Efeito do tratamento de sementes de soja com fungicidas na nodulacao e fixacao simbiotica do N2.

1999

Resultados de pesquisa da Embrapa Soja - 2000: microbiologia de solos.

Associações microbianas na nutrição nitrogenada da soja; Caracterização genética, fisiológica e bioquímica de estirpes de Bradyrhizobium para a cultura da soja e de solos da Região Sul e do Cerrado e com maior eficiência de fixação do nitrogênio e capacidade competitiva (04.0.94.322-02); Experimentação em rede nacional para recomendação de estirpes de Bradyrhizobium e inoculantes (04.0.94.322-03); Caracterizaao e seleção de genótipos de soja para a fixação biológica do N2 e observação de genótipos mais responsivos (04.0.94.322-04); Interação entre espécies vegetais e microrganismos do solo em sistemas de rotação e sucessão de culturas em semeadura direta ou preparo convencional do solo (04.0.94.322-05); Efeito ecológico e mutagênico do Al e Mn sobre o Bradyrhizobium japonicum e B. elkanii (04.1994.322-15); Compatibilidade de aplicação conjunta nas sementes, de fungicidas, micronutrientes e inoculantes, sobre a sobrevivência do Bradyrhizobium e a eficiência de fixação biológica do nitrogênio (04.0.94.322-18).

Program, abstracts and related documents.

The context: Soil biodiversity and sustainable agriculture; Abstracts - Theme 1: Monitoring and assessment: Bioindicators of soil health: assessment and monitoring for sustainable agriculture; Practical tools to measure soil health and their use by farmers; Biological soil quality from biomass to biodiversity - importance and resilience to management stress and disturbance; Integrated management of plant-parasitic nematodes in maize-bean cropping systems; Microbial quantitative and qualitative changes in soils under different crops and tillage management systems in Brazil; Diversity in the rhizobia associated with Phaseolus vulgaris L: in Ecuador and comparisons with Mexican bean rhizobia; Sistemas integrados ganadería-agricultura en Cuba; Soil macrofauna as bioindicator of soil quality; Biological functioning of cerrado soils; Hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate as a soil quality indicator in different pasture systems; Soil management and soil macrofauna communities at Embrapa Soybean, Londrina, Brazil; Soil macrofauna in a 24 - year old no-tillage system in Paraná, Brazil; Invertebrate macrofauna of soils inpastures under different forms of management in the cerrado (Brazil); Soil tillage modifies the invertebrate soil macrofauna community; Soil macrofauna in various tillage and land use systems on an oxisols near Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Interference of agricultural systems on soil macrofauna; Scarab beetle-grub holes in various tillage and crop management systems at Embrapa Soybean, Londrina, Brazil; Biological management of agroecosystems; Soil biota and nutrient dynamics through litterfall in agroforestry system in Rondônia, Amazônia, Brazil; Soil-C stocks and earthworm diversity of native and introduced pastures in Veracruz, Mexico; Theme 2 : Adaptive management: Some thoughts on the effects and implications of the transition from weedy multi-crop to wead-free mono-crop systems in Africa; Towards sustainable agriculture with no-tillage and crop rotation systems in South Brazil; Effect of termites on crusted soil rehabilitation in the Sahel; Management of macrofauna in traditional and conventional agroforestry systems from India with special reference to termites and earthworms; Adaptive management for redeveloping traditional agroecosystems; Conservation and sustainable use of soil biodiversity: learning with master nature!; Convergence of sciences: inclusive technology innovation processes for better integrated crop/vegetation, soil and biodiversity management; Potential for increasing soil biodiversity in agroecosystems; Biological nitrogen fixation and sustainability in the tropics; Theme 3: Research and innovation: Plant flavonoids and cluster roots as modifiers of soil biodiversity; The significance of biological diversity in agricultural soil for disease suppressiveness and nutrient retention; Linking above - and belowground biodiversity: a comparison of agricultural systems; Insect-pests in biologically managed oil and crops: the experience at ICRISAT; Sistemas agricolas micorrizados en Cuba; The effect of velvetbean (Mucuna pruriens) on the tropical earthworm Balanteodrilus pearsei: a management option for maize crops in the Mexican humid tropics; The potential of earthworms and organic matter quality in the rehabilitation of tropical soils; Research and innovation in biological management of soil ecosystems; Application of biodynamic methods in the Egyptian cotton sector; Theme 4: Capacity building and mainstreaming: Soil ecology and biodiversity: a quick scan of its importance for government policy in The Netherlands; Agrotechnological transfer of legume inoculants in Eastern and Southern Africa; Agricultura urbana en Cuba; Soil carbon sequestration for sustaining agricultural production and improving the environment; Conservation and sustainable management of below-ground biodiversity: the TSBF-BGBD network project; The tropical soil biology and fertility institute of CIAT (TSBF); South-South initiative for training and capacity building for the management of soil biology/biodiversity; Strategies to facilititate development and adoption of integrated resource management for sustainable production and productivity improvement; The challenge program on biological nitrogen fixation (CPBNF); Living soil training for farmers: improving knowledge and skills in soil nutrition management; Do we need an inter-governmental panel on land and soil (IPLS)? Protection and sustainable use of biodiversity of soils; Cases Studies -- Plant parasitic nematodes associated with common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and integrated management approaches; Agrotechnological transfer of legume inoculants in Eastern and Southern Africa; Restoring soil fertility and enhancing productivity in Indian tea plantations with earthworms and organic fertilizers; Managing termites and organic resources to improve soil productivity in the Sahel; Overview and case studies on biological nitrogen fixation: perspectives and limitations; Soil biodiversity and sustainable agriculture: an overview.

