Revealed preference and indifferent selection

It is shown that preferences can be constructed from observed choice behavior in a way that is robust to indifferent selection (i.e., the agent is indifferent between two alternatives but, nevertheless, is only observed selecting one of them). More precisely, a suggestion by Savage (1954) to reveal indifferent selection by considering small monetary perturbations of alternatives is formalized and generalized to a purely topological framework: references over an arbitrary topological space can be uniquely derived from observed behavior under the assumptions that they are continuous and nonsatiated and that a strictly preferred alternative is always chosen, and indifferent selection is then characterized by discontinuity in choice behavior. Two particular cases are then analyzed: monotonic preferences over a partially ordered set, and preferences representable by a continuous pseudo-utility function.

A neuronal gamma oscillatory signature during morphological unification in the left occipitotemporal junction.

Morphology is the aspect of language concerned with the internal structure of words. In the past decades, a large body of masked priming (behavioral and neuroimaging) data has suggested that the visual word recognition system automatically decomposes any morphologically complex word into a stem and its constituent morphemes. Yet the reliance of morphology on other reading processes (e.g., orthography and semantics), as well as its underlying neuronal mechanisms are yet to be determined. In the current magnetoencephalography study, we addressed morphology from the perspective of the unification framework, that is, by applying the Hold/Release paradigm, morphological unification was simulated via the assembly of internal morphemic units into a whole word. Trials representing real words were divided into words with a transparent (true) or a nontransparent (pseudo) morphological relationship. Morphological unification of truly suffixed words was faster and more accurate and additionally enhanced induced oscillations in the narrow gamma band (60-85 Hz, 260-440 ms) in the left posterior occipitotemporal junction. This neural signature could not be explained by a mere automatic lexical processing (i.e., stem perception), but more likely it related to a semantic access step during the morphological unification process. By demonstrating the validity of unification at the morphological level, this study contributes to the vast empirical evidence on unification across other language processes. Furthermore, we point out that morphological unification relies on the retrieval of lexical semantic associations via induced gamma band oscillations in a cerebral hub region for visual word form processing.

Modelação cinética da conversão do furfural utilizando catalisadores multifuncionais

A utilização da biomassa como fonte de matéria-prima renovável para a obtenção de biocombustíveis e produtos de consumo pode reduzir os riscos geopolíticos e de segurança energética. As hemiceluloses – um dos principais componentes da biomassa vegetal - são convertidas industrialmente em furfural (Fur) que tem uma vasta gama de aplicações, sendo, por isso, considerado um dos compostos químicos renováveis de base mais importantes para biorefinarias. Este trabalho está relacionado com a valorização química do Fur, inserindo-se no conceito da Biorefinaria e nos objetivos de investigação do laboratório associado CICECO. Foi investigada a conversão catalítica do Fur em determinados bio-produtos de interesse para diversos setores da indústria química. Em particular, alquilfurfuril éteres, ésteres alquil-4-oxopentanoato, 5-metil-2-furanonas, ácido levulínico e gama-valerolactona são importantes para a produção de bio-aditivos para combustíveis, bio-polímeros, agroquímicos, aromas e fragrâncias, solventes, etc. A conversão do Fur nos bio-produtos envolve mecanismos reacionais complexos e requer o uso de catalisadores ácidos e de redução. A realização das múltiplas etapas num único reator é importante em termos de intensificação de processos. Neste trabalho, investigou-se a conversão do Fur em bio-produtos, num reator descontínuo fechado, a 120 ºC, utilizando catalisadores multifuncionais nanocristalinos do tipo zeólito beta contendo centros ativos de zircónio (Zr) e alumínio (Al). Com base numa revisão bibliográfica, propuseram-se dois modelos cinéticos pseudo-homogéneos para a conversão do Fur. Os modelos foram testados por ajuste das equações diferenciais ordinárias, representativas dos balanços às espécies reativas num reator descontínuo isotérmico, aos resultados experimentais de concentração versus tempo do Fur e cada um dos bio-produtos. Os estudos cinéticos foram combinados com os de caracterização dos catalisadores no estudo da influência das propriedades dos materiais nos diferentes passos do mecanismo global. Os centros ácidos de Al e Zr promoveram as reações ácidas e os de Zr eram essenciais para os passos de redução. No geral, as constantes cinéticas aparentes relativas às reações ácidas desejadas aumentaram com a razão Al/Zr dos catalisadores, e as dos passos de redução aumentaram com a diminuição da razão Si/Zr. O aumento da razão Al/Zr simultaneamente promoveu as reações indesejadas, diminuindo o rendimento total dos bio-produtos.

