Have You Met Miss Jones? : Identity Construction of a Chick Lit Heroine

Take a random woman in her mid-twenties, with a crazy mother, a lousy job and no sex life, add some insecurity and a lot of alcohol and wrap her up in pink, and congratulations, you have just created your own chick lit heroine.The question is whether a chick lit heroine is this simplistic, or if she carries an important message to the readers. The most important traits in a chick lit novel are the complicated mother-daughter relationship, the career and the love life.Thus, this essay will outline to what extent the postfeminist features are depicted in theidentity of Bridget Jones, as an epitome of later chick lit heroines.

Unga vuxnas åsikter kring bokomslags formgivning : En enkät- och fokusgruppsundersökning

Bokomslaget är ofta läsarens första möte med en bok och det är därför viktigt att bokomslaget tilltalar och sänder ut rätt signaler till konsumenten. Målgruppen unga vuxna, individer mellan 16 och 27 år, är enligt bokbranschen en grupp som är svår att nå. Svårigheten kan ligga i att det finns en viss okunskap i vad unga vuxna tilltalas av på bokomslag. Det är även en bred målgrupp med många olika sorters individer. Målet med denna studie är att ge en bild av vad målgruppen unga vuxna tilltalas av i ett bokomslag. Vi ville ta reda på hur viktigt bokomslaget är för val av bok, samt hur målgruppen ser på omslagets specifika designfaktorer färg, typografi, illustration, fotografi och efterbehandling. För att ge oss en bild av dagens kunskapsläge har litteraturstudier och intervjuer med formgivare av bokomslag genomförts. Genom en omfattande enkätundersökning och utförda fokusgrupper fick vi fram målgruppens syn och tankar kring bokomslag. Fokusgrupper utfördes för att ge oss en djupare förståelse rörande hur målgruppen ser på bokomslag samt ge oss ett djupare resonemang kring de olika bokomslagen. Resultatet visar att unga vuxna lägger stor vikt vid identitet och ett bokomslag bör således sända tydliga signaler som kan bekräfta läsarens identitet. Typografin ska vara lättläst. Målgruppen ser helst fotografiska bilder på bokomslaget och omslaget ska förmedla en känsla av bokens innehåll. Färger i en dovare färgskala tilltalar unga vuxna, rött och svart tycks vara de populäraste färgerna överlag. Efterbehandlingen (t.ex. lackering och foliering) på ett bokomslag bör vara sparsam och användning av färgen rosa lika så.

Förpackningsdesign i genusperspektiv : En granskning av duschcremesförpackningar

Färg och form kan bidra till att skapa uppmärksamhet, förmedla budskap och skapa känslor som i sin tur kan öka sannolikheten av att kunden genomför köpet. Förpackningens färg och form bör synkronisera för att budskapen inte ska motsäga varandra, och det är mycket viktigt att designen lämpar sig till målgruppen. Färg kan ses som ett språk som kommunicerar med konsumenten, och att förstå detta språk kan vara ett starkt redskap inom marknadsföring och design. Det är vanligt att förpackningsdesign riktas mot något eller bägge könen och att ge produkten en karaktär av maskulint eller feminint kan vara ett effektivt tillvägagångssätt att särskilja produkten från resterande sortiment. I samband med färg och form är det nödvändigt att förstå konsumentens behov samt användning av produkten, och det är viktigt att skapa en god design riktad mot rätt målgrupp. Det är viktigt att förstå vad konsumenten attraheras till och vad som lockar till att genomföra ett köp. Syftet med denna studie var att ta reda på varför förpackningsdesign för duschcreme specificerade för kvinnor respektive män skiljer sig, och vad som anses vara kvinnligt och manligt när det kommer till färg och form, i samband med duschcremesförpackningar. För att ta reda på detta genomfördes en visuell innehållsanalys samt en enkätundersökning. Resultatet som genererades av dessa metoder sammanfattades i tabeller och diagram, som tydligt visar de färger som anses vara maskulina samt feminina. Mörka färger, som svart och blått, anses vara maskulina medan ljusa färger och rosa toner anses vara feminina. Mjuka grafiska element och former kopplas till femininitet medan motsatsen kopplas till maskulinitet. Slutsatsen av detta är att anledningen till att förpackningarna skiljer sig är för att lättare kommunicera med målgruppen, och i detta fall via färg och form.