Soja: molibdênio e cobalto.

Introdução: nitrogênio, molibdênio, cobalto. Resultados da Embrapa Soja: safra de 1992/93, 1993/94, 1994/95. Resultados da Fundação Mato Grosso do Sul. Considerações gerais: Embrapa Soja, Fundação Mato Grosso do Sul. Recomendações.

Inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense: inovação em rendimento a baixo custo.

O que são bactérias promotoras do crescimento de plantas?; Bactérias do gênero Azospirillum promovem o crescimento de plantas?; O que é a fixação biológica do nitrogênio? Azospirillum também pode realizar esse processo?; Que outros benefícios às plantas são atribuídos ao Azospirillum?; Há muitos ensaios de inoculação com Azospirillum conduzidos no mundo?; Pode existir especificidade de Azospirillum com as plantas hospedeiras? E no Brasil, há muitos estudos básicos e aplicados com Azospirillum?; Qual foi a pesquisa que resultou no primeiro inoculante contendo Azospirillum comercializado no Brasil?; Nessa pesquisa pioneira, quais foram os resultados encontrados com o trigo?; E qual foi o efeito da inoculação do milho com Azospirillum?; Quais foram as repercussões desses ensaios com trigo e milho?; E no caso de inoculantes líquidos, quais foram os resultados obtidos em trigo e milho?; Os benefícios pela inoculação com Azospirillum no Brasil são atribuídos à fixação biológica do nitrogênio?; Rendimentos elevados de milho podem ser obtidos via inoculação com Azospirillum?; A partir dos resultados de todos esses ensaios, qual pode ser a recomendação para as culturas do trigo e do milho?; Existem mais resultados obtidos com diferentes doses de fertilizante nitrogenado em trigo e milho?; Quais cuidados devem ser tomados com a compra do inoculante contendo Azospirillum?; Como deve ser feita a inoculação das sementes com Azospirillum?

Anais...

Situação atual do marco regulatório sobre o acesso ao patrimônio genético frente às atividades de pesquisa e desenvolvimento de produtos biológicos. Principais atividades da coordenação de fertilizantes, inoculantes e corretivos no biênio 2012-2014. Resultados das análises da fiscalização de produtos inoculantes para leguminosas nos anos de 2012-2013 e estabelecimento de um ensaio interlaboratorial. Perspectivas de uso de inoculantes microbianos no Brasil: a visão da ANPII. A rede ?FBN_ABC?: compromisso com a promoção dos benefícios da Fixação Biológica do Nitrogênio ( FBN) através dos inoculantes. Método alternativo para contagem e viabilidade celular para inoculantes: novo horizonte baseado em citometria de fluxo. Alternativa metodológica para contagem de Azospirillum em inoculantes. Sugestão para alterações nos meios de cultura e análises de Azospirillum nas instruções normativas Nº 30 e Nº 13 do MAPA. Análise de nodulação de soja e uso de um inoculante padrão em casa de vegetação para determinar a qualidade de produtos comerciais. Eficiência simbiótica de estirpes de Bradyrhizobium para a produção de mudas de Centrolobium paraense. Avaliação da eficiência agronômica de novas estirpes de rizóbio para a cultura do feijoeiro. Caracterização e avaliação agronômica de novos isolados de rizóbio obtidos de nódulos de genótipos silvestes de feijoeiro-comum. Resposta do feijoeiro irrigado à inoculação em fazendas do GTEC-feijão em Unaí-MG: safras 2012 e 2013. Recomendação de nova estirpe de Rhizobium para feijão-comum. Sobrevida en semillas de soja de esporas de Penicillium bilaiae. Uso y sistema de aplicación de promotores del crecimiento em semilla de soja. Novas tecnologias na cultura da soja: métodos de inoculação, densidades de plantas e novas estirpes de Bradyrhizobium. Relato dos resultados de ensaios de adubação nitrogenada na cultura da soja pelo CESB (Comitê Estratégico Soja Brasil). Resposta do amendoinzeiro à inoculação. Efeito de biofertilizante na promoção de crescimento e aumento de produtividade de arroz. Alterações de germinação e vigor de sementes da cultivar de arroz BRS pampa tratadas com indutores de crescimento. Promoção do crescimento de milho por novas estirpes de bactérias associativas: resultados de ensaios em rede conduzidos pelo instituto nacional de ciência e tecnologia da Fixação Biológica do Nitrogênio (INCT-FBN) Metodologias de inoculação de Azospirillum brasilense na cultura de milho. O conteúdo de exopolissacarídeos e polihidroxibutirato influenciam a sobrevivência de Azospirillum brasilense e o desenvolvimento de raízes de plântulas de milho. Reclassificação de espécies de estirpes autorizadas para as culturas da soja e do feijoeiro e revelações obtidas no sequenciamento dos seus genomas. Coinoculaçâo da soja e do feijoeiro com rizóbios e Azospirillum brasilense. Validação de estirpes de rizóbio para a inoculação de espécies arbóreas, adubos verdes e forrageiras visando metas do programa ABC e do novo código florestal. Evaluación de un inoculante formulado con cepas de Bacillus amyloliquefaciens para el control biológico de hongos fitopatógenos. Relação de membros credenciados na Relare. Ata técnica da assembleia geral ordinária da XVII Relare. Ata da eleição da diretoria da Relare para o biênio 2014 ? 2016. Relação dos participantes da XVII Relare.

