Solving the cooling flow problem through mechanical AGN feedback

A fundamental gap in the current understanding of collapsed structures in the universe concerns the thermodynamical evolution of the ordinary, baryonic component. Unopposed radiative cooling of plasma would lead to the cooling catastrophe, a massive inflow of condensing gas toward the centre of galaxies, groups and clusters. The last generation of multiwavelength observations has radically changed our view on baryons, suggesting that the heating linked to the active galactic nucleus (AGN) may be the balancing counterpart of cooling. In this Thesis, I investigate the engine of the heating regulated by the central black hole. I argue that the mechanical feedback, based on massive subrelativistic outflows, is the key to solving the cooling flow problem, i.e. dramatically quenching the cooling rates for several billion years without destroying the cool-core structure. Using an upgraded version of the parallel 3D hydrodynamic code FLASH, I show that anisotropic AGN outflows can further reproduce fundamental observed features, such as buoyant bubbles, cocoon shocks, sonic ripples, metals dredge-up, and subsonic turbulence. The latter is an essential ingredient to drive nonlinear thermal instabilities, which cause cold gas condensation, a residual of the quenched cooling flow and, later, fuel for the AGN feedback engine. The self-regulated outflows are systematically tested on the scales of massive clusters, groups and isolated elliptical galaxies: in lighter less bound objects the feedback needs to be gentler and less efficient, in order to avoid drastic overheating. In this Thesis, I describe in depth the complex hydrodynamics, involving the coupling of the feedback energy to that of the surrounding hot medium. Finally, I present the merits and flaws of all the proposed models, with a critical eye toward observational concordance.

A numerical study of temperature effects on hot wire measurements inside turbulent channel flows

A way to investigate turbulence is through experiments where hot wire measurements are performed. Analysis of the in turbulence of a temperature gradient on hot wire measurements is the aim of this thesis work. Actually - to author's knowledge - this investigation is the first attempt to document, understand and ultimately correct the effect of temperature gradients on turbulence statistics. However a numerical approach is used since instantaneous temperature and streamwise velocity fields are required to evaluate this effect. A channel flow simulation at Re_tau = 180 is analyzed to make a first evaluation of the amount of error introduced by temperature gradient inside the domain. Hot wire data field is obtained processing the numerical flow field through the application of a proper version of the King's law, which connect voltage, velocity and temperature. A drift in mean streamwise velocity profile and rms is observed when temperature correction is performed by means of centerline temperature. A correct mean velocity pro�le is achieved correcting temperature through its mean value at each wall normal position, but a not negligible error is still present into rms. The key point to correct properly the sensed velocity from the hot wire is the knowledge of the instantaneous temperature field. For this purpose three correction methods are proposed. At the end a numerical simulation at Re_tau =590 is also evaluated in order to confirm the results discussed earlier.

Numerical investigation of turbulent/non-turbulent interface

The subject of this work is the diffusion of turbulence in a non-turbulent flow. Such phenomenon can be found in almost every practical case of turbulent flow: all types of shear flows (wakes, jet, boundary layers) present some boundary between turbulence and the non-turbulent surround; all transients from a laminar flow to turbulence must account for turbulent diffusion; mixing of flows often involve the injection of a turbulent solution in a non-turbulent fluid. The mechanism of what Phillips defined as “the erosion by turbulence of the underlying non-turbulent flow”, is called entrainment. It is usually considered to operate on two scales with different mechanics. The small scale nibbling, which is the entrainment of fluid by viscous diffusion of turbulence, and the large scale engulfment, which entraps large volume of flow to be “digested” subsequently by viscous diffusion. The exact role of each of them in the overall entrainment rate is still not well understood, as it is the interplay between these two mechanics of diffusion. It is anyway accepted that the entrainment rate scales with large properties of the flow, while is not understood how the large scale inertial behavior can affect an intrinsically viscous phenomenon as diffusion of vorticity. In the present work we will address then the problem of turbulent diffusion through pseudo-spectral DNS simulations of the interface between a volume of decaying turbulence and quiescent flow. Such simulations will give us first hand measures of velocity, vorticity and strains fields at the interface; moreover the framework of unforced decaying turbulence will permit to study both spatial and temporal evolution of such fields. The analysis will evidence that for this kind of flows the overall production of enstrophy , i.e. the square of vorticity omega^2 , is dominated near the interface by the local inertial transport of “fresh vorticity” coming from the turbulent flow. Viscous diffusion instead plays a major role in enstrophy production in the outbound of the interface, where the nibbling process is dominant. The data from our simulation seems to confirm the theory of an inertially stirred viscous phenomenon proposed by others authors before and provides new data about the inertial diffusion of turbulence across the interface.

