Relação entre índice de área foliar e frações de componentes puros do modelo linear de mistura espectral, usando imagens ETM+/Landsat

O índice de área foliar (IAF) é uma das mais importantes variáveis biofísicas da vegetação, estando relacionado diretamente com a evapotranspiração, com a produtividade da vegetação e com a interceptação da chuva pelo dossel. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a relação do IAF de diversos tipos de cobertura do solo com Frações de Componentes Puros (FCPs) do Modelo Linear de Mistura Espectral (MLME). A área de estudo foi a microbacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão dos Marins, localizada no município de Piracicaba - SP. O IAF foi medido, no campo, com o equipamento LAI-2000, em 32 áreas com diferentes coberturas vegetais. A imagem utilizada foi do sensor ETM+ a bordo do satélite Landsat-7. No MLME, foram considerados três componentes puros (vegetação, solo e sombra), selecionados com o auxílio dos componentes principais. Como resultado, tem-se que o IAF variou de 0,47 a 4,48, quando consideradas todas as áreas. As relações do IAF com a fração do componente puro vegetação F VEG e com a fração do componente puro solo (F SOL) foram significativas, embora fracas. Ao considerar apenas dados de IAF de cana-de-açúcar, houve aumento da variação explicada tanto para F VEG como para F SOL, sugerindo que a estratificação da vegetação pelo tipo pode melhorar a estimativa do IAF.

Distribuição da carga hidráulica em linhas de derivação otimizadas por programação linear

A existência de diferentes combinações de uniformidade de emissão na unidade operacional com a declividade do terreno favorece a ocorrência de várias possibilidades de configurações no sistema de irrigação, por conseguinte de diferentes custos de implantação e de posterior manejo do sistema. Desde que bem dimensionado, consegue-se verificar, no sistema de irrigação localizada, que a otimização do sistema por meio da programação linear é a melhor metodologia frente aos outros métodos propostos na pesquisa operacional, visto que se encontra a solução ótima global para as variáveis preestabelecidas no dimensionamento. Este trabalho teve por objetivo, analisar a distribuição da carga hidráulica na linha de derivação, sob diferentes uniformidades de emissão e declividades do terreno, calculada por programação linear. Os resultados obtidos permitem análise consistente dos parâmetros hidráulicos da uniformidade de emissão preestabelecida para a linha de derivação. Observa-se, em todos os casos, comportamento decrescente de variação da carga hidráulica, ocorrendo em maior intensidade na seguinte ordem de uniformidade de emissão: 80% > 83% > 86% > 89% > 92%. Já os pontos de menor carga hidráulica, a 3% de declividade, encontram-se na décima primeira saída em todas as uniformidades de emissão testadas.

Computational modeling for irrigated agriculture planning. Part I: general description and linear programming

Linear programming models are effective tools to support initial or periodic planning of agricultural enterprises, requiring, however, technical coefficients that can be determined using computer simulation models. This paper, presented in two parts, deals with the development, application and tests of a methodology and of a computational modeling tool to support planning of irrigated agriculture activities. Part I aimed at the development and application, including sensitivity analysis, of a multiyear linear programming model to optimize the financial return and water use, at farm level for Jaíba irrigation scheme, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, using data on crop irrigation requirement and yield, obtained from previous simulation with MCID model. The linear programming model outputted a crop pattern to which a maximum total net present value of R$ 372,723.00 for the four years period, was obtained. Constraints on monthly water availability, labor, land and production were critical in the optimal solution. In relation to the water use optimization, it was verified that an expressive reductions on the irrigation requirements may be achieved by small reductions on the maximum total net present value.

Comparison of maps of spatial variability of soil resistance to penetration constructed with and without covariables using a spatial linear model

A study about the spatial variability of data of soil resistance to penetration (RSP) was conducted at layers 0.0-0.1 m, 0.1-0.2 m and 0.2-0.3 m depth, using the statistical methods in univariate forms, i.e., using traditional geostatistics, forming thematic maps by ordinary kriging for each layer of the study. It was analyzed the RSP in layer 0.2-0.3 m depth through a spatial linear model (SLM), which considered the layers 0.0-0.1 m and 0.1-0.2 m in depth as covariable, obtaining an estimation model and a thematic map by universal kriging. The thematic maps of the RSP at layer 0.2-0.3 m depth, constructed by both methods, were compared using measures of accuracy obtained from the construction of the matrix of errors and confusion matrix. There are similarities between the thematic maps. All maps showed that the RSP is higher in the north region.