From the Hill

Q&A: Tashia Bradley on Kentucky, Tortola, The Pugh Center mission, and the mild winter she brought with her to Maine Weather Report: Senior speaks at meteorological meeting, challenges historians' take on the history of forecasting Finding Community: Projects for Peace documentary explores a different, and for many, more rewarding way of life Literary Peaks: At Whitefish Review, Colby trio (plus one) gives art and literature a mountain home Sadoff Invites Us To Love Life Despite Hardship and Injustice (Review) Marketing Experts Say Plain Talk Beats Social Media Considering Life's Stepping Stones: For Debra Spark's characters, it's the journey, not the destination (Review) Finding Home Amid Myth and Mystery (Review) Recent Releases Concussion Impact: Colby-based project helps Maine schools reduce sports injuries Quiet Powerhouse: Rachael Mack ends career with 1,241 points, leads team turnaround Sports Shorts The Nation's Fastest: Dominique Kone '13 wins NCAA DIII 60-meter dash, coming back from 2011 injury

Metalogenese dos depositos hidrotermais de metais-base e au do ciclo brasiliano no bloco São Gabriel, RS

Os depósitos de metais-base (Camaquã, Santa Maria e na Formação Passo Feio), e Au (Bossoroca) mais importantes do Rio Grande do Sul foram gerados durante o Ciclo Brasiliano ao longo de três eventos distintos, relacionados ao magmatismo e metamorfismo contemporâneos (700, 594 e 562 Ma); os metais foram derivados de fontes relacionadas à crosta juvenil e ao embasamento antigo. O depósito de ouro da Bossoroca (700 Ma) consiste de veios de quartzo com Au e subordinadamente pirita, calcopirita, galena e teluretos, sendo classificado como um depósito orogênico epizonal. Os filões de quartzo aurífero são hospedados por rochas, piroclásticas calcico-alcalinas de composição andesítica, dacítica com basaltos e epiclásticas subordinadas, pertencentes a Formação Campestre. Estudos do zircão através do método U-Pb via SHRIMP mostram que as rochas vulcânicas encaixantes foram geradas a cerca de 760 Ma atrás, no início do Ciclo Brasiliano, e sofreram metamorfismo regional de baixa pressão na transição entre os facies xistos verdes e anfibolito a cerca de 700 Ma. Os depósitos de metais-base do sistema Camaquã Cu (Au, Ag) e Santa Maria Pb-Zn (Cu, Ag) são hidrotermais magmáticos distantes, provavelmente ligados à intrusões graníticas, e foram gerados há cerca de 594 Ma durante o magmatismo pós-colisional do final da Orogenêse Dom Feliciano. As mineralizações de Cu (Au) e Pb hospedados pela Formação Passo Feio são hidrotermais epigenéticas e foram gerados há 562 Ma durante a intrusão do Granito Caçapava. A composição isotópica do Pb dos sulfetos dos depósitos de Camaquã-Santa Maria indica que os metais foram derivados de uma fonte crustal com Pb muito primitivo no final do Ciclo Brasiliano. A composição isotópica do enxofre dos sulfetos desses depósitos (~ 0‰ CDT) indica uma origem magmática para o enxofre. Os metais dos depósitos hidrotermais epigenéticos da Formação Passo Feio foram também derivados do embasamento antigo, com contribuição importante das rochas meta-vulcanosedimentares da Formação Passo Feio. O enxofre dessas mineralizações possui origem mista, originada pela mistura de fluidos magmáticos (Granito Caçapava) com enxofre derivado da lixiviação das meta-vulcanosedimentares da Formação Passo Feio. Os metais concentrados no depósito de Au da Bossoroca foram mobilizados durante o metamorfismo regional dinamotermal através da interação de fluidos de origem profunda que ascenderam através da pilha vulcanosedimentar extraindo Au e outros metais, e depositando-os em níveis crustais mais rasos em sítios estruturalmente favoráveis. A fonte do Pb determinada para o depósito de Au da Bossoroca é de origem profunda e corresponde a mesma fonte do magma de arco juvenil gerador das rochas vulcânicas do arco. Os isótopos de C-O mostram assinaturas compatíveis com uma fonte profunda para estes fluidos mineralizadores.

