Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus: a rare and aggressive disease

Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus is an uncommon tumor, with approximately 300 cases having been reported thus far. The purpose of this study was to describe a case of a 60 year-old man with a 10 month history of progressive dysphagia and thoracic pain, the investigations of which led to a diagnosis of primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus. The patient underwent a transhiatal esophagectomy with subcarinal lymphadenectomy, and isoperistaltic gastric tube replacement of the esophagus. Nine months after surgery, he developed ischemic colitis, and metastasis in the mesentery was diagnosed. His disease progressed and he died one year after the esophagectomy. A review of the literature was performed.

Different approaches for dealing with rare variants in family-based genetic studies: application of a Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 problem

Rare variants are becoming the new candidates in the search for genetic variants that predispose individuals to a phenotype of interest. Their low prevalence in a population requires the development of dedicated detection and analytical methods. A family-based approach could greatly enhance their detection and interpretation because rare variants are nearly family specific. In this report, we test several distinct approaches for analyzing the information provided by rare and common variants and how they can be effectively used to pinpoint putative candidate genes for follow-up studies. The analyses were performed on the mini-exome data set provided by Genetic Analysis Workshop 17. Eight approaches were tested, four using the trait’s heritability estimates and four using QTDT models. These methods had their sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values compared in light of the simulation parameters. Our results highlight important limitations of current methods to deal with rare and common variants, all methods presented a reduced specificity and, consequently, prone to false positive associations. Methods analyzing common variants information showed an enhanced sensibility when compared to rare variants methods. Furthermore, our limited knowledge of the use of biological databases for gene annotations, possibly for use as covariates in regression models, imposes a barrier to further research.

Rediscovered after 77 years: Odontodiaptomus thomseni - a rare species of calanoid (Crustacea: Copepoda) from South America

The freshwater copepod Odontodiaptomus thomseni (Brehm, 1933) (Calanoida: Diaptomidae) is a rare species that has been reported only once - in its original description (BREHM 1933). The lack of subsequent records led to its inclusion in the Red List of threatened species (IUCN). Here we present a new record for O.thomseni. It was discovered in Salto Grande reservoir, which is located in the lower stretches of the Uruguay River, between Uruguay and Argentina, at the River Plate basin. In January 2010, three specimens (two males and one female) were found, and these were studied in detail using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We only had material of Odontodiaptomus paulistanus (Wright, 1936) for comparison, but the position of the lateral spine in right P5 of the male, and the shape and size of lateral wings of the female are especially distinctive. Odontodiaptomus thomseni remains a rare species and we recommend keeping it on the IUCN Red List.

Infective endocarditis with left to right intracardiac fistula due to Streptococcus anginosus - a rare complication caused by an even rarer bacterium

Although infective endocarditis (IE) has been described in reports dating from the Renaissance, the diagnosis still challenges and the outcome often surprises. In the course of time, diagnostic criteria have been updated and validated to reduce misdiagnosis. Some risk factors and epidemiology have shown dynamic changes since degenerative valvular disease became more predominant in developed countries, and the mean age of the affected population increased. Despite streptococci have been being well known as etiologic agents, some groups, although rare, have been increasingly reported (e.g., Streptococcus milleri.) Intracardiac complications of IE are common and have a worse prognosis, frequently requiring surgical treatment. We report a case of a middle-aged diabetic man who presented with prolonged fever, weight loss, and ultimately severe dyspnea. IE was diagnosed based on a new valvular regurgitation murmur, a positive blood culture for Streptococcus anginosus, an echocardiographic finding of an aortic valve vegetation, fever, and pulmonary thromboembolism. Despite an appropriate antibiotic regimen, the patient died. Autopsy findings showed vegetation attached to a bicuspid aortic valve with an associated septal abscess and left ventricle and aortic root fistula connecting with the pulmonary artery. A large thrombus was adherent to the pulmonary artery trunk and a pulmonary septic thromboemboli were also identified.