Dynamik orographischer Bannerwolken

Der Begriff "Bannerwolke" bezeichnet ein eindrucksvolles Phänomen aus dem Bereich der Gebirgsmeteorologie. Bannerwolken können gelegentlich im Hochgebirge im Bereich steiler Bergspitzen oder langgezogener Bergrücken, wie z.B. dem Matterhorn in den Schweizer Alpen oder dem Zugspitzgrat in den Bayrischen Alpen beobachtet werden. Der Begriff bezeichnet eine Banner- oder Fahnen-ähnliche Wolkenstruktur, welche an der windabgewandten Seite des Berges befestigt zu sein scheint, während die windzugewandte Seite vollkommen wolkenfrei ist. Bannerwolken fanden bislang, trotz ihres relativ häufigen Auftretens in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur kaum Beachtung. Entsprechend wenig ist über ihren Entstehungsmechanismus und insbesondere die relative Bedeutung dynamischer gegenüber thermodynamischer Prozesse bekannt. In der wissenschaftlichen Literatur wurden bislang 3 unterschiedliche Mechanismen postuliert, um die Entstehung von Bannerwolken zu erklären. Demnach entstehen Bannerwolken durch (a) den Bernoulli-Effekt, insbesondere durch die lokale adiabatische Kühlung hervorgerufen durch eine Druckabnahme entlang quasi-horizontal verlaufender, auf der windzugewandten Seite startender Trajektorien, (b) durch isobare Mischung bodennaher kälterer Luft mit wärmerer Luft aus höheren Schichten, oder (c) durch erzwungene Hebung im aufsteigenden Ast eines Leerotors. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, ein besseres physikalisches Verständnis für das Phänomen der Bannerwolke zu entwickeln. Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt auf dem dominierenden Entstehungsmechanismus, der relativen Bedeutung dynamischer und thermodynamischer Prozesse, sowie der Frage nach geeigneten meteorologischen Bedingungen. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein neues Grobstruktursimulations (LES)-Modell entwickelt, welches geeignet ist turbulente, feuchte Strömungen in komplexem Terrain zu untersuchen. Das Modell baut auf einem bereits existierenden mesoskaligen (RANS) Modell auf. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde das neue Modell ausführlich gegen numerische Referenzlösungen und Windkanal-Daten verglichen. Die wesentlichen Ergebnisse werden diskutiert, um die Anwendbarkeit des Modells auf die vorliegende wissenschaftliche Fragestellung zu überprüfen und zu verdeutlichen. Die Strömung über eine idealisierte pyramidenförmige Bergspitze wurde für Froude-Zahlen Fr >> 1 sowohl auf Labor- als auch atmosphärischer Skala mit und ohne Berücksichtigung der Feuchtephysik untersucht. Die Simulationen zeigen, dass Bannerwolken ein primär dynamisches Phänomen darstellen. Sie entstehen im Lee steiler Bergspitzen durch dynamisch erzwungene Hebung. Die Simulationen bestätigen somit die Leerotor-Theorie. Aufgrund des stark asymmetrischen, Hindernis-induzierten Strömungsfeldes können Bannerwolken sogar im Falle horizontal homogener Anfangsbedingungen hinsichtlich Feuchte und Temperatur entstehen. Dies führte zu der neuen Erkenntnis, dass zusätzliche leeseitige Feuchtequellen, unterschiedliche Luftmassen in Luv und Lee, oder Strahlungseffekte keine notwendige Voraussetzung für die Entstehung einer Bannerwolke darstellen. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Bannerwolkenbildung steigt mit zunehmender Höhe und Steilheit des pyramidenförmigen Hindernisses und ist in erster Näherung unabhängig von dessen Orientierung zur Anströmung. Simulationen mit und ohne Berücksichtigung der Feuchtephysik machen deutlich, dass thermodynamische Prozesse (insbes. die Umsetzung latenter Wärme) für die Dynamik prototypischer (nicht-konvektiver) Bannerwolken zweitrangig ist. Die Verstärkung des aufsteigenden Astes im Lee und die resultierende Wolkenbildung, hervorgerufen durch die Freisetzung latenter Wärme, sind nahezu vernachlässigbar. Die Feuchtephysik induziert jedoch eine Dipol-ähnliche Struktur im Vertikalprofil der Brunt-Väisälä Frequenz, was zu einem moderaten Anstieg der leeseitigen Turbulenz führt. Es wird gezeigt, dass Gebirgswellen kein entscheidendes Ingredienz darstellen, um die Dynamik von Bannerwolken zu verstehen. Durch eine Verstärkung der Absinkbewegung im Lee, haben Gebirgswellen lediglich die Tendenz die horizontale Ausdehnung von Bannerwolken zu reduzieren. Bezüglich geeigneter meteorologischer Bedingungen zeigen die Simulationen, dass unter horizontal homogenen Anfangsbedingungen die äquivalentpotentielle Temperatur in der Anströmung mit der Höhe abnehmen muss. Es werden 3 notwendige und hinreichende Kriterien, basierend auf dynamischen und thermodynamischen Variablen vorgestellt, welche einen weiteren Einblick in geeignete meteorologische Bedingungen geben.

