Estudo da síntese e sinterização de pós compósitos do sistema Ta-Cu

Ta-Cu bulk composites combine high mechanical resistance of the Ta with high electrical and thermal conductivity of the Cu. These are important characteristics to electrical contacts, microwave absorber and heat skinks. However, the low wettability of Ta under Cu liquid and insolubility mutual these elements come hard sintering this composite. High-energy milling (HEM) produces composite powders with high homogeneity and refines the grain size. This work focus to study Ta-20wt%Cu composite powders prepared by mechanical mixture and HEM with two different conditions of milling in a planetary ball mill and then their sintering using hydrogen plasma furnace and a resistive vacuum furnace. After milling, the powders were pressed in a steel dye at a pressure of 200 MPa. The cylindrical samples pressed were sintered by resistive vacuum furnace at 10-4torr with a sintering temperature at 1100ºC / 60 minutes and with heat rate at 10ºC/min and were sintered by plasma furnace with sintering temperatures at 550, 660 and 800ºC without isotherm under hydrogen atmosphere with heat rate at 80ºC/min. The characterizations of the powders produced were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and laser granulometry. After the sintering the samples were analyzed by SEM, XRD and density and mass loss tests. The results had shown that to high intense milling condition produced composite particles with shorter milling time and amorphization of both phases after 50 hours of milling. The composite particles can produce denser structure than mixed powders, if heated above the Cu melting point. After the Cu to arrive in the melting point, liquid copper leaves the composite particles and fills the pores

Estudo da moagem de alta energia e sinterização de pós compósitos W-Cu

The Tungsten/copper composites are commonly used for electrical and thermal objectives like heat sinks and lectrical conductors, propitiating an excellent thermal and electrical conductivity. These properties are dependents of the composition, crystallite size and production process. The high energy milling of the powder of W-Cu produces an dispersion high and homogenization levels with crystallite size of W very small in the ductile Cu phase. This work discusses the effect of the HEM in preparation of the W-25Cu composite powders. Three techniques of powder preparation were utilized: milling the dry with powder of thick Cu, milling the dry with powder of fine Cu and milling the wet with powder of thick Cu. The form, size and composition of the particles of the powders milled were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to analyse the phases, lattice parameters, size and microstrain of the crystallite. The analyse of the crystalline structure of the W-25Cu powders milled made by Rietveld Method suggests the partial solid solubility of the constituent elements of the Cu in lattice of the W. This analyse shows too that the HEM produces the reduction high on the crystallite size and the increase in the lattice strain of both phases, this is more intense in the phase W

Previsão do índice bovespa por meio de redes neurais artificiais: uma análise comparada aos métodos tradicionais de séries de tempo

Forecast is the basis for making strategic, tactical and operational business decisions. In financial economics, several techniques have been used to predict the behavior of assets over the past decades.Thus, there are several methods to assist in the task of time series forecasting, however, conventional modeling techniques such as statistical models and those based on theoretical mathematical models have produced unsatisfactory predictions, increasing the number of studies in more advanced methods of prediction. Among these, the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are a relatively new and promising method for predicting business that shows a technique that has caused much interest in the financial environment and has been used successfully in a wide variety of financial modeling systems applications, in many cases proving its superiority over the statistical models ARIMA-GARCH. In this context, this study aimed to examine whether the ANNs are a more appropriate method for predicting the behavior of Indices in Capital Markets than the traditional methods of time series analysis. For this purpose we developed an quantitative study, from financial economic indices, and developed two models of RNA-type feedfoward supervised learning, whose structures consisted of 20 data in the input layer, 90 neurons in one hidden layer and one given as the output layer (Ibovespa). These models used backpropagation, an input activation function based on the tangent sigmoid and a linear output function. Since the aim of analyzing the adherence of the Method of Artificial Neural Networks to carry out predictions of the Ibovespa, we chose to perform this analysis by comparing results between this and Time Series Predictive Model GARCH, developing a GARCH model (1.1).Once applied both methods (ANN and GARCH) we conducted the results' analysis by comparing the results of the forecast with the historical data and by studying the forecast errors by the MSE, RMSE, MAE, Standard Deviation, the Theil's U and forecasting encompassing tests. It was found that the models developed by means of ANNs had lower MSE, RMSE and MAE than the GARCH (1,1) model and Theil U test indicated that the three models have smaller errors than those of a naïve forecast. Although the ANN based on returns have lower precision indicator values than those of ANN based on prices, the forecast encompassing test rejected the hypothesis that this model is better than that, indicating that the ANN models have a similar level of accuracy . It was concluded that for the data series studied the ANN models show a more appropriate Ibovespa forecasting than the traditional models of time series, represented by the GARCH model