Functional Genomics and Cell Biology of the Dolphin (Tursiops runcatus): Establishment of Novel Molecular Tools to Study Marine Mammals in Changing Environments

The dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) is a mammal that is adapted to life in a totally aquatic environment. Despite the popularity and even iconic status of the dolphin, our knowledge of its physiology, its unique adaptations and the effects on it of environmental stressors are limited. One approach to improve this limited understanding is the implementation of established cellular and molecular methods to provide sensitive and insightful information for dolphin biology. We initiated our studies with the analysis of wild dolphin peripheral blood leukocytes, which have the potential to be informative of the animal’s global immune status. Transcriptomic profiles from almost 200 individual samples were analyzed using a newly developed species-specific microarray to assess its value as a prognostic and diagnostic tool. Functional genomics analyses were informative of stress-induced gene expression profiles and also of geographical location specific transcriptomic signatures, determined by the interaction of genetic, disease and environmental factors. We have developed quantitative metrics to unambiguously characterize the phenotypic properties of dolphin cells in culture. These quantitative metrics can provide identifiable characteristics and baseline data which will enable identification of changes in the cells due to time in culture. We have also developed a novel protocol to isolate primary cultures from cryopreserved tissue of stranded marine mammals, establishing a tissue (and cell) biorepository, a new approach that can provide a solution to the limited availability of samples. The work presented represents the development and application of tools for the study of the biology, health and physiology of the dolphin, and establishes their relevance for future studies of the impact on the dolphin of environmental infection and stress.

Research on the vocal culture of Orcinus orca in the Loro Parque, Tenerife: a pilot study

This research is focussed on the study of Orcinus orca's communication system. The analysis of vocalizations emitted by marine mammals has started in the '80s and most studies have been carried out in the wild. In this regard the most studied animal has been common dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) as the numerous presence of captive individuals worldwide made researches easier to be carried out. Studies about Orcinus orca's vocalizations have mainly been carried out in the wild (most in British Columbia) because its maintenance in a controlled environment results to be very difficult, only 17 among parks and oceanaria worldwide have some Orcinus orca (45 overall among which 64% born in captivity). These researches showed that Orcinus orca emit three main different types of sounds, classified as: whistles, clicks and calls. Besides, it was discovered that different groups (pods) produce sounds belonging only to the relevant pod (dialects). It is rare to find two pods sharing some calls. The two pods usually live in adjacent areas and can form a clan. This study was carried out in a controlled environment in the Orca ocean structure (Loro Parque, Tenerife, Spain) where, at the moment (March 2012) 6 individuals are hosted. Here it was developed an automatic sound recording system. Thanks to the use of suitable mathematical algorithms that allow to isolate only "interesting" sound events that differ from the "background noise", it was possible to create a database. The visualization of the sound events collected in the database is carried out with the use of a software. By looking at this output and at the observation register we could match the animal to the sound produced. Three situations were detected and studied: 1) Chosen alone: the animal chooses to go to the recording pool but it is free to move to another pool with other individuals. 2) Put alone: the animal is put alone in the recording pool. 3) With other orcas: more animals are together in the recording pool. The statistic analysis show that animals emit more vocalizations when they are in the situation "Chosen alone". The research will continue in order to observe eventual differences in the individual repertoire of each Orcinus orca.