Aeolian geomorphodynamics in endorheic basins of the Mongolian Gobi Desert

Die vorliegende Arbeit ist im Zuge des DFG Projektes Spätpleistozäne, holozäne und aktuelle Geomorphodynamik in abflusslosen Becken der Mongolischen Gobi´´ entstanden. Das Arbeitsgebiet befindet sich in der südlichen Mongolei im nördlichen Teil der Wüste Gobi. Neben einigen Teilen der Sahara (Heintzenberg, 2009), beispielsweise das Bodélé Becken des nördlichen Tschads (z.B. Washington et al., 2006a; Todd et al., 2006; Warren et al., 2007) wird Zentralasien als ein Hauptliefergebiet für Partikel in die globale Zirkulation der Atmosphäre gesehen (Goudie, 2009). Hauptaugenmerk liegt hierbei besonders auf den abflusslosen Becken und deren Sedimentablagerungen. Die, der Deflation ausgesetzten Flächen der Seebecken, sind hauptsächliche Quelle für Partikel die sich in Form von Staub respektive Sand ausbreiten. Im Hinblick auf geomorphologische Landschaftsentwicklung wurde der Zusammenhang von Beckensedimenten zu Hangdepositionen numerisch simuliert. Ein von Grunert and Lehmkuhl (2004) publiziertes Model, angelehnt an Ideen von Pye (1995) wird damit in Betracht gezogen. Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen modellieren Verbreitungsmechanismen auf regionaler Ebene ausgehend von einer größeren Anzahl an einzelnen punktuellen Standorten. Diese sind repräsentativ für die einzelnen geomorphologischen Systemglieder mit möglicherweise einer Beteiligung am Budget aeolischer Geomorphodynamik. Die Bodenbedeckung durch das charakteristische Steinpflaster der Gobi - Region, sowie unter anderem Korngrößenverteilungen der Oberflächensedimente wurden untersucht. Des Weiteren diente eine zehnjährige Zeitreihe (Jan 1998 bis Dez 2007) meteorologischer Daten als Grundlage zur Analyse der Bedingungen für äolische Geomorphodynamik. Die Daten stammen von 32 staatlichen mongolischen Wetterstationen aus der Region und Teile davon wurden für die Simulationen verwendet. Zusätzlich wurden atmosphärische Messungen zur Untersuchung der atmosphärischen Stabilität und ihrer tageszeitlichen Variabilität mit Mess-Drachenaufstiegen vorgenommen. Die Feldbefunde und auch die Ergebnisse der Laboruntersuchungen sowie der Datensatz meteorologischer Parameter dienten als Eingangsparameter für die Modellierungen. Emissionsraten der einzelnen Standorte und die Partikelverteilung im 3D Windfeld wurden modelliert um die Konvektivität der Beckensedimente