Lhermitte-Duclos disease.

Lhermitte-Duclos disease (dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum) is a rare pseudo-neoplastic disorder of the cerebellum with typical MRI findings. A 25-year-old man presenting with progressive neck pain, dizziness, and impaired vision is reported. CT and MRI revealed a left cerebellar haemispheric mass and obstructive hydrocephalus. Lhermitte-Duclos disease was histologically confirmed after surgical removal of the lesion. The typical MRI appearance of a nonenhancing haemispheric cerebellar mass with preservation and exaggeration of the normal gyral pattern allows pre-operative diagnosis of this condition. The literature is reviewed and clinical presentation, radiology and histopathology are discussed.

Unfolding nature "in silico" : overcoming practical and metodological limitations of species distribution models

Abstract : The existence of a causal relationship between the spatial distribution of living organisms and their environment, in particular climate, has been long recognized and is the central principle of biogeography. In turn, this recognition has led scientists to the idea of using the climatic, topographic, edaphic and biotic characteristics of the environment to predict its potential suitability for a given species or biological community. In this thesis, my objective is to contribute to the development of methodological improvements in the field of species distribution modeling. More precisely, the objectives are to propose solutions to overcome limitations of species distribution models when applied to conservation biology issues, or when .used as an assessment tool of the potential impacts of global change. The first objective of my thesis is to contribute to evidence the potential of species distribution models for conservation-related applications. I present a methodology to generate pseudo-absences in order to overcome the frequent lack of reliable absence data. I also demonstrate, both theoretically (simulation-based) and practically (field-based), how species distribution models can be successfully used to model and sample rare species. Overall, the results of this first part of the thesis demonstrate the strong potential of species distribution models as a tool for practical applications in conservation biology. The second objective this thesis is to contribute to improve .projections of potential climate change impacts on species distributions, and in particular for mountain flora. I develop and a dynamic model, MIGCLIM, that allows the implementation of dispersal limitations into classic species distribution models and present an application of this model to two virtual species. Given that accounting for dispersal limitations requires information on seed dispersal, distances, a general methodology to classify species into broad dispersal types is also developed. Finally, the M~GCLIM model is applied to a large number of species in a study area of the western Swiss Alps. Overall, the results indicate that while dispersal limitations can have an important impact on the outcome of future projections of species distributions under climate change scenarios, estimating species threat levels (e.g. species extinction rates) for a mountainous areas of limited size (i.e. regional scale) can also be successfully achieved when considering dispersal as unlimited (i.e. ignoring dispersal limitations, which is easier from a practical point of view). Finally, I present the largest fine scale assessment of potential climate change impacts on mountain vegetation that has been carried-out to date. This assessment involves vegetation from 12 study areas distributed across all major western and central European mountain ranges. The results highlight that some mountain ranges (the Pyrenees and the Austrian Alps) are expected to be more affected by climate change than others (Norway and the Scottish Highlands). The results I obtain in this study also indicate that the threat levels projected by fine scale models are less severe than those derived from coarse scale models. This result suggests that some