Eficácia de herbicidas aplicados nas épocas seca e úmida para o controle de Merremia aegyptia na cultura da cana-de-açúcar

Objetivou-se estudar o efeito de herbicidas aplicados em pré e pós-emergência, isolados e em combinações nas épocas seca e úmida, para o controle de corda-de-viola (Merremia aegyptia) na cultura de cana-de-açúcar colhida mecanicamente sem queima. O experimento foi desenvolvido no período de julho de 2008 a maio de 2009, em área de produção comercial de cana-de-açúcar localizada no município de Pradópolis, SP. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema de parcela subdividida. Foram avaliados na época seca os herbicidas amicarbazone (1.400 g ha ¹), clomazone + hexazinone (800 + 200 g ha-1) e imazapic (147 g ha-1), aplicados em 16/7/2008 após a colheita da cana, e o tratamento sem manejo prévio das plantas daninhas nessa época. Os herbicidas estudados na época úmida foram: mesotrione isolado (192 g ha-1) e em mistura (120 g ha-1) com atrazine (1.500 g ha-1), metribuzin (960 g ha-1) ou diuron + hexazinone (702 + 198 g ha-1), aplicados em 6/11/2008, além de testemunha capinada e outra sem manejo das plantas daninhas. Dos herbicidas utilizados na época seca, o amicarbazone promoveu o melhor controle de M. aegyptia. No entanto, para todos eles, a complementação de manejo com a aplicação de herbicidas na época úmida mostrou-se obrigatória. Nesta época, a associação de mesotrione aos herbicidas atrazine, metribuzin e diuron + hexazinone foi mais eficaz no controle de M. aegyptia do que quando aplicado sozinho. Nenhum dos tratamentos com herbicidas interferiu no número de colmos por metro linear, diâmetro e altura de colmos de cana-de-açúcar (variedade SP 81-3250).

Root system of Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. IPR-86 Mil(e)over-capnio fertilized with nitrogen and submitted to rotational stocking

The effect of nitrogen on the root system of the species Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. IPR-86 Mil (e) over cap nio, under grazing, was evaluated. The N rates were 0; 150; 300 and 450 kg/ha. year. The root density was evaluated during pregrazing at five years of successive N application, in three depths (0-10; 10-20 and 20-40 cm) and the root growth at 7, 14, 21, and 35 days after grazing. The grazing method adopted was rotational stocking. Root length and root mass densities in pre-and post-grazing presented maximum values at rates 204, 206, 192, and 197 kg/ha of N, respectively. The root growth (in root length density) increased, on average, until 29 days after grazing at rates 0, 150, and 300 kg/ha; at 450 kg/ha N rate, the increase was linear. Independently of N rates, around 60 and 25% of IPR-86 Mil (e) over cap nio cultivar root system was concentrated in 0-10 and 10-20 cm depth, respectively.

Molecular Identification and Characterization of Ileal and Cecal Fungus Communities in Broilers Given Probiotics, Specific Essential Oil Blends, and Under Mixed Eimeria Infection

Broiler digestive tract fungal communities have gained far less scrutiny than that given corresponding bacterial communities. Attention given poultry-associated fungi have focused primarily on feed-associated toxin-producers, yeast, and yeast products. The current project focused on the use of pyrosequencing and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to identify and monitor broiler digestive fungal communities. Eight different treatments were included. Four controls were an Uninfected-Unmedicated Control, an Unmedicated-Infected Control, the antibiotic bacitracin methylene disalicylate plus the ionophore monensin as Positive Control, and the ionophore monensin alone as a Negative Control. Four treatments were two probiotics (BC-30 and Calsporin) and two specific essential oil blends (Crina Poultry Plus and Crina Poultry AF). All chickens except the Unmedicated-Uninfected Control were given, at 15 days of age, a standard oral Eimeria inoculum of sporulated oocysts. Ileal and cecal digesta were collected at pre-Eimeria infection at 14 days of age and at 7 days post-Eimeria infection at 22 days of age. Extracted cecal DNA was analyzed by pyrosequencing to examine the impact of diet supplements and Eimeria infection on individual constituents in the fungal community, while DGGE was used to compare more qualitative changes in ileal and cecal communities. Pyrosequencing identified three phyla, seven classes, eight orders, 13 families, 17 genera, and 23 fungal species. Ileal and cecal DGGE patterns showed fungal communities were clustered mainly into pre- and post-infection patterns. Post-infection Unmedicated-Uninfected patterns were clustered with pre-infection groups demonstrating a strong effect of Eimeria infection on digestive fungal populations. These combined techniques offered added versatility towards unraveling the effects of enteropathogen infection and performance enhancing feed additives on broiler digestive microflora.