und Hangdepositionen zu simulieren. Im Falle hoher mechanischer Turbulenz der bodennahen Luftschicht (mit einhergehender hoher Wind Reibungsgeschwindigkeit), wurde generell eine neutrale Stabilität festgestellt und die Simulationen von Partikelemission sowie deren Ausbreitung und Deposition unter neutraler Stabilitätsbedingung berechnet. Die Berechnung der Partikelemission wurde auf der Grundlage eines sehr vereinfachten missionsmodells in Anlehnung an bestehende Untersuchungen (Laurent et al., 2006; Darmenova et al., 2009; Shao and Dong, 2006; Alfaro, 2008) durchgeführt. Sowohl 3D Windfeldkalkulationen als auch unterschiedliche Ausbreitungsszenarien äolischer Sedimente wurden mit dem kommerziellen Programm LASAT® (Lagrange-Simulation von Aerosol-Transport) realisiert. Diesem liegt ein Langargischer Algorithmus zugrunde, mittels dessen die Verbreitung einzelner Partikel im Windfeld mit statistischer Wahrscheinlichkeit berechnet wird. Über Sedimentationsparameter kann damit ein Ausbreitungsmodell der Beckensedimente in Hinblick auf die Gebirgsfußflächen und -hänge generiert werden. Ein weiterer Teil der Untersuchungen beschäftigt sich mit der geochemischen Zusammensetzung der Oberflächensedimente. Diese Proxy sollte dazu dienen die simulierten Ausbreitungsrichtungen der Partikel aus unterschiedlichen Quellregionen nach zu verfolgen. Im Falle der Mongolischen Gobi zeigte sich eine weitestgehende Homogenität der Minerale und chemischen Elemente in den Sedimenten. Laser Bebohrungen einzelner Sandkörner zeigten nur sehr leichte Unterschiede in Abhängigkeit der Quellregionen. Die Spektren der Minerale und untersuchten Elemente deuten auf graitische Zusammensetzungen hin. Die, im Untersuchungsgebiet weit verbreiteten Alkali-Granite (Jahn et al., 2009) zeigten sich als hauptverantwortlich für die Sedimentproduktion im Untersuchungsgebiet. Neben diesen Mineral- und Elementbestimmungen wurde die Leichtmineralfraktion auf die Charakteristik des Quarzes hin untersucht. Dazu wurden Quarzgehalt, Kristallisation und das Elektronen-Spin-Resonanz Signal des E’1 - Centers in Sauerstoff Fehlstellungen des SiO2 Gitters bestimmt. Die Untersuchungen sind mit dem Methodenvorschlag von Sun et al. (2007) durchgeführt worden und sind prinzipiell gut geeignet um Herkunftsanalysenrndurchzuführen. Eine signifikante Zuordnung der einzelnen Quellgebiete ist jedoch auch in dieser Proxy nicht zu finden gewesen.