species could persist in small refugias that are not detected by coarse scale models. Résumé : L'existence d'une relation causale entre la répartition des espèces animales et végétales et leur environnement, en particulier le climat, a été mis en évidence depuis longtemps et est un des principes centraux en biogéographie. Ce lien a naturellement conduit à l'idée d'utiliser les caractéristiques climatiques, topographiques, édaphiques et biotiques de l'environnement afin d'en prédire la qualité pour une espèce ou une communauté. Dans ce travail de thèse, mon objectif est de contribuer au développement d'améliorations méthodologiques dans le domaine de la modélisation de la distribution d'espèces dans le paysage. Plus précisément, les objectifs sont de proposer des solutions afin de surmonter certaines limitations des modèles de distribution d'espèces dans des applications pratiques de biologie de la conservation ou dans leur utilisation pour évaluer l'impact potentiel des changements climatiques sur l'environnement. Le premier objectif majeur de mon travail est de contribuer à démontrer le potentiel des modèles de distribution d'espèces pour des applications pratiques en biologie de la conservation. Je propose une méthode pour générer des pseudo-absences qui permet de surmonter le problème récurent du manque de données d'absences fiables. Je démontre aussi, de manière théorique (par simulation) et pratique (par échantillonnage de terrain), comment les modèles de distribution d'espèces peuvent être utilisés pour modéliser et améliorer l'échantillonnage des espèces rares. Ces résultats démontrent le potentiel des modèles de distribution d'espèces comme outils pour des applications de biologie de la conservation. Le deuxième objectif majeur de ce travail est de contribuer à améliorer les projections d'impacts potentiels des changements climatiques sur la flore, en particulier dans les zones de montagnes. Je développe un modèle dynamique de distribution appelé MigClim qui permet de tenir compte des limitations de dispersion dans les projections futures de distribution potentielle d'espèces, et teste son application sur deux espèces virtuelles. Vu que le fait de prendre en compte les limitations dues à la dispersion demande des données supplémentaires importantes (p.ex. la distance de dispersion des graines), ce travail propose aussi une méthode de classification simplifiée des espèces végétales dans de grands "types de disperseurs", ce qui permet ainsi de d'obtenir de bonnes approximations de distances de dispersions pour un grand nombre d'espèces. Finalement, j'applique aussi le modèle MIGCLIM à un grand nombre d'espèces de plantes dans une zone d'études des pré-Alpes vaudoises. Les résultats montrent que les limitations de dispersion peuvent avoir un impact considérable sur la distribution potentielle d'espèces prédites sous des scénarios de changements climatiques. Cependant, quand les modèles sont utilisés pour évaluer les taux d'extinction d'espèces dans des zones de montages de taille limitée (évaluation régionale), il est aussi possible d'obtenir de bonnes approximations en considérant la dispersion des espèces comme illimitée, ce qui est nettement plus simple d'un point dé vue pratique. Pour terminer je présente la plus grande évaluation à fine échelle d'impact potentiel des changements climatiques sur la flore des montagnes conduite à ce jour. Cette évaluation englobe 12 zones d'études réparties sur toutes les chaines de montages principales d'Europe occidentale et centrale. Les résultats montrent que certaines chaines de montagnes (les Pyrénées et les Alpes Autrichiennes) sont projetées comme plus sensibles aux changements climatiques que d'autres (les Alpes Scandinaves et les Highlands d'Ecosse). Les résultats obtenus montrent aussi que les modèles à échelle fine projettent des impacts de changement climatiques (p. ex. taux d'extinction d'espèces) moins sévères que les modèles à échelle large. Cela laisse supposer que les modèles a échelle fine sont capables de modéliser des micro-niches climatiques non-détectées par les modèles à échelle large.