Aspectos algébricos de sistemas dinâmicos

Este trabalho trata o problema genérico da obtenção analítica exata das variedades algébricas que definem domínios de estabilidade e multiestabilidade para sistemas dinâmicos dissipativos com equações de movimento definidas por funções racionais. Apresentamos um método genérico, válido para qualquer sistema dinâmico, que permite reduzir a análise de sistemas multidimensionais arbitrários à análise de um sistema unidimensional equivalente. Este método é aplicado ao mapa de Hénon, o exemplo paradigmático de sistema multidimensional, para estudar a estrutura aritmética imposta pela dinâmica das órbitas de períodos 4, 5, e 6, bem como seus domínios de estabilidade no espaço de parâmetros. Graças à obtençao de resultados analíticos exatos, podemos explorar pela primeira vez as peculariedades de cada um dos períodos mencionados. Algumas das novidades mais marcantes encontradas são as seguintes: Para período 4, encontramos um domínio de multiestabilidade caracterizado pela coexistência de duas órbitas definidas em corpos algébricos distintos. Observamos a existência de discontinuidades na dinâmica simbólica quando os parâmetros são mudados adiabáticamente ao longo de circulações fechadas no espaço de parâmetros e explicamos sua origem algébrica. Publicamos tais resultados em dois artigos: Physica A, 295, 285-290(2001) e Physical Review E, 65, 036231 (2002). Para período 5, obtivemos a variedade algébrica que define o "camarão" (shrimp) característico, obtemos uma expressão analítica para todas as órbitas de período 5, classificamos todas as singulariedades presentes no espaço de parâmetros e analisamos todas as mudanças que ocorrem ao circular-se em torno de tais singulariedades. Para período 6, da expressão analítica que fornece todas as órbitas, encontramos um resultado muito surpreendente, o mais notável desta dissertação: a possibilidade de coexistência de órbitas reais e complexas estáveis, para valores reais dos parâmetros físicos. Resultados preliminares parecem indicar serem tais órbitas complexas uma espécie de órbitas fantasmas, com semelhanças as órbitas encontradas por Gutzwiller para sistemas Hamiltonianos (não- dissipativos).

Eficiência, gestão e meio ambiente na carcinicultura do Rio Grande do Norte

SILVA, J. L. M. da; SAMPAIO, L. M. . Eficiência, Gestão e Meio Ambiente na Carcinicultura do Rio Grande do Norte. In: Congresso da Sociendade Brasileira de Economia, Administração e Sociologia Rural - SOBER, 40., 2007, Londrina. Conhecimentos para a Agricultura do Futuro, 2007.

A formação e o desenvolvimento de arranjos cooperativos sob a ótica da imersão social e da economia dos custos de transação: um estrudo de caso na Coopercam e na Unipesca