Techniques for Lagrangian modelling of dispersion in geophysical flows

Basic concepts and definitions relative to Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Models (LPDMs)for the description of turbulent dispersion are introduced. The study focusses on LPDMs that use as input, for the large scale motion, fields produced by Eulerian models, with the small scale motions described by Lagrangian Stochastic Models (LSMs). The data of two different dynamical model have been used: a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and a General Circulation Model (GCM). After reviewing the small scale closure adopted by the Eulerian model, the development and implementation of appropriate LSMs is outlined. The basic requirement of every LPDM used in this work is its fullfillment of the Well Mixed Condition (WMC). For the dispersion description in the GCM domain, a stochastic model of Markov order 0, consistent with the eddy-viscosity closure of the dynamical model, is implemented. A LSM of Markov order 1, more suitable for shorter timescales, has been implemented for the description of the unresolved motion of the LES fields. Different assumptions on the small scale correlation time are made. Tests of the LSM on GCM fields suggest that the use of an interpolation algorithm able to maintain an analytical consistency between the diffusion coefficient and its derivative is mandatory if the model has to satisfy the WMC. Also a dynamical time step selection scheme based on the diffusion coefficient shape is introduced, and the criteria for the integration step selection are discussed. Absolute and relative dispersion experiments are made with various unresolved motion settings for the LSM on LES data, and the results are compared with laboratory data. The study shows that the unresolved turbulence parameterization has a negligible influence on the absolute dispersion, while it affects the contribution of the relative dispersion and meandering to absolute dispersion, as well as the Lagrangian correlation.

Aereodynamics of dry helically-filleted bridge cables

Dry limited amplitude vibrations flow-transition induced vibrations were experienced on a helically-filleted tube, in a previous study performed by Kleissl and Georgakis (2012). These vibrations have never been reported in previous studies. A deep study on the same inclined-yawed cable configuration has been performed, in order to investigate and further understand the nature of these vibrations. The investigation has been carried out through passive-dynamic wind tunnel tests in the Climatic Wind Tunnel at FORCE Technology, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. The results are carried out in terms of aerodynamic damping and peak to peak amplitude at different flow velocities and different boundary conditions. The latter are done by testing the model with and without the spray system installed in the wind tunnel cross section, in order to understand and evaluate the influence of the spray system on the start of the vibrations mechanism and on the flow turbulence. The gained experiences are finally presented for the use in future testing activities with the purpose of improving the performance of passive-dynamic tests.

Numerical and experimental investigation of turbulent dissipation

Turbulent energy dissipation is presented in the theoretical context of the famous Kolmogorov theory, formulated in 1941. Some remarks and comments about this theory help the reader understand the approach to turbulence study, as well as give some basic insights to the problem. A clear distinction is made amongst dissipation, pseudo-dissipation and dissipation surrogates. Dissipation regulates how turbulent kinetic energy in a flow gets transformed into internal energy, which makes this quantity a fundamental characteristic to investigate in order to enhance our understanding of turbulence. The dissertation focuses on experimental investigation of the pseudo-dissipation. Indeed this quantity is difficult to measure as it requires the knowledge of all the possible derivatives of the three dimensional velocity field. Once considering an hot-wire technique to measure dissipation we need to deal with surrogates of dissipation, since not all the terms can be measured. The analysis of surrogates is the main topic of this work. In particular two flows, the turbulent channel and the turbulent jet, are considered. These canonic flows, introduced in a brief fashion, are often used as a benchmark for CFD solvers and experimental equipment due to their simple structure. Observations made in the canonic flows are often transferable to more complicated and interesting cases, with many industrial applications. The main tools of investigation are DNS simulations and experimental measures. DNS data are used as a benchmark for the experimental results since all the components of dissipation are known within the numerical simulation. The results of some DNS were already available at the start of this thesis, so the main work consisted in reading and processing the data. Experiments were carried out by means of hot-wire anemometry, described in detail on a theoretical and practical level. The study of DNS data of a turbulent channel at Re=298 reveals that the traditional surrogate can be improved Consequently two new surrogates are proposed and analysed, based on terms of the velocity gradient that are easy to measure experimentally. We manage to find a formulation that improves the accuracy of surrogates by an order of magnitude. For the jet flow results from a DNS at Re=1600 of a temporal jet, and results from our experimental facility CAT at Re=70000, are compared to validate the experiment. It is found that the ratio between components of the dissipation differs between DNS and experimental data. Possible errors in both sets of data are discussed, and some ways to improve the data are proposed.