Extraits divers.

Contient : Extraits de chartes et de manuscrits, parmi lesquels on remarque les suivants : ; Chartes de Saint-Crépin de Soissons (VIIIe-IXe siècle) ; Charte de Philippe-Auguste pour l'abbaye de Sarlat, 1181 (Delisle, Actes de Philippe-Auguste, n° 19) ; Lettres de Philippe-Auguste aux nobles de Poitou, pour les mander à l'expédition d'Angleterre, d'après un ms. de l'abbaye du Jard ; Lettres relatives aux affaires d'Avignon (1470-1472) ; Notice de la fondation da l'église de Nogaro, en 1061-1062 (Bréquigny, Table chronologique, t. II, p. 83) ; Acte d'émancipation de Raoul, fils de Raoul de Cournand (1245), d'après un vidimus de 1259 ; Visio Wettini, d'après un ms. de Cl. Dupuy collationné avec un ms. de Besly ; Notes concernant sainte Wilgeforte ; Lettre de M. Boileau, doyen de Sens [à Baluze] (21 juin 1684) ; Extraits de mss. liturgiques du chapitre de Sens ; Lettre de Raban Maur au chorévêque Regimbaldus ; collation d'un ms. d'Ant. Faure ; Extraits des « Constitutiones episcopatus Sutrini », ms. appartenant au cardinal Casanata ; Extrait d'un ms. d'Orléans (aujourd'hui Bibl. nat., nouv. acq. lat. 1632 ; cf. (Delisle, Cat. des fonds Libri et Barrois, p. 111) ; Extraits d'un sacramentaire de l'église de Lyon, faits par Baluze en novembre 1673 ; Extraits d'un pontifical de l'église de Reims ; Extraits d'un pontifical de l'église de Reims, de la main d'Adrien de Valois ; Autres extraits d'un pontifical de Sens ; Formules de serments « ex veteri codice Remensi Nicolai Fabri. » ; Extraits d'un pontifical de l'église de Reims ; Extraits d'un ms. de Saint-Gall (sans doute ms. 446), collationnés par Baluze en 1674 ; Ordo romanus, extraits faits d'après deux mss. de Saint-Gall ; Ordo romanus, extraits faits d'après un ms. de Cahors ; « Benedictiones, » tirées d'un ms. de Saint-Hilaire-en-Carcassès ; Extraits du De confessione verae fidei [Liber precum], de Marcellinus et Faustinus, faits par Baluze en décembre 1673, d'après un ms. de Saint-Gall (ms. 190) ; « Ex homiliis incerti auctoris qui aevo Karoli M. floruit, » d'après un ms. de Saint-Gall ; Homélies tirées d'un ms. de l'église de Lyon ; Poenitentia laicorum, de Fulbert de Chartres (Migne, Patr. lat., t. CXLI, col. 339) ; Extraits d'un pénitentiel, d'après un ms. de Saint-Arnoul de Metz ; Extraits d'un ms. de l'Oratoire de Troyes, contenant un recueil de canons ; Extraits des Decrétales du Pseudo-Isidore, d'après un ms. de Saint-Gall (ms. 670) ; Copie de deux martyrologes, envoyée par Baluze à d'Achery (cf. note au f. 185) ; le second (f. 210), tiré d'un ms. de Saint-Gall (sans doute le ms. 914), de la main de Baluze, en juin 1674 ; Extraits du De miseria humanae conditionis, d'Innocent III ; Dédicace, par Calixte II, de l'église du Ronceray d'Angers (Hist. de France, t. XIV, p. 199) ; Lettre de Charlemagne relative aux travaux de Paul Diacre (Migne, Patr. lat., t. XCV, col. 1159) ; Bulles et actes pontificaux divers : ; Bulles d'Eugène III (24 avril 1146) et d'Anastase IV (25 avril 1154) pour les églises de la province de Bordeaux (Jaffé, Regesta, nos 8910 et 9876) ; Bulle de Benoit XI portant révocation des collations de