Strategies for surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion according to the region of transverse maxillary deficiency

This study evaluated different techniques for surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) according to the type of transverse maxillary deficiency using computed tomography (CT). Six adult patients with bilateral transverse maxillary deficiencies underwent SARME. the patients were equally divided into three groups: Group I, maxillary atresia in both the anterior and posterior regions; Group II, greater maxillary atresia in the anterior region; and Group ill, increased maxillary atresia in the posterior region. in Group I, a subtotal Le Fort I osteotomy was used. in Group II, a subtotal Le Fort I osteotomy was used without pterygomaxillary suture disjunction. in Group III, a subtotal Le Fort I osteotomy was used with pterygomaxillary suture disjunction and fixation of the anterior nasal spine with steel wire. the midpalatal suture opening was evaluated preoperatively and immediately after the activation period using CT. for Group I, the opening occurred parallel to midpalatal suture; for Group II, the opening comprised a V-shape with a vertex on the posterior nasal spine; and for Group III, the opening comprised a V-shape with a vertex at the anterior nasal spine. the conclusion was that the SARME technique should be individualized according to the type of transverse maxillary deficiency.

Rapid compensatory evolution promotes the survival of conjugative plasmids

Conjugative plasmids play a vital role in bacterial adaptation through horizontal gene transfer. Explaining how plasmids persist in host populations however is difficult, given the high costs often associated with plasmid carriage. Compensatory evolution to ameliorate this cost can rescue plasmids from extinction. In a recently published study we showed that compensatory evolution repeatedly targeted the same bacterial regulatory system, GacA/GacS, in populations of plasmid-carrying bacteria evolving across a range of selective environments. Mutations in these genes arose rapidly and completely eliminated the cost of plasmid carriage. Here we extend our analysis using an individual based model to explore the dynamics of compensatory evolution in this system. We show that mutations which ameliorate the cost of plasmid carriage can prevent both the loss of plasmids from the population and the fixation of accessory traits on the bacterial chromosome. We discuss how dependent the outcome of compensatory evolution is on the strength and availability of such mutations and the rate at which beneficial accessory traits integrate on the host chromosome.

A model for the simulation of macroalgal population dynamics and productivity

A mathematical model to simulate the population dynamics and productivity of macroalgae is described. The model calculates the biomass variation of a population divided into size-classes. Biomass variation in each class is estimated from the mass balance of carbon fixation, carbon release and demographic processes such as mortality and frond breakage. The transitions between the different classes are calculated in biomass and density units as a function of algal growth. Growth is computed from biomass variations using an allometric relationship between weight and length. Gross and net primary productivity is calculated from biomass production and losses over the period of simulation. The model allows the simulation of different harvesting strategies of commercially important species. The cutting size and harvesting period may be changed in order to optimise the calculated yields. The model was used with the agarophyte Gelidium sesquipedale (Clem.) Born. et Thur. This species was chosen because of its economic importance as a the main raw material for the agar industry. Net primary productivity calculated with it and from biomass variations over a yearly period, gave similar results. The results obtained suggest that biomass dynamics and productivity are more sensitive to the light extinction coefficient than to the initial biomass conditions for the model. Model results also suggest that biomass losses due to respiration and exudation are comparable to those resulting from mortality and frond breakage. During winter, a significant part of the simulated population has a negative net productivity. The importance of considering different parameters in the productivity light relationships in order to account for their seasonal variability is demonstrated with the model results. The model was implemented following an object oriented programming approach. The programming methodology allows a fast adaptation of the model to other species without major software development.