Essays in Macroecometrics: methodological aspects and empirical applications

In the first chapter, I develop a panel no-cointegration test which extends Pesaran, Shin and Smith (2001)'s bounds test to the panel framework by considering the individual regressions in a Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) system. This allows to take into account unobserved common factors that contemporaneously affect all the units of the panel and provides, at the same time, unit-specific test statistics. Moreover, the approach is particularly suited when the number of individuals of the panel is small relatively to the number of time series observations. I develop the algorithm to implement the test and I use Monte Carlo simulation to analyze the properties of the test. The small sample properties of the test are remarkable, compared to its single equation counterpart. I illustrate the use of the test through a test of Purchasing Power Parity in a panel of EU15 countries. In the second chapter of my PhD thesis, I verify the Expectation Hypothesis of the Term Structure in the repurchasing agreements (repo) market with a new testing approach. I consider an "inexact" formulation of the EHTS, which models a time-varying component in the risk premia and I treat the interest rates as a non-stationary cointegrated system. The effect of the heteroskedasticity is controlled by means of testing procedures (bootstrap and heteroskedasticity correction) which are robust to variance and covariance shifts over time. I fi#nd that the long-run implications of EHTS are verified. A rolling window analysis clarifies that the EHTS is only rejected in periods of turbulence of #financial markets. The third chapter introduces the Stata command "bootrank" which implements the bootstrap likelihood ratio rank test algorithm developed by Cavaliere et al. (2012). The command is illustrated through an empirical application on the term structure of interest rates in the US.

Volatile organic compounds at the air-sea interface : gas exchange rates, oceanic emissions and the effect of ocean acidification

Oceans are key sources and sinks in the global budgets of significant atmospheric trace gases, termed Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Despite their low concentrations, these species have an important role in the atmosphere, influencing ozone photochemistry and aerosol physics. Surprisingly, little work has been done on assessing their emissions or transport mechanisms and rates between ocean and atmosphere, all of which are important when modelling the atmosphere accurately.rnA new Needle Trap Device (NTD) - GC-MS method was developed for the effective sampling and analysis of VOCs in seawater. Good repeatability (RSDs <16 %), linearity (R2 = 0.96 - 0.99) and limits of detection in the range of pM were obtained for DMS, isoprene, benzene, toluene, p-xylene, (+)-α-pinene and (-)-α-pinene. Laboratory evaluation and subsequent field application indicated that the proposed method can be used successfully in place of the more usually applied extraction techniques (P&T, SPME) to extend the suite of species typically measured in the ocean and improve detection limits. rnDuring a mesocosm CO2 enrichment study, DMS, isoprene and α-pinene were identified and quantified in seawater samples, using the above mentioned method. Based on correlations with available biological datasets, the effects of ocean acidification as well as possible ocean biological sources were investigated for all examined compounds. Future ocean's acidity was shown to decrease oceanic DMS production, possibly impact isoprene emissions but not affect the production of α-pinene. rnIn a separate activity, ocean - atmosphere interactions were simulated in a large scale wind-wave canal facility, in order to investigate the gas exchange process and its controlling mechanisms. Air-water exchange rates of 14 chemical species (of which 11 VOCs) spanning a wide range of solubility (dimensionless solubility, α = 0:4 to 5470) and diffusivity (Schmidt number in water, Scw = 594 to 1194) were obtained under various turbulent (wind speed at ten meters height, u10 = 0:8 to 15ms-1) and surfactant modulated (two different sized Triton X-100 layers) surface conditions. Reliable and reproducible total gas transfer velocities were obtained and the derived values and trends were comparable to previous investigations. Through this study, a much better and more comprehensive understanding of the gas exchange process was accomplished. The role of friction velocity, uw* and mean square slope, σs2 in defining phenomena such as waves and wave breaking, near surface turbulence, bubbles and surface films was recognized as very significant. uw* was determined as the ideal turbulent parameter while σs2 described best the related surface conditions. A combination of both uw* and σs2 variables, was found to reproduce faithfully the air-water gas exchange process. rnA Total Transfer Velocity (TTV) model provided by a compilation of 14 tracers and a combination of both uw* and σs2 parameters, is proposed for the first time. Through the proposed TTV parameterization, a new physical perspective is presented which provides an accurate TTV for any tracer within the examined solubility range. rnThe development of such a comprehensive air-sea gas exchange parameterization represents a highly useful tool for regional and global models, providing accurate total transfer velocity estimations for any tracer and any sea-surface status, simplifying the calculation process and eliminating inevitable calculation uncertainty connected with the selection or combination of different parameterizations.rnrn