Correlação linear e espacial entre produtividade de Brachiaria brizantha, densidade do solo e porosidade total em função do sistema de manejo do solo

A densidade e a porosidade são propriedades físicas do solo que são alteradas em função do sistema de manejo utilizado, com consequente influência sobre a produtividade das culturas. A produtividade da planta forrageira, Brachiaria brizantha, em função da densidade do solo e da porosidade total foi analisada em dois sistemas de manejo de solo, em experimento conduzido no segundo semestre de 2009, no município de Santa Teresa, no Estado do Espírito Santo. O objetivo foi estudar a variabilidade e as correlações lineares e espaciais entre os atributos da planta e do solo, visando a selecionar um indicador da qualidade física do solo de boa representatividade para produtividade de forragem. Marcaram-se duas parcelas de 40 m por 50 m a cada 5 m, em duas direções, resultando em um reticulado retangular de 99 pontos, em cada um dos sistemas utilizados: preparo convencional e plantio direto. Os atributos estudados, além de não terem variado aleatoriamente, apresentaram variabilidade dos dados entre média e alta, e seguiram padrões espaciais bem definidos, com alcance entre 20,3 e 24,2 m. Por sua vez, a correlação linear entre o atributo da planta e os do solo, em função do elevado número de observações, foi baixa. A melhor correlação para produtividade de matéria seca foi com a densidade do solo na profundidade de 0,0 - 0,15 m, independentemente do sistema de manejo do solo, indicando que a produtividade e a densidade do solo são inversamente proporcionais. Portanto, a densidade do solo avaliada na camada de 0,0 - 0,15 m apresentou-se como satisfatório indicador da qualidade física do solo, quando se considerou a produtividade da forrageira.

Influência local em um modelo espacial linear da produtividade da soja utilizando distribuição t-Student

O uso das ferramentas da geoestatística, aliadas à agricultura de precisão permitem o acompanhamento das áreas agrícolas produtoras de soja, estabelecendo as relações de dependência espacial entre os pontos amostrados. A modelagem da estrutura de variabilidade espacial possibilita a construção de mapas temáticos dos atributos estudados, utilizando como método de interpolação a krigagem. Porém, a presença de valores atípicos entre os elementos amostrais pode influenciar na construção e interpretação desses mapas. A distribuição de probabilidades t-Student tem sido utilizada na tentativa de diminuir a influência dos valores atípicos durante a estimativa dos parâmetros de dependência espacial, por ter caudas mais pesadas que a distribuição normal. A detecção dos valores influentes na área em estudo, por meio da análise de diagnósticos de influência local, confere maior confiabilidade na utilização dos mapas gerados, corroborando a aplicação de insumos. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi aplicar as técnicas de influência local em dados espacialmente referenciados, com os modelos de perturbação aditiva e utilizando a matriz escala, considerando a distribuição t-Student n-variada. Foi utilizado um modelo espacial linear para o estudo de dados da produtividade da soja em função da altura média de plantas e do número médio de vagens por planta. As técnicas de influência local foram eficientes para detectar pontos que influenciam na escolha do modelo geoestatístico, nas estimativas dos parâmetros e na construção do mapa temático.

Anastomose esôfago-jejunal látero-lateral com grampeador linear cortante complementada por sutura manual

One of the most difficult procedures in digestive-tract surgery is esophago-jejunal anastomosis following total gastrectomy. Cost/benefit analysis of this procedure justifies the use of mechanical staplers, in spite of their high cost. A technical variant of the side-to-side esophago-jejunal anastomosis is presented, which incorporates the use of a cutting linear stapler. Technical maneuvers are easy to perform, the cost of the cutting linear stapler is smaller than the circular ones, the amplitude of the anastomosis is wider and the likelihood of fistulae is smaller when compared to other techniques. The side-to-side esophago-jejunal anastomosis with the cutting linear stapler is always complemented by a manual suture.

Towards combining interactive mobile TV and smart spaces : architectures, tools and application development

Technological developments in microprocessors and ICT landscape have made a shift to a new era where computing power is embedded in numerous small distributed objects and devices in our everyday lives. These small computing devices are ne-tuned to perform a particular task and are increasingly reaching our society at every level. For example, home appliances such as programmable washing machines, microwave ovens etc., employ several sensors to improve performance and convenience. Similarly, cars have on-board computers that use information from many di erent sensors to control things such as fuel injectors, spark plug etc., to perform their tasks e ciently. These individual devices make life easy by helping in taking decisions and removing the burden from their users. All these objects and devices obtain some piece of information about the physical environment. Each of these devices is an island with no proper connectivity and information sharing between each other. Sharing of information between these heterogeneous devices could enable a whole new universe of innovative and intelligent applications. The information sharing between the devices is a diffcult task due to the heterogeneity and interoperability of devices. Smart Space vision is to overcome these issues of heterogeneity and interoperability so that the devices can understand each other and utilize services of each other by information sharing. This enables innovative local mashup applications based on shared data between heterogeneous devices. Smart homes are one such example of Smart Spaces which facilitate to bring the health care system to the patient, by intelligent interconnection of resources and their collective behavior, as opposed to bringing the patient into the health system. In addition, the use of mobile handheld devices has risen at a tremendous rate during the last few years and they have become an essential part of everyday life. Mobile phones o er a wide range of different services to their users including text and multimedia messages, Internet, audio, video, email applications and most recently TV services. The interactive TV provides a variety of applications for the viewers. The combination of interactive TV and the Smart Spaces could give innovative applications that are personalized, context-aware, ubiquitous and intelligent by enabling heterogeneous systems to collaborate each other by sharing information between them. There are many challenges in designing the frameworks and application development tools for rapid and easy development of these applications. The research work presented in this thesis addresses these issues. The original publications presented in the second part of this thesis propose architectures and methodologies for interactive and context-aware applications, and tools for the development of these applications. We demonstrated the suitability of our ontology-driven application development tools and rule basedapproach for the development of dynamic, context-aware ubiquitous iTV applications.