bénéfices faites par Boniface VIII (6 novembre 1303) ; Bulle d'Innocent VI pour la prédication d'une croisade contre les Grandes Compagnies (1361), d'après un ms. de Saint-Victor ; Bulle de Clément VII pour le monastère de Coiroux (6 juillet 1393) ; Lettres de Julien [de la Rovere], cardinalévêque d'Ostie, pour Antoine Galvan, seigneur de « Chausenejoulx » (15 février 1486) ; Bulle de Pie V pour Hugues de Vermondot, abbé de La Valette (23 avril 1571) ; Signature en cour de Rome pour Jean du Peyron, sacristain du monastère d'Obazine (17 février 1587) ; Bulle de Clément VIII pour Pierre Pandinhe, abbé de Bonneval (4 janvier 1596) ; Bulle du même pour Léger, abbé de Dalon (12 juin 1600) ; Bulles du même pour Jean de Montroux, abbé de Bonaigue (1601) ; Bulle d'Alexandre III pour l'église de Toulouse, 8 juillet 1162 [Jaffé, n° 10739) ; Bref de N. S. P. le pape Alexandre VII, envoyé à M. l'abbé comte de Richelieu, au sujet de son voyage d'Allemagne (23 mars 1664) ; imprimé de 4 pages in-fol ; Lettres de Philippe le Bel portant convocation d'Etats à Tours (25 mars 1307) ; Lettre de Dom Claude Estiennot à Baluze (Rome, 1er mai 1696) ; Lettre de l'empereur Léopold Ier à Charles II, roi d'Espagne (Vienne, 20 janvier 1696) ; Lettres de l'inquisiteur général de Portugal, portant condamnation des Acta sanctorum des Bollandistes (24 janvier 1696) ; Lettres des inquisiteurs d'Aragon portant même condamnation (19 novembre 1695) ; Extraits de la vie de saint Géraud d'Aurillac ; Instructions données à ceux qui visitent des églises ; Extraits d'un évengéliaire donné par la comtesse. Mathilde à l'abbaye de Padolirone ; Extrait du récit de la translation des reliques de saint Thomas d'Aquin à Toulouse, en 1368, par Raimond Hugues (Bibl. hag. lat. n° 8161), d'après un ms. des Dominicains de Toulouse ; Extraits d'un recueil de formules appartenant à Fr. Pithou (cf. Zeumer, Formulae, p. 597) ; Note sur la fuite d'Ant. Muret à Toulouse, en 1554 ; Sommaire des thèses d'Et. Baluze pour le grade de bachelier en droit canon (3 septembre 1665) ; « Harangue de M. Talon, avocat général, au lit de justice du Roy, tenu au Parlement de Paris, le mecredi XVe janvier 1648. » ; Notes sur l'histoire d'Espagne, envoyées à Baluze ; Lettres (1380-1383), relatives à Simon de Cramaud, plus tard évêque de Carcassonne ; Mémoire sur les affaires d'Italie (26 mars 1669), en italien ; Eloge de Louis XIV : paraphrase, en vers latins, du Psaume CXLIII ; Eloge de Colbert, par M. Boyer ; original ; Lettres de Pierre de Saint-Martial, archevêque de Toulouse, pour l'Hôpital Saint-Jacques de ladite ville (1391) ; Extraits d'un bréviaire ms. de Limoges ; Extraits des registres du Parlement de Toulouse ; Notes pour l'établissement du texte des lettres de Pierre de Blois ; Note sur les affaires de Roussillon ; Instructions données par Henri d'Orléans, [marquis de Rothelin], à ses fils ; « Sirventes de Arnaud Maziere, 1283 », et pièces relatives à Frothaire, archevêque de Bourges ; Notes extraites des archives de Carcassonne, envoyées à Baluze par Guillaume Besse ; Anagramme sur le nom de famille [Ruspiliosus] du pape Clément IX ; placard gravé de 1668