Heavy neutrinos and rare decays

In dieser Dissertation wird der seltene Zerfall K_L->emu imRahmen eines verallgemeinerten Standardmodells detailliertstudiert. In diesem Prozess bleibt die zu einer gegebenen Familie gehoerende Leptonenzahl nicht erhalten. Deswegenwerden unsere Untersuchungen im Rahmen der SU(2)_L x U(1)_Y-und SU(2)_R x SU(2)_L x U(1)_{B-L}-Modelle mit schwerenMajorana-Neutrinos ausgefuehrt. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit betreffen dieBerechnung des Verzweigungsverhaeltnisses fuer den ZerfallK_L->emu. Im SU(2)_L x U(1)_Y-Modell mit schwerenMajorana-Neutrinos wird eine deutliche Steigerung desVerzweigungsverhaeltnisses gefunden, jedoch liegen dieerhaltenen Ergebnisse um einige Groessenordnungen unter derjetzigen experimentellen Grenze. Benutzt man das gewaehlte,auf der SU(2)_R x SU(2)_L x U(1)_{B-L}$-Eichgruppebasierende Modell mit Links-Rechts-Symmetrie, dann erhoehtdie Anwesenheit der links- und rechtshaendigen Stroeme inden Schleifendiagrammen deutlich den Wert desVerzweigungsverhaeltnisses. Dadurch koennen sich Werte inder Naehe der aktuellen experimentellen Grenze vonB(K_L->emu) < 4.7 x 10^{-12} ergeben. Um unsere Ergebnisse zu untermauern, wird die Frage derEichinvarianz bei diesem Zerfallsprozess auf demEin-Schleifen-Niveau mit besonderer Aufmerksamkeitbehandelt. Ein sogenanntes ,,on-shell skeleton``Renormierungsschema wird benutzt, um die erste vollstaendigeAnalyse der Eichinvarianz fuer den Prozess K_L->emuauszufuehren.

Distribuzione delle Terre Rare nelle acque destinate all’alimentazione umana

La distribuzione delle Terre Rare (REE) nell’ambiente deriva da una serie di processi interagenti all’interno di un sistema dinamico che include il ciclo idrologico, attività geologiche, fisiche – chimiche (weathering), fenomeni atmosferici e attività umane. Queste contribuiscono alla dispersione superficiale di tutti gli elementi e in particolare di quelli in traccia tra cui i lantanidi (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Tm, Ho, Er, Yb e Lu) che si ritrovano un po’ ovunque in tutte le matrici, frazionate in modo diverso. L’acqua destinata al consumo alimentare è una di queste. Prelevata di solito da acquiferi profondi, superficiali o da pozzi posti in differenti contesti litologici, può essere soggetta a modifiche importanti delle proprietà fisiche-chimiche e microbiologiche. Più acque minerali relative a marche differenti e conservate in bottiglie di vetro e PET messe a confronto, hanno dimostrato che il vetro è in grado di rilasciare numerosi elementi in funzione della tipologia di acqua contenuta, del tipo di vetro (chiaro o colorato) e delle condizioni predisponenti il rilascio (proprietà intrinseche dell’elemento, fattori esterni quali fonti di calore, ecc.). Terre rare come Ce, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Er, Dy, Y e Sc possono essere ceduti in modo differenziale nell’acqua delle bottiglie. In più casi l’arricchimento è evidenziato da acque nelle quali è stata aggiunta anidride carbonica, mentre non si notano cambiamenti eccessivi nel corrispettive naturali. Per i contenitori in PET si registra un marcato rilascio di antimonio (Sb), ampiamente usato sotto forma di triossido di antimonio nel ciclo produttivo delle plastiche. Rispetto alle acque minerali, quelle di rubinetto soffrono gli effetti dei trattamenti di potabilizzazione e dell’interazione con il sistema di distribuzione idrico. La distribuzione dei lantanidi è influenzata dalle condizioni redox (particolarmente per Ce, ed Eu) e dalla relativa capacità di essere complessati e, quindi, mobilizzati in maniera differente. Nonostante il forte impatto delle attività umane, i valori anomali di alcuni (Gd, Nd) sono nell’ordine dei ng/L, come del resto per tutti gli altri e non costituiscono un pericolo per la salute umana. Al fattore geogenico si attribuiscono i tenori maggiori (ΣREE >1000ng/L) riscontrati in Sardegna.