Microwave-assisted extraction of phenolic acids and flavonoids and production of antioxidant ingredients from tomato: a nutraceutical-oriented optimization study

The production of natural extracts requires suitable processing conditions to maximize the preservation of the bioactive ingredients. Herein, a microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) process was optimized, by means of response surface methodology (RSM), to maximize the recovery of phenolic acids and flavonoids and obtain antioxidant ingredients from tomato. A 5-level full factorial Box-Behnken design was successfully implemented for MAE optimization, in which the processing time (t), temperature (T), ethanol concentration (Et) and solid/liquid ratio (S/L) were relevant independent variables. The proposed model was validated based on the high values of the adjusted coefficient of determination and on the non-significant differences between experimental and predicted values. The global optimum processing conditions (t=20 min; T=180 ºC; Et=0 %; and S/L=45 g/L) provided tomato extracts with high potential as nutraceuticals or as active ingredients in the design of functional foods. Additionally, the round tomato variety was highlighted as a source of added-value phenolic acids and flavonoids.

Caracterização de compósitos Nb-20%cu obtidos por moagem de alta energia e sinterizados por fase líquida

In this work, was studied the formation of a composite of the refractory metal niobium with copper, through the process of high-energy milling and liquid phase sintering. The HEM can be used to synthesize composite powders with high homogeneity and fine size particle distribution. It may also produce the solid solubility in immiscible systems such as Nb-Cu, or extend the solubility of systems with limited solubility. Therefore, in the immiscible system Cu-Nb, the high-energy milling was successfully used to obtain the composite powder particles. Initially, the formation of composite particles during the HEM and the effect of preparation technique on the microstructure of the material was evaluated. Four loads of Nb and Cu powders containing 20%wt Cu were synthesized by MAE in a planetary type ball mill under different periods of grinding. The influence of grinding time on the metal particles is evaluated during the process by the withdrawal of samples at intermediate times of milling. After compaction under different forces, the samples were sintered in a vacuum furnace. The liquid phase sintering of these samples prepared by HEM produced a homogeneous and fine grained. The composite particles forming the sintered samples are the addition of a hard phase (Nb) with a high melting point, and a ductile phase (Cu) with low melting point and high thermal and electrical conductivities. Based on these properties, the Nb-Cu system is a potential material for many applications, such as electrical contacts, welding electrodes, coils for generating high magnetic fields, heat sinks and microwave absorbers, which are coupled to electronic devices. The characterization techniques used in this study, were laser granulometry, used to evaluate the homogeneity and particle size, and the X-ray diffraction, in the phase identification and to analyze the crystalline structure of the powders during milling. The morphology and dispersion of the phases in the composite powder particles, as well the microstructures of the sintered samples, were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Subsequently, the sintered samples are evaluated for density and densification. And finally, they were characterized by techniques of measuring the electrical conductivity and microhardness, whose properties are analyzed as a function of the parameters for obtaining the composite

Metodos de irrigacao e adubacao na cultura do tomate industrial.

Estudou-se a influencia de dois metodos de irrigacao, dois metodos e duas formulas de adubacao, na cultura do tomate industrial (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), cultivar Rossol (VFN) usando-se "faixas sub-sub-divididas" em oito repeticoes. Por ocasiao da colheita, foi feita a classificacao, contagem e pesagem dos frutos comerciaveis, verificaram-se diferencas significativas para metodos de adubacao e sua interacao com metodos de irrigacao, ao nivel de probabilidade de 5 e 1%, respectivamente. O metodo de adubacao em sulco apresentou maior rendimento que em cova, quanto irrigado por aspersao, ocorrendo o contrario quando a irrigacao foi por sulco. A producao de frutos com podridao apical foi afetada pelos metodos de irrigacao, metodos e formulas de adubacao, e interacoes, tendo sido encontradas diferencas significativas a niveis de 0,05% de probabilidade. No metodo de irrigacao por aspersao, ocorreu a menor percentagem de frutos com este disturbio fisiologico.