Recherches nouvelles sur les "Evangiles latins de l'enfance" de M. R. James et sur un récit apocryphe mal connu de la naissance de Jésus

Les Evangiles latins de l'enfance ont été peu étudiés depuis l'édition de M. R. James en 1927. La prochaine publication dans la Series apocryphorum des Évangiles irlandais de l'enfance jette un éclairage nouveau sur cette compilation latine qui combine le Protévangile de Jacques, l'Évangile du Pseudo-Matthieu et une 3e Source non identifiée racontant la naissance de Jésus. Les récits irlandais du Leabar Breac et du Liber Flavus Fergusiorum permettent de remonter à un état antérieur à la compilation, pas encore influencé par le Pseudo-Matthieu. Ils conservent parfois des éléments du texte de la Source qui ont disparu dans le latin. Le récit original de cette source inconnue est indépendant du Protévangile de Jacques et pourrait être aussi ancien que lui. C'est ce qui ressort de l'étude par l'A. de quelques motifs caractéristiques : l'impôt lié au recensement, la pauvreté de Joseph, le rôle des fils de Joseph, le lieu de la nativité, l'épisode de la sage-femme.

Ventricular but not atrial electro-mechanical delay of the embryonic heart is altered by anoxia-reoxygenation and improved by nitric oxide.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Excitation-contraction coupling is modulated by nitric oxide (NO) which otherwise has either beneficial or detrimental effects on myocardial function during hypoxia-reoxygenation. This work aimed at characterizing the variations of electromechanical delay (EMD) induced by anoxia-reoxygenation within the developing heart and determining whether atrial and ventricular EMD are modulated by NO to the same extent. METHODS: Hearts of 4 or 4.5-day-old chick embryos were excised and submitted in vitro to normoxia (45 min), anoxia (30 min) and reoxygenation (60 min). Electrocardiogram and atrial and ventricular contractions were simultaneously recorded throughout experiment. Anoxia-reoxygenation-induced chrono-, dromo-and inotropic disturbances and changes in EMD in atrium (EMDa) and ventricle (EMDv) were investigated in control hearts and in hearts exposed to 0.1, 1, 10, 50 and 100 microM of DETA-NONOate (a NO donating agent) or to 50 microM of L-NAME (a NOS inhibitor). RESULTS: Under normoxia, heart rate, PR interval, ventricular shortening velocity, EMDa and EMDv were similar in control, L-NAME-treated and DETA-NONOate-treated hearts. Under anoxia, cardiac activity became markedly erratic within less than 10 min in all groups. At the onset of reoxygenation, EMDv was increased by about 300% with respect to the preanoxic value while EMDa did not vary significatively. Compared to control conditions, L-NAME or DETA-NONOate had no influence on the negative chrono-, dromo- and inotropic effects induced by anoxia-reoxygenation. However, L-NAME prolonged EMDv during anoxia and delayed EMDv recovery during reoxygenation while 100 microM DETA-NONOate had the opposite effects. EMDa was neither affected by NOS inhibitor nor NO donor. At the end of reoxygenation, all the investigated parameters returned to their basal values. CONCLUSION: This work provides evidence that a NO-dependent pathway is involved in regulation of the ventricular excitation-contraction coupling in the anoxic-reoxygenated developing heart.

Dispersão de Latossolos em resposta à utilização de pré-tratamentos na análise textural

O resultado mais acurado da análise textural depende da completa dispersão da amostra de solo e da manutenção da estabilidade da fase dispersa. Alguns Latossolos podem apresentar problemas de dispersão, graças à presença de microagregados de alta estabilidade. Esses grupamentos, muito argilosos, são parcialmente desagregados pela dispersão química e mecânica, contribuindo, pelo seu tamanho, para superestimar, fundamentalmente, a proporção de silte do solo analisado. Assim, visando minimizar a proporção de pseudocomponentes na análise textural dos Latossolos, realizou-se um experimento de laboratório, para verificar a efetividade da dispersão em resposta à utilização de pré-tratamentos na remoção de agentes cimentantes. Os tratamentos corresponderam a um arranjo fatorial 7 x 2². Os fatores em estudo foram amostras de sete Latossolos dispersos com NaOH 0,01 mol L-1, com presença ou ausência de pré-tratamentos para remoção da matéria orgânica e dos óxidos de ferro e alumínio mal cristalizados. A fração silte foi novamente dispersa, determinando-se a proporção de argila e silte após a segunda dispersão. A remoção de matéria orgânica e a de óxidos de ferro e alumínio mal cristalizados provocaram incremento na proporção de argila, indicando a dispersão de microagregados com tamanhos correspondentes aos de outras frações texturais, em particular da fração silte. A presença do pseudo-silte foi confirmada em todos os solos estudados, sobretudo nos solos mais oxídicos. As frações areia fina e areia grossa também apresentaram microagregados de argilas. Após a segunda dispersão, a fração silte apresentou valores que variaram de 0,199 a 0,537 kg kg-1 de argila. Para reduzir a proporção de pseudo-silte, há necessidade de realizar pré-tratamentos. Como a resposta aos pré-tratamento testados não foi cumulativa, sugere-se utilizar o pré-tratamento para remover óxidos de ferro e alumínio mal cristalizados.

Analyse des séjours hospitaliers : apport des données infirmières

Background: In Switzerland the aim of health insurance (LAMaI) is to control rising health costs. One method is to institute a prospective payment system (DRGs) for all Swiss hospitals in 2012, according to which hospital funding will be based only on medical and administrative data. Question: What is the contribution of nursing to the analysis of hospital stays? Method: On the basis of aIl patient hospital stays in the CHUV (Lausanne) during 2005 and 2006, we have compared a medico-administrative data model and a nursing data model. We used a logistic regression on the probability of patient exit. Results: The capacity of discrimination of the model is appreciably improved since the surface under curve O.C.R. passes from 0.712 with the casemix data and the rang of day to 0.785 if it's adds data on heaviness of care (pseudo R² respectively 0.096 and 0.152). Discussion: This approach provides evidence on the feasibility of using standards of care pathway allowing managers to analyse the organisation of patient care and securing a better estimate of hospital funding.