The current study analyzes the birth and development of two strategic alliances established between shrimp producers in Rio Grande do Norte: the Unipesca and the Coopercam. To achieve this aim, two approaches which, at first sight, could be considered contradictory were used: the Transactional Costs Economy and Embeddedness. The first approach is fundamentally based in the studies of Williamson (1985; 1991; 1996; 1999; 2000; 2002). Embededness, on the other hand, went through the review of a series of authors, such as Burt (1992), Granovetter (1973; 1985), Uzzi (1997), Gulati (1994; 1995; 1997; 1998; 1999; 2000), Nielsen (2005), Ring (2002), Ring and Van de Ven (1994), Zafirovski (2002), among others. To analyze the birth and development of the cooperatives in this study, Gulati s work (1998) was used. This study shows the steps to be studied for a better comprehension of an alliance: the decision of starting an alliance and the choice of the partners, the decision about the governance structure, the evolution of the alliance and the development of the companies which established this partnership. To carry this study out, a study case accordingly to Yin s proposal (2001) was adopted. Semi-structured interviews with pre-defined plots were conducted in two phases: in the beginning of 2006 and in the beginning of 2007. The subjects from the research were, in 2006, representative members of the main associations and corporations, besides the shrimp producers from the state, when the context of the activity was set. In the second phase, in 2007, representative members from the two cooperatives that were listed above were interviewed the president from Coopercam and the marketing manager from Unipesca. Besides these two members, directors from two important organizations in each of these cooperatives were also interviewed, giving out the necessary information for the research. Secondary data was also collected from the Brazilian Association of Crab producers website, as well as from news from important newspapers in RN, such as Tribuna do Norte. The primary data was analyzed in terms of quality, accordingly to the documental analysis technique. Thus, through the data that was collected, it can be concluded that the reasons that motivated the companies to cooperate can be explained in terms of the transactional costs economy. However, the choice of partners is more connected to aspects approached by the social embededness. When aspects related to development and evolution were analyzed, it could be seen that both aspects from TCE and Embededness were vital to explain the development of the cooperatives mentioned

A dinâmica do campo organizacional e a adoção de estratégias na carcinicultura do RN

This study aimed to understand the relations inside the organizational Structuring of the shrimp Field - the shrimp agribusiness placed in Rio Grande do Norte State and the strategies adopted by its players. In order to achieve that, semi-structured interviews were conducted with samples of various organizations that act in the field, like cooperatives, associations, enterprises of different links in the chain, universities and state agencies. The interviews built up a large collection of secondary data. As expected, it was found that Field and strategies are related in a recursive way: the configuration of the field, a result from his own biography, has decisively influenced the strategies adopted by its actors, who, as evolved, eventually caused further changes in the Field and outlines the plot of this area of interaction. It was found, for example, that after thirty-five years of its genesis, the Field of shrimp RN still has a low level of institutionalization, which helps to understand the difficulty of its actors in establish strategies based on partnerships and cooperation; Those actions are so necessary to alleviate the effects of the crisis that devastated the industry since 2004. It was noticed, however, that this level of institutionalization is a result, beside other factors, the very strategies that field actors are embracing along its trajectory. Thus, this study hopes to have contributed both to the necessary revival of the agency to institutional phenomenon, cited by Oliver (1991), and to meet the need for more contextualized approaches to organizational strategies (MINTZBERG, 1987; CLEGG, 2004; WHITTINGTON, 2004; 2006; SARAIVA and CARRIERI, 2007). It is an exploratory study that needs further investigation in order to get deep in this research. In this sense, others methodologies and theoretical perspectives need to be used, especially those relating to the seizure of the disputes and discursive aspects of power, as salient in the field investigated. Moreover, in terms of "practical actions", it is suggested that, as soon as possible, the main actors of the field (cooperatives, companies, and state entities in class) can be able of agglutinate efforts to support the shrimp field in RN State and make sustainable actions, which can promote the development of activity in a global view. On the apse of shrimp activities everybody wanted to be the "father of the child," Now, someone has to "stay in the goal."