Obtenção de pós de tântalo metálico a partir da redução aluminotérmica com ignição a plasma

Metallic tantalum has a high commercial value due to intrinsic properties like excellent ductility, corrosion resistance, high melt and boiling points and good electrical and thermal conductivities. Nowadays, it is mostly used in the manufacture of capacitors, due to excellent dielectric properties of its oxides. In the nature, tantalum occurs in the form of oxide and it is extracted mainly from tantalite-columbite ores. The tantalum is usually produced by the reduction of its oxide, using reductants like carbon, silicon, calcium, magnesium and aluminum. Among these techniques, the aluminothermic reduction has been used as the industrial method to produce niobium, tantalum and their alloys, due to the easy removal of the Al and Al2O3 of the system, easing further refining. In conventional aluminothermic reduction an electrical resistance is used to trigger the reaction. This reaction self-propagates for all the volume of material. In this work, we have developed a novel technique of aluminothermic reduction that uses the hydrogen plasma to trigger the reaction. The results obtained by XRD, SEM and EDS show that is possible to obtain a compound rich in tantalum through this technique of aluminothermic reduction in the plasma reactor

Role of the wetting layer in the enhanced responsivity of InAs/GaAsSb quantum dot infrared photodetectors

InAs/GaAs1−xSbx Quantum Dot (QD) infrared photodetectors are analyzed by photocurrent spectroscopy. We observe that the integrated responsivity of the devices is improved with the increasing Sb mole fraction in the capping layer, up to 4.2 times for x = 17%. Since the QD layers are not vertically aligned, the vertical transport of the carriers photogenerated within the QDs takes place mainly through the bulk material and the wetting layer of the additional QD regions. The lower thickness of the wetting layer for high Sb contents results in a reduced capture probability of the photocarriers, thus increasing the photoconductive gain and hence, the responsivity of the device. The growth of not vertically aligned consecutive QD layers with a thinner wetting layer opens a possibility to improve the performance of quantum dot infrared photodetectors.

Hipomineralização molar incisivo (MIH) : uma correlação de fatores possivelmente desencadeantes

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, 2015.

Efficiency of chitosan and their combination with bentonite as retention aids in papermaking

In a previous work (Nicu et al. 2013), the flocculation efficiency of three chitosans differing by molecular weight and charge density were evaluated for their potential use as wet end additives in papermaking. According to the promising results obtained, chitosan (single system) and its combination with bentonite (dual system) were evaluated as retention aids, and their efficiency was compared with poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) and polyethylenimine (PEI). In single systems, chitosan was clearly more efficient in drainage rate than PDADMAC and PEI, especially those with the lowest molecular weights; however, retention is considerably lower. This drawback can be overcome by using dual systems with anionic bentonite microparticles, with the optimum ratio of polymer:bentonite being 1:4 (wt./wt.). In dual systems, the differences in retention were almost negligible, and the difference in drainage rate was even higher, together with better floc reversibility. The most efficient chitosan in single systems was Ch.MMW, while Ch.LMW was the most efficient in dual systems. The flocculation mechanism of chitosan was a combination of patch formation, charge neutralization, and partial bridge formation, and the predominant mechanism depended on the molecular weight and charge density of the chitosan.

Insulator-to-metal transition in vanadium supersaturated silicon: variable-range hopping and Kondo effect signatures

We report the observation of the insulator-to-metal transition in crystalline silicon samples supersaturated with vanadium. Ion implantation followed by pulsed laser melting and rapid resolidification produce high quality single-crystalline silicon samples with vanadium concentrations that exceed equilibrium values in more than 5 orders of magnitude. Temperature-dependent analysis of the conductivity and Hall mobility values for temperatures from 10K to 300K indicate that a transition from an insulating to a metallic phase is obtained at a vanadium concentration between 1.1 × 10^(20) and 1.3 × 10^(21) cm^(−3) . Samples in the insulating phase present a variable-range hopping transport mechanism with a Coulomb gap at the Fermi energy level. Electron wave function localization length increases from 61 to 82 nm as the vanadium concentration increases in the films, supporting the theory of impurity band merging from delocalization of levels states. On the metallic phase, electronic transport present a dispersion mechanism related with the Kondo effect, suggesting the presence of local magnetic moments in the vanadium supersaturated silicon material.