Ectopic pacing at physiological rate improves postanoxic recovery of the developing heart.

Recently, rapid and transient cardiac pacing was shown to induce preconditioning in animal models. Whether the electrical stimulation per se or the concomitant myocardial ischemia affords such a protection remains unknown. We tested the hypothesis that chronic pacing of a cardiac preparation maintained in a normoxic condition can induce protection. Hearts of 4-day-old chick embryos were electrically paced in ovo over a 12-h period using asynchronous and intermittent ventricular stimulation (5 min on-10 min off) at 110% of the intrinsic rate. Sham (n = 6) and paced hearts (n = 6) were then excised, mounted in vitro, and subjected successively to 30 min of normoxia (20% O(2)), 30 min of anoxia (0% O(2)), and 60 min of reoxygenation (20% O(2)). Electrocardiogram and atrial and ventricular contractions were simultaneously recorded throughout the experiment. Reoxygenation-induced chrono-, dromo-, and inotropic disturbances, incidence of arrhythmias, and changes in electromechanical delay (EMD) in atria and ventricle were systematically investigated in sham and paced hearts. Under normoxia, the isolated heart beat spontaneously and regularly, and all baseline functional parameters were similar in sham and paced groups (means +/- SD): heart rate (190 +/- 36 beats/min), P-R interval (104 +/- 25 ms), mechanical atrioventricular propagation (20 +/- 4 mm/s), ventricular shortening velocity (1.7 +/- 1 mm/s), atrial EMD (17 +/- 4 ms), and ventricular EMD (16 +/- 2 ms). Under anoxia, cardiac function progressively collapsed, and sinoatrial activity finally stopped after approximately 9 min in both groups. During reoxygenation, paced hearts showed 1) a lower incidence of arrhythmias than sham hearts, 2) an increased rate of recovery of ventricular contractility compared with sham hearts, and 3) a faster return of ventricular EMD to basal value than sham hearts. However, recovery of heart rate, atrioventricular conduction, and atrial EMD was not improved by pacing. Activity of all hearts was fully restored at the end of reoxygenation. These findings suggest that chronic electrical stimulation of the ventricle at a near-physiological rate selectively alters some cellular functions within the heart and constitutes a nonischemic means to increase myocardial tolerance to a subsequent hypoxia-reoxygenation.

Stem cell populations derived from heart and pancreas show a with a unique phenotype and give rise to functional cardiomyocytes and insulin-producing cells, respectively

Introduction: Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) of perivascular origin have been identified in several organs not including the heart. Using a novel cell isolation protocol, we have isolated cells sharing common characteristics from mouse hearts and pancreas. The aim of the present study was to characterize these cells in vitro.Methods: Cells were isolated from neonatal and adult mouse hearts and pancreas and cultured for more than 6 months. Surface marker expression was analyzed by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. Cell differentiation was tested using multiple differentiation media. Insulin production by pancreas-derived cells was tested by dithizone staining.Results: Cells showing a similar, distinctive morphology were obtained from the heart and pancreas after 4-8 weeks of culture. Cells from the two organs also showed a very similar immunophenotype, characterized by expression of c-kit (stem cell factor receptor), CD44, the common leukocyte marker CD45, and the monocytic markers CD11b and CD14. A significant proportion of cardiac and pancreatic cells expressed NG2, a marker for pericytes and other vascular cells. A significant proportion of cardiac, but not of pancreatic cells expressed stem cell antigen-1 (Sca-1). However, cells did not express T, B or dendritic cell markers. Cells of both cardiac and pancreatic origin spontaneously formed "spheres" (spherical cell aggregates similar to "neurospheres" formed by neural stem cells) in vitro. Cardiosphere formation was enhanced by TNF-alpha. Several cardiospheres (but no "pancreatospheres") derived from neonatal (but not adult) cells showed spontaneous rhythmic contractions, thus demonstrating cardiac differentiation (this was confirmed by immunostaining for alpha-sarcomeric actinin). Beating activity was enhanced by low serum conditions. Cells from both organs formed adipocytes, osteocytes and osteocytes under appropriate conditions, the typical differentiation pattern of MSCs. Pancreas-derived cells also formed dithizonepositive insulin-producing cells.Conclusions: We have defined cardiac and pancreatic cell populations that share a common morphology, growth characteristics, and a unique immunophenotype. Expression of perivascular and monocytic markers, along with stem/priogenitor cell markers by these cells suggests a relationship with pericytes-mesoangioblasts and so-called multipotent monocytes. Cells show MSC-typical growth and differentiation patterns, together with tissue-specific differentiation potential: cardiomyocytes for cardiac-derived cells and insulinproducing cells for pancreas-derived cells.