Linear-quadratic optimal control of descriptor systems

In recent years the analysis and synthesis of (mechanical) control systems in descriptor form has been established. This general description of dynamical systems is important for many applications in mechanics and mechatronics, in electrical and electronic engineering, and in chemical engineering as well. This contribution deals with linear mechanical descriptor systems and its control design with respect to a quadratic performance criterion. Here, the notion of properness plays an important role whether the standard Riccati approach can be applied as usual or not. Properness and non-properness distinguish between the cases if the descriptor system is exclusively governed by the control input or by its higher-order time-derivatives additionally. In the unusual case of non-proper systems a quite different problem of optimal control design has to be considered. Both cases will be solved completely.

BEM/FEM non-linear model applied to transient analysis with viscous damping

In this article a two-dimensional transient boundary element formulation based on the mass matrix approach is discussed. The implicit formulation of the method to deal with elastoplastic analysis is considered, as well as the way to deal with viscous damping effects. The time integration processes are based on the Newmark rhoand Houbolt methods, while the domain integrals for mass, elastoplastic and damping effects are carried out by the well known cell approximation technique. The boundary element algebraic relations are also coupled with finite element frame relations to solve stiffened domains. Some examples to illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed formulation are also presented.

Non-linear analysis of laminated metal matrix composites by an integrated micro/macro-mechanical model

The present paper describes an integrated micro/macro mechanical study of the elastic-viscoplastic behavior of unidirectional metal matrix composites (MMC). The micromechanical analysis of the elastic moduli is based on the Composites Cylinder Assemblage model (CCA) with comparisons also draw with a Representative Unit Cell (RUC) technique. These "homogenization" techniques are later incorporated into the Vanishing Fiber Diameter (VFD) model and a new formulation is proposed. The concept of a smeared element procedure is employed in conjunction with two different versions of the Bodner and Partom elastic-viscoplastic constitutive model for the associated macroscopic analysis. The formulations developed are also compared against experimental and analytical results available in the literature.

Contact with friction using the augmented Lagrangian Method: a conditional constrained minimization problem

This work presents a formulation of the contact with friction between elastic bodies. This is a non linear problem due to unilateral constraints (inter-penetration of bodies) and friction. The solution of this problem can be found using optimization concepts, modelling the problem as a constrained minimization problem. The Finite Element Method is used to construct approximation spaces. The minimization problem has the total potential energy of the elastic bodies as the objective function, the non-inter-penetration conditions are represented by inequality constraints, and equality constraints are used to deal with the friction. Due to the presence of two friction conditions (stick and slip), specific equality constraints are present or not according to the current condition. Since the Coulomb friction condition depends on the normal and tangential contact stresses related to the constraints of the problem, it is devised a conditional dependent constrained minimization problem. An Augmented Lagrangian Method for constrained minimization is employed to solve this problem. This method, when applied to a contact problem, presents Lagrange Multipliers which have the physical meaning of contact forces. This fact allows to check the friction condition at each iteration. These concepts make possible to devise a computational scheme which lead to good numerical results.

Heat Source Estimation with the Conjugate Gradient Method in Inverse Linear Diffusive Problems

In this work, we present the solution of a class of linear inverse heat conduction problems for the estimation of unknown heat source terms, with no prior information of the functional forms of timewise and spatial dependence of the source strength, using the conjugate gradient method with an adjoint problem. After describing the mathematical formulation of a general direct problem and the procedure for the solution of the inverse problem, we show applications to three transient heat transfer problems: a one-dimensional cylindrical problem; a two-dimensional cylindrical problem; and a one-dimensional problem with two plates.

Non-Linear Unsteady Aerodynamic Response Approximation Using Multi-Layer Functionals

Non-linear functional representation of the aerodynamic response provides a convenient mathematical model for motion-induced unsteady transonic aerodynamic loads response, that accounts for both complex non-linearities and time-history effects. A recent development, based on functional approximation theory, has established a novel functional form; namely, the multi-layer functional. For a large class of non-linear dynamic systems, such multi-layer functional representations can be realised via finite impulse response (FIR) neural networks. Identification of an appropriate FIR neural network model is facilitated by means of a supervised training process in which a limited sample of system input-output data sets is presented to the temporal neural network. The present work describes a procedure for the systematic identification of parameterised neural network models of motion-induced unsteady transonic aerodynamic loads response. The training process is based on a conventional genetic algorithm to optimise the network architecture, combined with a simplified random search algorithm to update weight and bias values. Application of the scheme to representative transonic aerodynamic loads response data for a bidimensional airfoil executing finite-amplitude motion in transonic flow is used to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach. The approach is shown to furnish a satisfactory generalisation property to different motion histories over a range of Mach numbers in the transonic regime.