Von der Minderheit zur Mehrheit? Psycho-soziale Einflüsse bei der Verbreitung klima-schonender Innovationen

Vor dem Hintergrund des Klimawandels und weiterer Zukunftsherausforderungen stellt sich in drängenderem Maße die Frage, wie der Wandel zu einer nachhaltigen Gesellschaft gelingen kann. Im Zuge dessen rücken zunehmend solche Lösungsansätze in den Fokus, die an der Schnittstelle von technischen und sozialen Systemen nachhaltige und klimaschonende Innovationen entwickeln. Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigte sich in diesem Kontext mit der Frage, welche psychologischen und sozialen Faktoren und Mechanismen bei der individuellen Übernahme (Adoption) klimaschonender Innovationen von Bedeutung und für deren weitere Verbreitung (Diffusion) förderlich sind. Auf theoretischer und konzeptioneller Ebene wurden einerseits persönliche Eigenschaften von Adoptern wie der eigene Lebens- und Informationsverarbeitungsstil und andererseits die Charakteristika klimaschonender Innovationen und deren individuelle Wahrnehmung und Bewertung betrachtet und in einem umfassenden Modell integriert. Die Arbeit untersuchte zunächst mit Hilfe einer breit angelegten Fragebogenstudie (N = 778), wie weit die Innovationen Bezug von Ökostrom und Beteiligung an Bürger-Solaranlagen in verschiedenen sozialen Milieus bereits verbreitet waren und wie diese in milieuspezifischer Perspektive beurteilt und kommunikativ rezipiert wurden. Mittels Strukturgleichungsmodellierung wurde untersucht, inwiefern sich die Bewertungs- und Entscheidungsstrukturen von frühen und späteren Adoptern unterschieden. Es zeigten sich klare milieuspezifische Schwerpunkte: Personen aus dem postmateriellen und den hedonistischen Milieus bewerteten diese Innovationen positiver und waren häufiger unter den Adoptern zu finden als traditionelle und Mainstream-Milieus. Zudem deuteten die Ergebnisse auf eine stärker deliberativ ausgeprägte Entscheidungsstruktur bei frühen Adoptern hin – zumindest hinsichtlich des Bezugs von Ökostrom, der zum Zeitpunkt der Untersuchung bereits weiter verbreitet war als die Beteiligung an Bürger-Solaranlagen. In einer ergänzenden experimentellen Erhebung (N = 356) wurden die Teilnehmende zufällig einer von drei Untersuchungsbedingungen zugeordnet: In einem Informationstext über Smart Meter war eine (fingierte) entweder starke soziale Norm (Mehrheitsbedingung), eine schwache soziale Norm (Minderheitsbedingung) oder keine derartige soziale Information (Kontrollbedingung) enthalten. In einem nachfolgenden Test auf Wissenstransfer – als Indikator der Informationsverarbeitungstiefe – schnitten Personen mit geringerem Interesse an Smart Metern (also solche, die keine weiteren Informationen nachfragten) in der Mehrheitsbedingung am besten ab, wohingegen Personen mit größerem Interesse (fragten weitere Informationen nach) in der Minderheitsbedingung die beste Leistung erzielten. Auch diese Ergebnisse deuten auf unterschiedliche Informationsverarbeitungs- und Entscheidungsstrukturen je nach Wahrnehmung des bisherigen Verbreitungsgrads in Interaktion mit persönlichen Dispositionen hin. Aus den Ergebnissen lassen sich vielfältige Implikationen für ein verbessertes Marketing klimaschonender Innovationen, die umweltpolitische Praxis und für die weitere Forschung ableiten. Es wird empfohlen, bei der Kommunikation (z.B. im Rahmen zielgruppenspezifischer Kampagnen) soziale Normen und deren differentielle Wirkung auf die Verarbeitung innovationsbezogener Informationen gezielter zu nutzen. Da unter den aktuellen Rahmenbedingungen mit keiner hundertprozentigen Diffusion der betrachteten Innovationen in alle gesellschaftlichen Gruppen hinein zu rechnen ist, werden auf politischer Ebene neben „weichen“ politischen Instrumenten auch fiskalische oder ordnungsrechtliche Maßnahmen erforderlich sein. Schließlich erscheint es sinnvoll, sich in der weiteren Forschung stärker mit kommunikativen Prozessen wie beispielsweise Meinungsführerschaft oder dem Einfluss von Medienkampagnen und medialer Berichterstattung auseinander zu setzen.