Role of atrial natriuretic peptides and neuropeptide Y in blood pressure regulation.

Atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP) are released into the circulation in response to enhanced atrial stretching. These peptides not only have diuretic and natriuretic properties, but also exert a relaxing effect on the vasculature. Moreover, they antagonize the contractions induced by norepinephrine and angiotensin II. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is also a vasoactive peptide. It is widely distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. NPY is coreleased with norepinephrine by perivascular nerve endings. At high concentrations, this peptide has a direct vasoconstrictor effect. In addition, it enhances the vascular effect of various agonists, including norepinephrine and angiotensin II. Both ANP and NPY have an inhibitory effect on renin secretion. This effect may have important implications for the role of these peptides in cardiovascular regulation.

Fósforo remanescente em argila e silte retirados de Latossolos após pré-tratamentos na análise textural

Alguns Latossolos podem apresentar problemas de dispersão, devido a grupamentos de microagregados de alta estabilidade. Esses grupamentos, muito argilosos, são parcialmente desagregados pela dispersão química e mecânica, contribuindo, pelo seu tamanho, para superestimar a proporção de silte do solo analisado. Para reduzir a proporção de pseudo-componentes aplicam-se pré-tratamentos, cuja eficiência pode ser testada pela capacidade de retenção de fosfatos. Assim, realizou-se um ensaio em laboratório com objetivo de verificar o uso da determinação do fósforo remanescente (Prem) como medida da eficiência de pré-tratamentos na análise textural de Latossolos. Os tratamentos corresponderam a um arranjo fatorial 7 x 2², num delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os fatores em estudo foram as amostras de sete Latossolos dispersos com NaOH 0,1 mol L-1, sem e com (2²) pré-tratamentos para a remoção da matéria orgânica (-MO) e dos óxidos de Fe e Al mal cristalizados (-Ox). Determinou-se o Prem em amostras da fração argila e silte dispersas uma vez e da fração silte dispersa uma segunda vez. A determinação do Prem é eficiente em mostrar diferenças entre os tratamentos aplicados, evidenciando alterações na capacidade de retenção de fosfatos, que foi incrementada no tratamento -MO, por maior exposição de componentes inorgânicos, e reduzida no tratamento -Ox, por diminuir a proporção de óxidos mal cristalizados.

Gastric banding interferes with esophageal motility and gastroesophageal reflux.

BACKGROUND: Gastroesophageal reflux and progressive esophageal dilatation can develop after gastric banding (GB). HYPOTHESIS: Gastric banding may interfere with esophageal motility, enhance reflux, or promote esophageal dilatation. DESIGN: Before-after trial in patients undergoing GB. SETTING: University teaching hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 1999 and August 2002, 43 patients undergoing laparoscopic GB for morbid obesity underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, 24-hour pH monitoring, and stationary esophageal manometry before GB and between 6 and 18 months postoperatively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Reflux symptoms, endoscopic esophagitis, pressures measured at manometry, esophageal acid exposure. RESULTS: There was no difference in the prevalence of reflux symptoms or esophagitis before and after GB. The lower esophageal sphincter was unaffected by surgery, but contractions in the lower esophagus weakened after GB, in correlation with preoperative values. There was a trend toward more postoperative nonspecific motility disorders. Esophageal acid exposure tended to decrease after GB, with fewer reflux episodes. A few patients developed massive postoperative reflux. There was no clear correlation between preoperative testing and postoperative esophageal acid exposure, although patients with abnormal preoperative acid exposure tended to maintain high values after GB. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative esophageal dysmotility and gastroesophageal reflux are not uncommon after GB. Preoperative testing should be done routinely. Low amplitude of contraction in the lower esophagus and increased esophageal acid exposure should be regarded as contraindications to GB. Patients with such findings should be offered an alternative procedure, such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.