Seletividade do halosulfuron isolado ou em mistura com glyphosate para culturas anuais

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a seletividade do herbicida halosulfuron isoladamente e na mistura com glyphosate, aplicados em pré e pós-emergência, para culturas de verão (milho, feijão, algodão e soja) e para culturas de inverno (aveia-preta, azevém, centeio, trigo e triticale). Foram instalados dois experimentos em campo, nas Fazendas Experimentais do Lageado e de São Manuel - UNESP - Botucatu-SP - Brasil. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da aplicação isolada do herbicida halosulfuron (100/150 g ha-1), em pré e pós-emergência, e em mistura de tanque halosulfuron + glyphosate NA e WG (100+4.000 g ha-1 e 100+2.000/4.000 g ha¹, respectivamente), em pré-emergência e em diferentes épocas de aplicação (2, 15 e 30 dias antes e 15 e 30 depois da semeadura). A intensidade da fitotoxicidade encontrada nas plantas das culturas de soja, milho, feijão, algodão e azevém foi devido à aplicação do herbicida halosulfuron, que esteve relacionada com dosagens, época e modo de aplicação. Quanto mais próximo da aplicação do halosulfuron em pós-emergência da semeadura das culturas, maiores foram as injúrias encontradas em suas plantas. Todos os tratamentos testados não proporcionaram sintomas de fitotoxicidade nas plantas de aveia-preta, centeio, trigo e triticale.

Dinâmica de transposição de herbicida através de palha de aveia-preta utilizando diferentes pontas de pulverização

A transposição da palha por herbicidas aplicados em pré ou pós-emergência durante a aplicação é determinante na sua eficiência, dinâmica e impacto ambiental. O experimento foi conduzido no Núcleo de Pesquisas Avançadas em Matologia - FCA/UNESP, campus de Botucatu-SP, tendo como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de diferentes modelos de pontas de pulverização na transposição em quantidades crescentes de palha de aveia-preta (Avena strigosa). Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelo monitoramento do traçador corante Azul Brilhante (FDC-1) a 3.000 ppm, pulverizado com as pontas de pulverização XR11002-VS, TJ60-11002VS, FL-5VS, DG11002-VS, TXVK-8, TT11002-VP e AI11002-VS, utilizando, respectivamente, as pressões de trabalho de 1,4; 2,0; 1,5; 2,0; 4,9; 3,0 e 3,0 kgf cm² e volume de calda de 200, 200, 428, 200, 213 e 270 L ha-1 sobre quantidades de 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 e 12 t ha-1 de palha de aveia-preta. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com sete tratamentos e cinco repetições, as quais foram constituídas de caixas plásticas com palha acondicionada sobre um fundo falso de área conhecida, sendo este lavado após as aplicações, para posterior quantificação do traçador em espectrofotometria. O modelo de Mitscherlich simplificado (Y = 10 ^ (2 - (C*X))) mostrou ajuste satisfatório para os dados originais de traçador que transpôs a palha, apresentando coeficientes de determinação (R²) elevados, oscilando entre 0,9782 e 0,9971. Todos os modelos de pontas de pulverização mostraram-se similares na transposição da palha pelo traçador. As porcentagens médias de transposição foram de 43,00; 18,77; 3,73; 0,78; 0,17; 0,04 e 0,01% para as quantidades de 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 e 12 t ha-1 de palha, respectivamente.