Statistical analysis of a viscoelastic turbulent channel flow

Statiscal analysis related to a viscoelastic turbulent channel flow characterized as dilute polymer solution.

Testing of subgrid scale (SGS) models for large-eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent channel flow

Sub-grid scale (SGS) models are required in order to model the influence of the unresolved small scales on the resolved scales in large-eddy simulations (LES), the flow at the smallest scales of turbulence. In the following work two SGS models are presented and deeply analyzed in terms of accuracy through several LESs with different spatial resolutions, i.e. grid spacings. The first part of this thesis focuses on the basic theory of turbulence, the governing equations of fluid dynamics and their adaptation to LES. Furthermore, two important SGS models are presented: one is the Dynamic eddy-viscosity model (DEVM), developed by \cite{germano1991dynamic}, while the other is the Explicit Algebraic SGS model (EASSM), by \cite{marstorp2009explicit}. In addition, some details about the implementation of the EASSM in a Pseudo-Spectral Navier-Stokes code \cite{chevalier2007simson} are presented. The performance of the two aforementioned models will be investigated in the following chapters, by means of LES of a channel flow, with friction Reynolds numbers $Re_\tau=590$ up to $Re_\tau=5200$, with relatively coarse resolutions. Data from each simulation will be compared to baseline DNS data. Results have shown that, in contrast to the DEVM, the EASSM has promising potentials for flow predictions at high friction Reynolds numbers: the higher the friction Reynolds number is the better the EASSM will behave and the worse the performances of the DEVM will be. The better performance of the EASSM is contributed to the ability to capture flow anisotropy at the small scales through a correct formulation for the SGS stresses. Moreover, a considerable reduction in the required computational resources can be achieved using the EASSM compared to DEVM. Therefore, the EASSM combines accuracy and computational efficiency, implying that it has a clear potential for industrial CFD usage.

Dynamics of Bora wind over the Adriatic sea: atmospheric water balance and role of air-sea fluxes and orography