As relações da tríplice hélice no setor da carcinicultura do Rio Grande do Norte: uma análise a partir das abordagens da imersão social e da dependência de recursos

This work consists in a study of the Shrimp Industry in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, whose central issue relates to the understanding of how the Triple Helix (University, Government and the productive sector) interrelationship limits or expands the industry s innovation process. The study aims to understand how the Triple Helix relationship interferes in the innovation process of shrimp in Rio Grande do Norte. As the knowledge becomes the resource key for production methods, the generation of new technologies, new products and processes which demands joint and integrated action of the institutions comprising the Triple Helix: University, Government and productive sector, which possess the essential resources to innovate the process and can be maximized from cooperative relationships between the referred Institutions. Thus, in this work, it was sharply used the pioneering studies of Sabato and Botana (1968) regarding the cooperation relationship between the scientific-technological sphere, the governmental and the productive base, and studies on the Triple Helix approach, proposed by Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff (2000), in which the university has a key role in the process of technological and innovative development of countries and regions, and under which it is assigned to the very University - the character of the entrepreneurial institution, through the concept of entrepreneurial University. Aiming to overcome the criticism of Cooke (2005), regarding the limitations of the Triple Helix approach, in this study it was used - as analytical perspectives - the perspective of social immersion (Granovetter, 1985, 2005) and the theory of resources dependence (PFEFFER; SALANCIK, 1978). The analytical perspectives presented in here, despite of the different assumptions, are essential to eliminate the bias that one only approach can lead (ASTLEY; VAN DE VEM; 2007). The authors arguments focus on the fact that the integration is possible if the researcher acknowledged that different perspectives may have different descriptions of the same phenomenon. As a research strategy, this study is characterized as a study case, along with the proposed objectives - the qualitative method was used as an approach and, depending on the gathering of the sector s historical, a sectional longitudinal view approach was applied (VIEIRA, 2004). The primary and secondary data were used in order to understand the sector s evolutionary process and its inter-institutional relations - regarding the shrimp culture in Rio Grande do Norte - to promote the development, as the content was used for the technical analysis (BARDIN, 1977). The approach of social immersion and resources addiction dependence made it possible to understand that relationships are established within and between each sphere (university, government and productive sector) characterizing a network of low density relationships and strongly internal and external dependence. Based on the speech of Etzkowitz and Mello (2006), a successful Triple Helix strategy of innovation requires not only the involvement and commitment of the parts, within the institutional sphere and among them, but also the development of mechanisms to coordinate the multiple and complex interactions and interfaces, focusing on promoting both environment and context for innovation and learning; it can be acknowledge from study results that the shrimp in the State of the RN, although there are several institutional mechanisms to promote greater integration and technological development, has been presented disjointed - both internally and between the spheres - and under no legitimate practice when facing the innovational promotion and integration institutions. Due to those factors, the central institutions of the network are crucial to the promotion of innovations, spreading through their direct contacts the importance factor of the sustainable competitive activity in the world market and on the national level. However, it may be concluded, from the data, that the Triple Helix relations are interfering in a negative way on what concerns the promotion of innovations in the shrimp industry in RN

A Geração de inovação na carcinicultura do RN: Uma análise a partir da imersão social

This dissertation examines the organizational innovation as a nonlinear process, which occurs in a social and political context and, therefore, socially immersed. Examines the case of shrimp in the state of RN, starting from the following problem: although the norteriograndense shrimp occupies the largest producer of farmed shrimp from Brazil, has a series of bottlenecks concerning the generation of industry innovation, concerning the social relationships and policies between the various actors in the network, whether private or public, and its consequences in terms of opportunity and limits generated for the innovative dynamics. The objective of the research is to understand how the social embeddedness of political actors affects norteriograndense shrimp within the context of structural relations, the industry generation of innovation, throughout its technological trajectory . The approach of social embeddedness balances atomised perspectives, undersocialized and oversocialized, of economic action, considering both the human capacity to act as sources of constraint, whose mechanisms are analyzed the structural and political. In methodological terms this is a case study, analyzed from the research literature, documentary and experimental. Primary data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed in depth by the technique of content analysis. Was adopted a longitudinal approach, seeking to understand the phenomenon from the perspective of the subjects, describing it in an inductive process of investigation. After characterizing the sector and defining their technological trajectory, the analysis of the results followed its four stages: (1) Introduction of Technology: 1973-1980, (2) Intensification of Research: 1981-1991, (3) Technological Adaptation, 1992 -2003, (4) Technological Crisis: 2004-2009. A cross-sectional analysis along the evolutionary trajectory revealed the character of structural changes and policies over time, and implications on the generating process of innovation. Note that, the technological limit to which the sector reached requires changes in technology standards, but is more likely that the potiguar shrimp is entering a new phase of his career in technology rather than a new technological paradigm

