recognition of this "pseudorestrictive" pattern may avoid misdiagnosis of diastolic dysfunction.

Absence of residual Hodgkin's disease demonstrated by PET/CT in a deceased organ donor.

With the current limited availability of organs for transplantation, it is important to consider marginal donor candidates, including survivors of potentially curable malignancies such as lymphoma. The absence of refractory/recurrent residual disease at the time of brain death can be difficult to establish. Therefore, it is critical to have objective data to decide whether to proceed or not with organ procurement and transplantation. We report a unique situation in which (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) was used to rule out Hodgkin's lymphoma recurrence in a 33-year-old, heart-beating, brain-dead, potential donor with a past history of Hodgkin's disease and a persistent mediastinal mass. PET showed no significant uptake in the mass, allowing organ donation and transplantation to occur. We present a new means of evaluating potential brain-dead donors with a past history of some lymphoma, whereby PET may help transplant physicians by optimizing donation safety while rationalizing the inclusion of marginal donors.

Calcium reabsorption in the distal tubule: regulation by sodium, pH, and flow.

We developed a mathematical model of Ca transport along the late distal convoluted tubule (DCT2) and the connecting tubule (CNT) to investigate the mechanisms that regulate Ca reabsorption in the DCT2-CNT. The model accounts for apical Ca influx across transient receptor potential vanilloid 5 (TRPV5) channels and basolateral Ca efflux via plasma membrane Ca-ATPase pumps and type 1 Na/Ca exchangers (NCX1). Model simulations reproduce experimentally observed variations in Ca uptake as a function of extracellular pH, Na, and Mg concentration. Our results indicate that amiloride enhances Ca reabsorption in the DCT2-CNT predominantly by increasing the driving force across NCX1, thereby stimulating Ca efflux. They also suggest that because aldosterone upregulates both apical and basolateral Na transport pathways, it has a lesser impact on Ca reabsorption than amiloride. Conversely, the model predicts that full NCX1 inhibition and parathyroidectomy each augment the Ca load delivered to the collecting duct severalfold. In addition, our results suggest that regulation of TRPV5 activity by luminal pH has a small impact, per se, on transepithelial Ca fluxes; the reduction in Ca reabsorption induced by metabolic acidosis likely stems from decreases in TRPV5 expression. In contrast, elevations in luminal Ca are predicted to significantly decrease TRPV5 activity via the Ca-sensing receptor. Nevertheless, following the administration of furosemide, the calcium-sensing receptor-mediated increase in Ca reabsorption in the DCT2-CNT is calculated to be insufficient to prevent hypercalciuria. Altogether, our model predicts complex interactions between calcium and sodium reabsorption in the DCT2-CNT.

Eficiência de adubação de batatinha com esterco e N mineral (15N) e efeito residual no cultivo do milheto

Os solos arenosos utilizados para o cultivo da batatinha (Solanum tuberosum) no agreste da Paraíba têm baixo teor de N. Adubações anuais com esterco e N mineral, realizadas empiricamente, têm resultado na acumulação e,ou, perda de nutrientes do solo. Por esse motivo, objetivou-se determinar a eficiência do sulfato de amônio (15N) mais esterco na adubação da batatinha e do efeito residual dessa adubação na produção e absorção de N pelo milheto (Pennisetum glaucum) cultivado em sequência. Em experimento de campo em Neossolo regolítico, foi comparada a combinação de 16 t ha-1 de esterco + 80 kg ha-1 de N, utilizada mais frequentemente na região, com doses de 11 t ha-1 de esterco combinadas com 0, 40 e 80 kg ha-1 de N em aplicação única ou parcelada. O sulfato de amônio utilizado foi enriquecido em 15N (2,5 % de abundância). Em todos os tratamentos, avaliou-se a produtividade de matéria seca de tubérculos e parte aérea do milheto, assim como a composição isotópica do N nesses materiais. Demonstrou-se que a adubação tradicional é excessiva nesse solo, uma vez que a redução para 11 t ha-1 de esterco e 40 kg ha-1 de N mineral não resultou em queda de produtividade das culturas; no entanto, houve queda com a aplicação isolada de esterco. O milheto recuperou grande parte do N mineral adicionado à batatinha e mostrou ser uma alternativa como forrageira em condições de semiárido.

Flow cytofluorometric analysis of the binding of Vicia villosa lectin to T lymphoblasts: lack of correlation with cytolytic function.

The relationship between the binding of Vicia villosa (VV) lectin and the expression of cytolytic function in T lymphoblasts has been investigated using flow cytofluorometric techniques. Spleen cells activated in vitro in 5-day mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC) were incubated sequentially with VV, rabbit anti-V antiserum, and fluoresceinated sheep anti-rabbit IgG. When these stained MLC cells were passed on a flow cytometer gated to exclude nonviable cells and small lymphocytes, a single heterogeneous peak of fluorescence was seen, as compared to control MLC cells that had not been incubated with VV. Fluorescence of lymphoblasts was dependent upon lectin dose and was eliminated when staining was performed in the presence of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, the appropriate competitive sugar for VV. T cell blast populations activated against H-2, Mls, or parasite antigens all had comparable levels of fluorescence after staining with VV, although the cytolytic activity of these cells varied widely. Furthermore, when MLC lymphoblasts binding large or small amounts of VV were sorted on the basis of their relative fluorescence intensity and tested for cytolytic function, no appreciable difference in activity between the 2 populations was observed. These results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that VV binds selectively to cytolytic T lymphocytes.

Do seismic waves and fluid flow sense the same permeability?

We study the discrepancy between the effective flow permeability and the effective seismic permeability, that is, the effective permeability controlling seismic attenuation due to wave-induced fluid flow, in 2D rock samples having mesoscopic heterogeneities and in the presence of strong permeability fluctuations. In order to do so, we employ a numerical oscillatory compressibility test to determine attenuation and velocity dispersion due to wave-induced fluid flow in these kinds of media and compare the responses with those obtained by replacing the heterogeneous permeability field by constant values, including the average permeability as well as the effective flow permeability of the sample. The latter is estimated in a separate upscaling procedure by solving the steady-state flow equation in the rock sample under study. Numerical experiments let us verify that attenuation levels are less significant and the attenuation peak gets broader in the presence of such strong permeability fluctuations. Moreover, we observe that for very low frequencies the effective seismic permeability is similar to the effective flow permeability, while for very high frequencies it approaches the arithmetic average of the permeability field.