Guía de práctica clínica para la enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica

Objetivo: Brindar una guía de práctica clínica basada con la evidencia más reciente para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la Enfermedad Hepática Grasa No alcohólica teniendo en cuenta la efectividad y seguridad de las intervenciones dirigidas a pacientes, personal asistencial, administrativo y entes gubernamentales de cualquier servicio de atención en Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Esta guía fue desarrollada por un equipo multidisciplinario con apoyo de la Asociación Colombiana de Gastroenterología, el Grupo Cochrane ITS y el Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Se desarrollaron preguntas clínicas relevantes y se realizó la búsqueda de guías nacionales e internacionales en bases de datos especializadas. Las guías existentes fueron evaluadas en términos de calidad y aplicabilidad. Una guía cumplió los criterios de adaptación, por lo que se decidió adaptar 3 preguntas clínicas. El Grupo Cochrane realizó la búsqueda sistemática de la literatura. Las tablas de evidencia y recomendaciones fueron realizadas con base a la metodología GRADE. Las recomendaciones de la guía fueron socializadas en una reunión de expertos con entes gubernamentales y pacientes. Resultados: Se desarrolló una guía de práctica clínica basada en la evidencia para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la Enfermedad Hepática Grasa No alcohólica en Colombia Conclusiones: El diagnóstico y manejo oportuno de la Enfermedad Hepática Grasa No alcohólica contribuirá a disminuir la carga de la enfermedad en Colombia y las enfermedades asociadas

Incidencia de la gestión de Frontex y el gobierno italiano en la acentuación de la crisis humanitaria de la Isla de Lampedusa entre 2011 y 2015

El presente estudio de caso busca examinar la incidencia de las medidas migratorias de control fronterizo implementadas por el Frontex y el gobierno Italiano en las condiciones mínimas de supervivencia de los migrantes irregulares, económicos y solicitantes de asilo en la Isla de Lampedusa, en el periodo 2011-2015. De esta manera, se identifican las medidas migratorias de control fronterizo implementadas por Frontex y el gobierno Italiano. Se examina la situación de la seguridad humana en la crisis migratoria de la Isla, y se analiza la relación entre las medidas migratorias de control fronterizo y las condiciones mínimas de supervivencia de los migrantes. El resultado de la investigación permite plasmar, las consecuencias negativas que han tenido las medidas migratorias en cuanto a las condiciones mínimas de supervivencia, lo que ha desembocado en una crisis humanitaria.

Interações e efeitos fisiológicos de bactérias diazotróficas e fungos micorrízicos arbusculares na mandioca.

Visando conhecer as interações entre fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e bactérias diazotróficas na cultura da mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), foram conduzidos vários experimentos para avaliar os efeitos de exsudatos de mandioca e de bactérias nos fungos micorrízicos, e a produção de ácido indolacético (AIA) in vitro pelas bactérias diazotróficas. Os experimentos evidenciaram que as bactérias diazotróficas estimularam a colonização micorrízica de Glomus clarum a partir do 30o dia. Os exsudatos de mandioca e das bactérias não apresentaram efeito na germinação de Gigaspora gigantea, mas influenciaram seu crescimento micelial. A adição de exsudatos de mandioca estimulou o crescimento das bactérias diazotróficas in vitro, evidenciando que podem existir, nos exsudatos, substâncias que atuariam como sinais moleculares ou estimulantes do crescimento, e não como fatores nutricionais. As bactérias diazotróficas apresentam ainda capacidade de produzir AIA in vitro. Azospirillum lipoferum isolado da mandioca produziu até 130 mM de AIA após 48 horas de incubação, ao passo que Klebsiella sp. produziu cerca 60 mM e a Bactéria E, aproximadamente 20 mM.