Análise de volatilidade, integração de preços e previsibilidade para o mercado brasileiro de camarão

The present paper has the purpose of investigate the dynamics of the volatility structure in the shrimp prices in the Brazilian fish market. Therefore, a description of the initial aspects of the shrimp price series was made. From this information, statistics tests were made and selected univariate models to be price predictors. Then, it was verified the existence of relationship of long-term equilibrium between the Brazilian and American imported shrimp and if, confirmed the relationship, whether or not there is a causal link between these assets, considering that the two countries had presented trade relations over the years. It is presented as an exploratory research of applied nature with quantitative approach. The database was collected through direct contact with the Companhia de Entrepostos e Armazéns Gerais de São Paulo (CEAGESP) and on the official website of American import, National Marine Fisheries Service - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NMFS- NOAA). The results showed that the great variability in the active price is directly related with the gain and loss of the market agents. The price series presents a strong seasonal and biannual effect. The average structure of price of shrimp in the last 12 years was R$ 11.58 and external factors besides the production and marketing (U.S. antidumping, floods and pathologies) strongly affected the prices. Among the tested models for predicting prices of shrimp, four were selected, which through the prediction methodologies of one step forward of horizon 12, proved to be statistically more robust. It was found that there is weak evidence of long-term equilibrium between the Brazilian and American shrimp, where equivalently, was not found a causal link between them. We concluded that the dynamic pricing of commodity shrimp is strongly influenced by external productive factors and that these phenomena cause seasonal effects in the prices. There is no relationship of long-term stability between the Brazilian and American shrimp prices, but it is known that Brazil imports USA production inputs, which somehow shows some dependence productive. To the market agents, the risk of interferences of the external prices cointegrated to Brazilian is practically inexistent. Through statistical modeling is possible to minimize the risk and uncertainty embedded in the fish market, thus, the sales and marketing strategies for the Brazilian shrimp can be consolidated and widespread

Tributos indiretos na cadeia produtiva do camarão

The state of Rio Grande do Norte counts with a relevant potential in the shrimp farming supply chain. In the larviculture step the state responds for more than half of the national production. In the farming step it is the second largest producer. In the industrial step, its industries have almost 40% of the shrimp processing capacity of the northeast of Brazil. However, this country has the highest tax rate comparing with the main shrimp producer countries. Considering the influence of taxes in the competition among companies, the main goal of this research is to analyze the impact of indirect taxes in the above steps of the supply chain. To achieve it, it will be used the data of the 2011 Census of the Shrimp Farming and it will be applied the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index to identify the market form of those steps. In order to contribute with the characterization of the supply chain, CEO´s of farms and industries will be interviewed. The price-elasticity of the shrimp larvae, the in natura shrimp and the processed shrimp will be analyzed in order to verify the possibility that each one of those three steps has to pass-through the onus of the end of benefit over the ICMS. The data analysis shows that the larviculture step functions as a duopoly and, facing the end of that benefit, it will be able to pass-through most its onus to the farming step. On the other hand, this step functions similar to a perfect competing market, which diminishes its capacity to pass-through that onus to the processing step. This step operates as oligopoly with a lower concentration than the larviculture step but, due to the fact that it faces an oligopsony, it will end up assuming most of that onus, which will cause a decrease in the amount of processed shrimp. It is concluded that the end of that benefit would impact negatively, in this state, the supply chain at all, but mainly the farming and the industrial steps

Estudo comparativo de dois tipos de cultivo: monocultivo (camarões) versus cultivo integrado (algas/camarões)