Structure and properties of intermetallic ternary rare earth compounds

The so called material science is an always growing field in modern research. For the development of new materials not only the experimental characterization but also theoretical calculation of the electronic structure plays an important role. A class of compounds that has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years is known as REME compounds. These compounds are often referred to with RE designating rare earth, actinide or an element from group 1 - 4, M representing a late transition metal from groups 8 - 12, and E belonging to groups 13 - 15. There are more than 2000 compounds with 1:1:1 stoichiometry belonging to this class of compounds and they offer a broad variety of different structure types. Although many REME compounds are know to exist, mainly only structure and magnetism has been determined for these compounds. In particular, in the field of electronic and transport properties relatively few efforts have been made. The main focus in this study is on compounds crystallizing in MgAgAs and LiGaGe structure. Both structures can only be found among 18 valence electron compounds. The f electrons are localized and therefor not count as valence electrons. A special focus here was also on the magnetoresistance effects and spintronic properties found among the REME compounds. An examination of the following compounds was made: GdAuE (E = In, Cd, Mg), GdPdSb, GdNiSb, REAuSn (RE = Gd, Er, Tm) and RENiBi (RE = Pr, Sm, Gd - Tm, Lu). The experimental results were compared with theoretic band structure calculations. The first half metallic ferromagnet with LiGaGe structure (GdPdSb) was found. All semiconducting REME compounds with MgAgAs structure show giant magnetoresistance (GMR) at low temperatures. The GMR is related to a metal-insulator transition, and the value of the GMR depends on the value of the spin-orbit coupling. Inhomogeneous DyNiBi samples show a small positive MR at low temperature that depends on the amount of metallic impurities. At higher fields the samples show a negative GMR. Inhomogeneous nonmagnetic LuNiBi samples show no negative GMR, but a large positive MR of 27.5% at room temperature, which is interesting for application.

Rare and complicated forms of infantile hemangiomas: new therapeutic outlooks

Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are the most common benign neoplastic pathology of childhood; their natural history generally involves three phases: after the onset, which usually occurs in the first weeks of life, there is the proliferation phase where the IH reaches its maximum development and it is followed by the spontaneous involution which leads to the IH regression. The duration and the extent of these phases may vary widely even though in most of the cases the involution process begins around twelve months of life and the regression, complete or partial, is completed around seventh-ninth year of life. The majority of the IHs does not require any treatment. However, 10%-20% is likely to develop serious complications, functional impairments or aesthetic alterations and entail a timely treatment. Although there is no treatment protocol currently shared, therapies usually used in cases with a complication risk consist in: systemic or intralesional steroids as a first choice; interferon α, vincristine and/or bleomicin as second or third choice and/or surgical treatment. Propranolol, a non-selective beta-blocker, has been used for cardiovascular diseases even in childhood for decades. Since 2008 it has been widely used in the IHs treatment, although it is still "off-label". In literature there are hundreds of cases and some clinical studies that show the effectiveness and safety of this drug for this indication. Thanks to a multidisciplinary team (Dermatologists, Cardiologists, Paediatricians, and Radiologists) of S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, a clinical study, which has been previously approved by the ethics committee, is carried out in order to evaluate the efficacy and safety of systemic propranolol in the treatment of IHs in paediatric age. At the end of 2012, 78 patients underwent this treatment: the results we have obtained so far show a good efficacy and safety profile in agreement with the data provided by the literature.

The construction of TRIGA-TRAP and direct high-precision Penning trap mass measurements on rare-earth elements and americium

Nuclear masses are an important quantity to study nuclear structure since they reflect the sum of all nucleonic interactions. Many experimental possibilities exist to precisely measure masses, out of which the Penning trap is the tool to reach the highest precision. Moreover, absolute mass measurements can be performed using carbon, the atomic-mass standard, as a reference. The new double-Penning trap mass spectrometer TRIGA-TRAP has been installed and commissioned within this thesis work, which is the very first experimental setup of this kind located at a nuclear reactor. New technical developments have been carried out such as a reliable non-resonant laser ablation ion source for the production of carbon cluster ions and are still continued, like a non-destructive ion detection technique for single-ion measurements. Neutron-rich fission products will be available by the reactor that are important for nuclear astrophysics, especially the r-process. Prior to the on-line coupling to the reactor, TRIGA-TRAP already performed off-line mass measurements on stable and long-lived isotopes and will continue this program. The main focus within this thesis was on certain rare-earth nuclides in the well-established region of deformation around N~90. Another field of interest are mass measurements on actinoids to test mass models and to provide direct links to the mass standard. Within this thesis, the mass of 241-Am could be measured directly for the first time.