Avaliação da seletividade da mistura de oxyfluorfen e ametryne, aplicada em pré ou pós-emergência, a dez variedades de cana-deaçúcar (cana-planta)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar a seletividade da mistura de oxyfluorfen e ametryne, a dez cultivares de cana-de-açúcar. Utilizou-se as doses de 0,48 e 1,5 kg de i.a. / ha (2,0 e 3,0 l de p.c./ha), respectivamente. As cultivares utilizadas foram: RB 83-5089, RB 80-6043, RB 78-5148, RB 82-5336, RB 83-5486, RB 72-454, SP 79- 1011, SP 70-1143, SP 71-1406 e SP 80-1842. Os herbicidas, em mistura de tanque, foram aplicados em pré ou pós-emergência (5 e 29 dias após o plantio, respectivamente). As testemunhas de cada variedade foram capinadas manualmente. O plantio foi feito nos dias 24 e 25 /03/94. Nas parcelas com aplicação em préemergência verificou-se sintomas de intoxicação (avermelhamento e necrose) em 4,72% (RB 83-5089) a 14,58% (RB 82-5336) da área foliar da cultura; em pós-emergência os sintomas alcançaram entre 20,16% (SP 71-1406) e 45,44% (80-1842) da área foliar da cana. Com o crescimento da planta (a partir da oitava folha definitiva), as novas folhas emitidas não apresentaram sintomas de intoxicação. Não foram verificados efeitos dos herbicidas sobre o crescimento (emissão de folhas e altura das plantas), perfilhamento, produtividade e características tecnológicas dos colmos obtidos.

A aprendizagem de inglês mediada por jogos eletrônicos do tipo MMORPG

Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs) are role-playing games that, through the Internet, can integrate thousands of players interacting at the same time in at least one virtual world. This way, these games can provide, further than fun, a greater familiarity with the additional language and opportunity to improve the linguistic proficiency in a real context. Hence, what is proposed in this study is extended knowledge about the learning of an additional language mediated by MMORPGs for teachers to know how, if relevant, to present, use or encourage this practice to their students. Based on this major purpose, we seek to answer the following research questions: (a) what distinguishes the learning profile of the gamers and non-gamers; (b) if MMORPGs can, through a hybrid and systematic approach, assist the development of proficiency of the additional language and (c) what the think-aloud protocols show about the learning mediated by the MMORPG Allods Online. Following an experimental method (NUNAN, 1997), 16 students of the curricular component Reading and Writing Practices in English Language have comprised the control group and 17 students of the same class formed the experimental group and were submitted to a pre and post-test adapted from the Key English Test (KET) by the Cambridge University (2008). The tests were conducted before and after a period of 5 weeks of 3 hours of practice with Allods Online a week (experimental group), and classes of the curricular component (both groups). A quantitative analysis of the questionnaires about the exposure to English profiles of the participants, a quantitative analysis of the tests scores and a qualitative analysis of the thinkaloud protocols collected during the experiment were conducted based on the theories of (a) motivation (GARDNER, 1985, WILLIAMS & BURDEN, 1997, BROWN, 2007, HERCULANO-HOUZEL, 2005); (b) active learning (GASS, 1997, GEE, 2008, MATTAR, 2010); (c) interaction and collaborative learning (KRASHEN, 1991, GASS, 1997, VYGOTSKY, 1978); (d) situated learning (DAMASIO, 1994; 1999; 2003, BROWN, 2007, GEE, 2003) and (e), tangential learning (PORTNOW, 2008; MATTAR, 2010). The results indicate that the participants of the experimental group (gamers) seem to be more engaged in tangential English learning activities, such as playing games, listening to music in English, communicating with foreigners and reading in English. We also deduced that the period of experiment possibly generated positive results on the gamers proficiency scores, mainly in the parts related to orthographic development, reading and comprehension, writing with focus on content and orthographic accuracy. Lastly, the think-aloud protocols presented evidences that the gamers have engaged in active English language learning, they have interacted in English with other players, and learned linguistic aspects through the experience with the MMORPG Allods Online

O desenvolvimento da interlíngua na aprendizagem da escrita em inglês em uma escola bilíngue: um estudo exploratório

The aim of this study is to investigate the development of written Interlanguage in English as an Additional Language (AL) by students in the 2nd grade of Ensino Fundamental I in a bilingual school in the city of Natal-RN. For this purpose two research questions guided this study: (a) which hypotheses could be inferred from the writing development of the bilingual learners of English as AL? and, (b) what is the impact of the type of input monomodal or multimodal in the Interlanguage development in the AL of bilingual learners? The 38 learners were divided into a control group, with 21 learners exposed to monomodal input, and an experimental group, with 17 learners exposed to multimodal input, and pre and post-tests were applied to both groups. A mixed methods research design was conducted (DÖRNYEI, 2007) to involve both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis. The qualitative aspect comprehended descriptive characteristics that interpreted the central cognitive processes in the acquisition of writing in AL by the learners. Through these interpretations, it was possible to understand the constitution of written Interlanguage (SELINKER, 1972) according to the data generated by the learners. The quantitative data were presented as the results generated from the experimental design. Thus, they narrowed the relations between the dependent variable the writing development, that is, how close it is to the target form which was modified throughout the process by the independent variable the quality of input (VAN PATTEN, 2002, GASS, 1997, SCHMIDT, 1986, PARADIS, 2009; 2010, ELLIS, 1995), which, being monomodal or multimodal, its function was possibly to alter the route of acquisition. The quantitative results pointed towards significant gains by the experimental group, which had multimodality present, suggesting that the learners in this group seem to have been more able to cognitively register (SCHIMDT, 1990) aspects of learning than the learners in the control group