The integrated culture of seaweed and aquatic animals is an ancient practice in Asian countries. The expansion of this practice to western countries is consequence of the recognition of this system as a sustainable alternative that allows economical diversification and mitigation of environmental impacts generated by effluents of aquaculture. This study evaluated the growth of the seaweed Gracilaria caudata and of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in monoculture (shrimps) and integrated culture (shrimps and algae) systems, and accessed the effect of the seaweed in the water quality. There were two treatments in the experiment: monoculture (shrimps) and integrated culture (shrimps/ algae). The organisms were cultured in 6 aquaria (10L) filled with seawater (35.0±0.0 PSU and 28.1±0.4°C) for 28 days. The nutrients of water (PO43-, NH4+, NO2-, NO3- and DIN), the biomass and the relative growth rate (RGR, % day-1) of seaweed and shrimps were measured weekly. The parameters pH, temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen were measured daily. The concentration of NH4+ in integrated culture (62.8±25.2µM) was lower (Mann-Whitney p<0.001) than in monoculture (85.6±24.3µM). The mean of PO4- in monoculture (10.4±4.6µM) was markedly higher (Mann-Whitney; p=0.024) than that in integrated culture (8.7±4.1µM). The level of dissolved oxygen in integrated culture (6.0±0.6mg/L) was higher (t-Student; P=0.014) than that in shrimp monoculture (5.8±0.6mg/L). The mean values of the parameters pH, NO2-, NO3- and DIN were 7.5±0.2, 10.1±12.2µM, 24.5±3.2µM and 120.17±30.76µM in monoculture, and 7.5±0.2, 10.5±13.2µM, 27.4±3.5µM and 100.76±49.59µM in integrated culture. There were not differences in these parameters between treatments. The biomass and RGR of seaweed reached 15.0±1.9g and 7.4±2.8% day-1 at the end of the experiment. The performance of shrimp was favorable in monoculture (1.5±0.8g; 5.7±1.6% dia-1) and in integrated culture (1.5±0.7g; 5.2±1.2% dia-1), and the rate of survival was 100% in both treatments. The tolerance and favorable performance of Gracilaria caudata suggest that this seaweed might be integrated into shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture systems

Influência da profundidade e dos parâmetros ambientais sobre o desenvolvimento de Gracilaria birdiae (Rhodophyta, Gracilariales) em viveiro de camarão

This study evaluates the influence of depth and environmental parameters on the development of Gracilaria birdiae Plastino & Oliveira (Gracilariaceae Rhodophyta) in an organic shrimp pound (Litopenaeus vannamei) under euthrophical conditions. PVC structures (module) witch four ropes laden with 150 g of macroalgae each, were kept during 35 days at three different depths (surface, 10 and 20 cm depth). Wet biomass weighing and environmental parameters (temperature, salinity, turbidity, pH, transparence, precipitation, evaporation, insolation, accumulated solar radiation, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium and orthophosphate) were measured weekly. At all three proposed depths, the macroalgae displayed a higher biomass at the end of experiment than at the initial inoculations. The module kept at a 10 cm depth presented the greatest average biomass (186,3), followed by that kept at 20 cm (180,4 g) and the surface module (169,9 g). Biomass variations showed algae to suffer the direct effects of depths. Biomass loss was associated with the factors that influence light penetration, such as sediment deposits above the thallus, rate of evaporation and precipitation. The smallest loses occurred in the algae kept on surface (0,16%), followed by the algae kept at 20 cm (0,20%) and 10 cm (0,22%). The specific growth rate (SGR) of G. birdiae showed no significant difference between the three depths nor the sample periods. Nevertheless, the modules kept at 10 and 20 cm depths presented similar growth evolution, both growing 0,38%·per day-1, while the module kept on surface had an average SGR of 0,36%·day-1. The models related to growth rate demonstrated temperature, salinity, pH, orthophosphate, ammonium, precipitation and turbidity as the principal environmental parameters influencing the development of G. birdiae