The Bora wind is a mesoscale phenomenon which typically affects the Adriatic Sea basin for several days each year, especially during winter. The Bora wind has been studied for its intense outbreak across the Dinaric Alps. The properties of the Bora wind are widely discussed in the literature and scientific papers usually focus on the eastern Adriatic coast where strong turbulence and severe gust intensity are more pronounced. However, the impact of the Bora wind can be significant also over Italy, not only in terms of wind speed instensity. Depending on the synoptic pressure pattern (cyclonic or anticyclonic Bora) and on the season, heavy snowfall, severe storms, storm surges and floods can occur along the Adriatic coast and on the windward flanks of the Apennines. In the present work five Bora cases that occurred in recent years have been selected and their evolution has been simulated with the BOLAM-MOLOCH model set, developed at ISAC-CNR in Bologna. Each case study has been addressed by a control run and by several sensitivity tests, performed with the purpose of better understanding the role played by air-sea latent and sensible heat fluxes. The tests show that the removal of the fluxes induces modifications in the wind approching the coast and a decrease of the total precipitation amount predicted over Italy. In order to assess the role of heat fluxes, further analysis has been carried out: column integrated water vapour fluxes have been computed along the Italian coastline and an atmospheric water balance has been evaluated inside a box volume over the Adriatic Sea. The balance computation shows that, although latent heat flux produces a significant impact on the precipitation field, its contribution to the balance is relatively minor. The most significant and lasting case study, that of February 2012, has been studied in more detail in order to explain the impressive drop in the total precipitation amount simulated in the sensitivity tests with removed heat fluxes with respect to the CNTRL run. In these experiments relative humidity and potential temperature distribution over different cross-sections have been examined. With respect to the CNTRL run a drier and more stable boundary layer, characterised by a more pronounced wind shear at the lower levels, has been observed to establish above the Adriatic Sea. Finally, in order to demonstrate that also the interaction of the Bora flow with the Apennines plays a crucial role, sensitivity tests varying the orography height have been considered. The results of such sensitivity tests indicate that the propagation of the Bora wind over the Adriatic Sea, and in turn its meteorological impact over Italy, is influenced by both the large air-sea heat fluxes and the interaction with the Apennines that decelerate the upstream flow.

Barriers to front propagation in ordered and disordered vortex flows

We present experiments on reactive front propagation in a two-dimensional (2D) vortex chain flow (both time-independent and time-periodic) and a 2D spatially disordered (time-independent) vortex-dominated flow. The flows are generated using magnetohydrodynamic forcing techniques, and the fronts are produced using the excitable, ferroin-catalyzed Belousov-Zhabotinsky chemical reaction. In both of these flows, front propagation is dominated by the presence of burning invariant manifolds (BIMs) that act as barriers, similar to invariant manifolds that dominate the transport of passive impurities. Convergence of the fronts onto these BIMs is shown experimentally for all of the flows studied. The BIMs are also shown to collapse onto the invariant manifolds for passive transport in the limit of large flow velocities. For the disordered flow, the measured BIMs are compared to those predicted using a measured velocity field and a three-dimensional set of ordinary differential equations that describe the dynamics of front propagation in advection-reaction-diffusion systems.

Public Monuments and the Development of Siamese Nationalism, 1908-1945

A careful study of Siam's public monuments is the key to understanding the development of the Siamese nation in its formative period, from 1908 to 1945. As Siam's elites attempted to modernize the state in order to compete with the more developed powers of the West, they recognized that nationalism could potentially be used as a force to increase popular unity, consolidate modernization programs, legitimize their own authority, and protect the country from foreign conquest. The problem they faced, however, was how best to communicate nationalism to the people. Different factions throughout this era had their own idea of what it meant to be Siamese, and all of them wanted to control the national image. But literacy in Siam was extremely low, and art too expensive for most individuals to possess. Public political monuments, the focus of this thesis, therefore became the primary means of manifesting and propagating the underlying tenets of the new Siamese nation. Public monuments express the changing imaginings of the Siamese nation in this period of enormous transformations and turbulence, through the motives behind their commissioning, the political messages they convey, and popular reactions to the monuments. Three primary strains of Siamese nationalism emerged during this period: royalist nationalism, republican nationalism, and military nationalism. These three imaginings of the nation continually developed and interacted with each other, but each was particularly dominant at a given time in Siamese history. Monuments of the royalist period (1908-1925) embody the desire of Siam's kings to not only promote national pride amongst the Siamese people, but also advocate an image of nation and king as one. Monuments of the republican period (1925-1939) express the changing and sometimes contradictory events of their times, as they demonstrate new national values based on the sovereignty of the people, the value of the constitution, and the growing power of the military. And monuments of the military period (1939-1945) espouse an assertive and militaristic national image of warfare, patriotism, authority, and vigor. This thesis explores the nationalistic themes expressed in these monuments, and how these themes played out in the course of Siam's wider history.