A ferramenta VoiceThread em uma abordagem hibrida: o desenvolvimento da produção oral e da habilidade de noticing na aprendizagem de inglês como L2

VoiceThread (VT) is a collaborative and asynchronous web 2.0 tool, which permits the creation of oral presentations with the help of images, documents, texts and voice, allowing groups of people to browse and contribute with comments using several options: voice (microphone or cell phone), text and audio-file or video (webcam) (BOTTENTUIT JUNIOR, LISBÔA E COUTINHO, 2009). The hybrid experience with VoiceThread allows learners to plan their speech before recording it, without the pressure often existent in the classroom. Furthermore, the presentations can be recorded several times, enabling students to listen to them, notice the gaps in their oral production (noticing) and edit innumerous times before publishing them online. In this perspective, oral production is seen as a process of L2 acquisition, not only as practice of already existent knowledge, because it can stimulate the learner to process the language syntactically (SWAIN, 1985; 1995). In this context, this study aims to verify if there is a relation between the oral production of the learners more specifically the grammatical accuracy and the global oral grade and their noticing capacity, how the systematic practice with VoiceThread, in a hybrid approach, can impact the learners global oral development, their oral production in terms of fluency (number of words per minute), accuracy (number of errors in hundred words), and complexity (number of dependent clauses per minute), and on their noticing capacity (SCHMIDT, 1990; 1995; 2001), that is, the learner s capacity of noticing the gaps existent in their oral production. In order to answer these research questions, 49 L2 learners of English were divided into an experimental group (25 students) and a control group (24 students). The experimental group was exposed to the hybrid approach with VT during two months and, through a pre- and post-test, we verified if this systematic practice would positively influence these participants oral production and noticing capacity. These results were compared to the pre- and post-test scores from the control group, which was not exposed to VT. Finally, learners impressions in relation to the use of this tool were also sought through a questionnaire applied after the post-test. The results indicate that there is a statistically significant correlation between the learners speech production (accuracy and global oral grade) and their noticing capacity. Besides, it was verified a positive impact of VoiceThread on the learners speech production variables and on their noticing capacity. They also reveal a positive reaction by the learners in relation to the hybrid experience with this web tool

Comparação da pressão plantar e dos sintomas osteomusculares por meio do uso de palmilhas customizadas e pré-fabricadas no ambiente de trabalho

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Improvement of heart rate variability after exercise training and its predictors in COPD

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Indicadores de alteração hidrológica no Alto Rio Paraná: intervenções humanas e implicações na dinâmica do ambiente fluvial

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Efeitos do alongamento e do aquecimento no desempenho isocinético e na atividade eletromiográfica do músculo bíceps femoral ensaio clínico randomizado

To evaluate the effects of warm-up and stretching, singly or combined, on isokinetic performance and electromyographic activity of the biceps femoris. Materials and methods: Sixty-four volunteers of both sexes, with mean age of 23,1 ± 3,5 years and mean body mass index of 23,5 ± 2,5 Kg/m2 were randomly assigned into 4 groups: control, warm-up (stationary bicycle for 10 minutes), stretching (4 sets of 30 seconds of hamstring muscles static stretching) and warm-up + stretching. All the volunteers were submitted to evaluation pre and post-intervention of the muscle latency time and biceps femoris RMS and the passive torque, peak torque and power of the hamstring muscles. Results: The warm-up + stretching group had reduction of muscle latency time. There was a reduction of RMS during passive torque evaluation in stretching group. The RMS during isometric evaluation was reduced in all experimental groups. The RMS during eccentric evaluation showed reduction in control and warm-up + stretching groups. The passive torque and the eccentric peak torque had no significant differences pre to post-intervention in any group. There was reduction in isometric peak torque in all groups. Conclusion: The warm-up and stretching, when applied in combination can reduce the muscle latency time; stretching protocol promoted neural changes; the protocols used did not alter the muscle viscoelastic properties

