Efficacy of a cognitive and behavioural psychotherapy applied by primary care psychologists in patients with mixed anxiety-depressive disorder: a research protocol

Background: In contrast with the recommendations of clinical practice guidelines, the most common treatment for anxiety and depressive disorders in primary care is pharmacological. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioural psychological intervention, delivered by primary care psychologists in patients with mixed anxiety-depressive disorder compared to usual care. Methods/Design: This is an open-label, multicentre, randomized, and controlled study with two parallel groups. A random sample of 246 patients will be recruited with mild-to-moderate mixed anxiety-depressive disorder, from the target population on the lists of 41 primary care doctors. Patients will be randomly assigned to the intervention group, who will receive standardised cognitive-behavioural therapy delivered by psychologists together with usual care, or to a control group, who will receive usual care alone. The cognitive-behavioural therapy intervention is composed of eight individual 60-minute face-to face sessions conducted in eight consecutive weeks. A follow-up session will be conducted over the telephone, for reinforcement or referral as appropriate, 6 months after the intervention, as required. The primary outcome variable will be the change in scores on the Short Form-36 General Health Survey. We will also measure the change in the frequency and intensity of anxiety symptoms (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and depression (Beck Depression Inventory) at baseline, and 3, 6 and 12 months later. Additionally, we will collect information on the use of drugs and health care services. Discussion: The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of a primary care-based cognitive-behavioural psychological intervention in patients with mixed anxiety-depressive disorder. The international scientific evidence has demonstrated the need for psychologists in primary care. However, given the differences between health policies and health services, it is important to test the effect of these psychological interventions in our geographical setting.

Can environmental constraints determine random patterns of plant species co-occurrence?

Plant community ecologists use the null model approach to infer assembly processes from observed patterns of species co-occurrence. In about a third of published studies, the null hypothesis of random assembly cannot be rejected. When this occurs, plant ecologists interpret that the observed random pattern is not environmentally constrained - but probably generated by stochastic processes. The null model approach (using the C-score and the discrepancy index) was used to test for random assembly under two simulation algorithms. Logistic regression, distance-based redundancy analysis, and constrained ordination were used to test for environmental determinism (species segregation along environmental gradients or turnover and species aggregation). This article introduces an environmentally determined community of alpine hydrophytes that presents itself as randomly assembled. The pathway through which the random pattern arises in this community is suggested to be as follows: Two simultaneous environmental processes, one leading to species aggregation and the other leading to species segregation, concurrently generate the observed pattern, which results to be neither aggregated nor segregated - but random. A simulation study supports this suggestion. Although apparently simple, the null model approach seems to assume that a single ecological factor prevails or that if several factors decisively influence the community, then they all exert their influence in the same direction, generating either aggregation or segregation. As these assumptions are unlikely to hold in most cases and assembly processes cannot be inferred from random patterns, we would like to propose plant ecologists to investigate specifically the ecological processes responsible for observed random patterns, instead of trying to infer processes from patterns

Crank-Nicholson method for rate equations in powder random lasers

3rd International Conference on Mathematical Modeling in Physical Sciences (IC-MSQUARE 2014)

Transtorno do Estresse Pós-Traumático e alterações lipídicas

O transtorno do estresse pós-traumático (TEPT) e alterações lipídicas são as temáticas principais dessa Dissertação. Seu objetivo principal foi investigar a associação entre o TEPT e as concentrações séricas de colesterol total (CT), lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL), lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL) e triglicerídeos (TG) através de uma revisão sistemática da literatura seguida de metanálise. Adicionalmente, a relação entre essas variáveis lipídicas e os grupos de sintomas do TEPT revivescência, esquiva/entorpecimento emocional e hiperestimulação autonômica foi avaliada em um segundo estudo com dados primários. A metanálise incluiu 18 artigos, totalizando 2.110 indivíduos com TEPT e 17.550 indivíduos sem TEPT. As diferenças de médias ponderadas (DMP) mg/dL dos parâmetros lipídicos foram calculadas por modelos de efeitos aleatórios e modelos de meta-regressão foram ajustados para investigar possíveis fontes de heterogeneidade. O estudo encontrou que o TEPT foi associado a um pior perfil lipídico quando comparados a controles sem o transtorno (DMPCT= 20,57, IC 95% 12,21 28,93; DMPLDL= 12,11, IC 95% 5,89 18,32; DMPHDL= -3,73, IC 95% -5,97 -1,49; DMPTG= 35,87, IC 95% 21,12 50,61). A heterogeneidade estatística entre os resultados dos estudos foi alta para todos os parâmetros lipídicos e a variável que mais pareceu explicar essas inconsistências foi idade. O segundo artigo faz parte de um estudo maior conduzido em 2004 com 157 policiais do sexo masculino do Batalhão de Choque da Polícia Militar do Estado de Goiás (BPMCHOQUE). Somente oficiais de férias ou em dispensa inclusive dispensa médica não foram avaliados. O instrumento utilizado para o rastreio do TEPT foi a versão em português para civis da Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-C). Trinta e nove participantes (25%) foram excluídos do estudo: dois porque falharam no preenchimento dos questionários e 37 cujas amostras de sangue não foram coletadas por vários motivos. Neste trabalho, encontrou-se uma forte correlação positiva entre as concentrações séricas de CT e LDL com o grupo de sintomas de hiperestimulação autonômica, somente no grupo TEPT: ρ= 0,89 (p<0,01) e ρ =0,92 (p<0,01), respectivamente. Em suma, espera-se que os resultados dessa Dissertação possam colaborar para o estabelecimento de um melhor acompanhamento clínico de pacientes com TEPT, particularmente porque estes parecem estar sob um maior risco de doenças cardiovasculares devido a um pior perfil lipídico.