Considerações sobre o papel da química bioinorgânica na saúde

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas

Modeling the Possible Influences of Eye Movements on the Refinement of Cortical Direction Selectivity

The second-order statistics of neural activity was examined in a model of the cat LGN and V1 during free-viewing of natural images. In the model, the specific patterns of thalamocortical activity required for a Bebbian maturation of direction-selective cells in VI were found during the periods of visual fixation, when small eye movements occurred, but not when natural images were examined in the absence of fixational eye movements. In addition, simulations of stroboscopic reming that replicated the abnormal pattern of eye movements observed in kittens chronically exposed to stroboscopic illumination produced results consistent with the reported loss of direction selectivity and preservation of orientation selectivity. These results suggest the involvement of the oculomotor activity of visual fixation in the maturation of cortical direction selectivity.

Fixational Instability and Natural Image Statistics: Implications for Early Visual Representations

Under natural viewing conditions small movements of the eye, head, and body prevent the maintenance of a steady direction of gaze. It is known that stimuli tend to fade when they a restabilized on the retina for several seconds. However; it is unclear whether the physiological motion of the retinal image serves a visual purpose during the brief periods of natural visual fixation. This study examines the impact of fixational instability on the statistics of the visua1 input to the retina and on the structure of neural activity in the early visual system. We show that fixational instability introduces a component in the retinal input signals that in the presence of natural images, lacks spatial correlations. This component strongly influences neural activity in a model of the LGN. It decorrelates cell responses even if the contrast sensitivity functions of simulated cells arc not perfectly tuned to counterbalance the power-law spectrum of natural images. A decorrelation of neural activity at the early stages of the visual system has been proposed to be beneficial for discarding statistical redundancies in the input signals. The results of this study suggest that fixational instability might contribute to establishing efficient representations of natural stimuli.

A Neural Model of Visually Guided Steering, Obstacle Avoidance, and Route Selection

A neural model is developed to explain how humans can approach a goal object on foot while steering around obstacles to avoid collisions in a cluttered environment. The model uses optic flow from a 3D virtual reality environment to determine the position of objects based on motion discotinuities, and computes heading direction, or the direction of self-motion, from global optic flow. The cortical representation of heading interacts with the representations of a goal and obstacles such that the goal acts as an attractor of heading, while obstacles act as repellers. In addition the model maintains fixation on the goal object by generating smooth pursuit eye movements. Eye rotations can distort the optic flow field, complicating heading perception, and the model uses extraretinal signals to correct for this distortion and accurately represent heading. The model explains how motion processing mechanisms in cortical areas MT, MST, and VIP can be used to guide steering. The model quantitatively simulates human psychophysical data about visually-guided steering, obstacle avoidance, and route selection.

A Neural Model of Visually Guided Steering, Obstacle Avoidance, and Route Selection

A neural model is developed to explain how humans can approach a goal object on foot while steering around obstacles to avoid collisions in a cluttered environment. The model uses optic flow from a 3D virtual reality environment to determine the position of objects based on motion discontinuities, and computes heading direction, or the direction of self-motion, from global optic flow. The cortical representation of heading interacts with the representations of a goal and obstacles such that the goal acts as an attractor of heading, while obstacles act as repellers. In addition the model maintains fixation on the goal object by generating smooth pursuit eye movements. Eye rotations can distort the optic flow field, complicating heading perception, and the model uses extraretinal signals to correct for this distortion and accurately represent heading. The model explains how motion processing mechanisms in cortical areas MT, MST, and posterior parietal cortex can be used to guide steering. The model quantitatively simulates human psychophysical data about visually-guided steering, obstacle avoidance, and route selection.

Miniature Eye Movements Enhance Fine Spatial Details

Our eyes are constantly in motion. Even during visual fixation, small eye movements continually jitter the location of gaze. It is known that visual percepts tend to fade when retinal image motion is eliminated in the laboratory. However, it has long been debated whether, during natural viewing, fixational eye movements have functions in addition to preventing the visual scene from fading. In this study, we analysed the influence in humans of fixational eye movements on the discrimination of gratings masked by noise that has a power spectrum similar to that of natural images. Using a new method of retinal image stabilization18, we selectively eliminated the motion of the retinal image that normally occurs during the intersaccadic intervals of visual fixation. Here we show that fixational eye movements improve discrimination of high spatial frequency stimuli, but not of low spatial frequency stimuli. This improvement originates from the temporal modulations introduced by fixational eye movements in the visual input to the retina, which emphasize the high spatial frequency harmonics of the stimulus. In a natural visual world dominated by low spatial frequencies, fixational eye movements appear to constitute an effective sampling strategy by which the visual system enhances the processing of spatial detail.