Efeitos da perda de peso induzida pela cirurgia bariátrica sobre a função respiratória

Background: Obesity leads to alteration of lung volumes and capacities due to accumulation of fat in the chest wall and abdomen. Few studies have shown that weight loss induced by surgery improves lung function. Our objective was to evaluate the anthropometric development, pulmonary function, respiratory muscle, strength and endurance after weight loss induced by bariatric surgery. Methods: We evaluated in pre and post operative period variables of weight, BMI, NC, WHR and spirometric and respiratory pressure. Results: 39 subjects were evaluated, with age mean 35.9 ± 10.9 years, predominantly by women (76.3%). The weight mean decreased from 124.8 ± 17.5 kg to 88.8 ± 14.28 kg in post operative. The mean BMI ranged from 47,9 ± 5,6 Kg/m² to 34,3 ± 4,75 Kg/m². There was a significant increase in FVC from 3,63 ± 0,94 to 4,01±1,03, FEV1 from 3,03 ± 0,72 to 3,39 ± 0,85, FEF 25-75% from 3,41 ± 0,72 to 3,82 ± 0,94, PEF from 6,56 ± 1,47 to 7,81 ± 1,69, ERV from 0,35 ± 0,39 to 0,66 ± 0,38, MVV ranged from 103,43 ± 22,21 to 137,27 ± 29,84, all of them to p<0,01. The MIP and MEP showed no significant difference in pre and post operative. It was noted that for every centimeter reduced in neck circumference, an increase of 0.06 in FVC and 5.98 in MVV is observed. This is also observed in weight and BMI. Conclusion: We conclude that weight loss induced by bariatric surgery in obese provides a significant improvement in lung function and reduction of fat around the neck is more important in the generation of lung volume than the reduction of BMI

Revisitando o eletrocorticograma intra-operatório na epilepsia mesial do lobo temporal: relevância das oscilações de alta frequência

Epilepsies are neurological disorders characterized by recurrent and spontaneous seizures due to an abnormal electric activity in a brain network. The mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is the most prevalent type of epilepsy in adulthood, and it occurs frequently in association with hippocampal sclerosis. Unfortunately, not all patients benefit from pharmacological treatment (drug-resistant patients), and therefore become candidates for surgery, a procedure of high complexity and cost. Nowadays, the most common surgery is the anterior temporal lobectomy with selective amygdalohippocampectomy, a procedure standardized by anatomical markers. However, part of patients still present seizure after the procedure. Then, to increase the efficiency of this kind of procedure, it is fundamental to know the epileptic human brain in order to create new tools for auxiliary an individualized surgery procedure. The aim of this work was to identify and quantify the occurrence of epilepticform activity -such as interictal spikes (IS) and high frequency oscillations (HFO) - in electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals acutely recorded during the surgery procedure in drug-resistant patients with MTLE. The ECoG recording (32 channels at sample rate of 1 kHz) was performed in the surface of temporal lobe in three moments: without any cortical resection, after anterior temporal lobectomy and after amygdalohippocampectomy (mean duration of each record: 10 min; N = 17 patients; ethic approval #1038/03 in Research Ethic Committee of Federal University of São Paulo). The occurrence of IS and HFO was quantified automatically by MATLAB routines and validated manually. The events rate (number of events/channels) in each recording time was correlated with seizure control outcome. In 8 hours and 40 minutes of record, we identified 36,858 IS and 1.756 HFO. We observed that seizure-free outcome patients had more HFO rate before the resection than non-seizure free, however do not differentiate in relation of frequency, morphology and distribution of IS. The HFO rate in the first record was better than IS rate on prediction of seizure-free patients (IS: AUC = 57%, Sens = 70%, Spec = 71% vs HFO: AUC = 77%, Sens = 100%, Spec = 70%). We observed the same for the difference of the rate of pre and post-resection (IS: AUC = 54%, Sens = 60%, Spec = 71%; vs HFO: AUC = 84%, Sens = 100%, Spec = 80%). In this case, the algorithm identifies all seizure-free patients (N = 7) with two false positives. To conclude, we observed that the IS and HFO can be found in intra-operative ECoG record, despite the anesthesia and the short time of record. The possibility to classify the patients before any cortical resection suggest that ECoG can be important to decide the use of adjuvant pharmacological treatment or to change for tailored resection procedure. The mechanism responsible for this effect is still unknown, thus more studies are necessary to clarify the processes related to it