Influence of liming on residual soil respiration and chemical properties in a tropical no-tillage system

Devido às mudanças climáticas do planeta, principalmente ao aquecimento global, as formas de utilização dos solos na agricultura têm atraído grande atenção de pesquisadores. Mudanças de manejo podem influenciar a respiração do solo e, por conseguinte, alterar drasticamente o sequestro de C. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar, em semeadura direta, a influência da calagem nas emissões de CO2 do solo e correlacioná-las aos atributos químicos deste após dois anos da calagem. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com seis repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram de quatro doses de calcário e uma testemunha. Decorridos dois anos da calagem, avaliou-se a emissão residual de CO2 do solo, coletaram-se amostras nas camadas de 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm de profundidade e determinaram-se os teores de P, Ca2+ e Mg2+ e valores de pH e de saturação por bases. A emissão residual de CO2 do solo, quando a dose recomendada foi aplicada, foi 24,1 % superior, quando comparada à do solo sem aplicação de calcário, e 47,4 % maior, quando se aplicou o dobro da dose recomendada. A calagem melhorou as condições químicas do solo, e a emissão de CO2 aumentou linearmente com o aumento das doses. A emissão de CO2 do solo apresentou correlações positivas com os teores de P, Ca2+ e Mg2+ e com os valores de pH e de saturação por bases e negativas com os teores de H + Al e Al3+. Maiores coeficientes de correlação entre as taxas de emissão de CO2 do solo e os atributos químicos deste ocorreram na camada de 10-20 cm.

Spatial and linear correlations between soil and corn

O conjunto de tecnologias aplicadas ao sistema de produção agrícola tem como características principais a verticalização da produtividade, diminuição de custos, melhoria nas características físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo para proporcionarem o crescimento sustentável do meio de produção. Desta forma, o trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a variabilidade e as correlações lineares e especiais entre os atributos da planta e do solo, visando selecionar um indicador da qualidade física do solo de boa representatividade para produção de forragem. No ano agrícola de 2006, na Fazenda Bonança, município de Pereira Barreto (SP), foram analisados a produtividade de forragem do milho outonal (FDM) em sistema plantio direto irrigado e os atributos físicos do solo, num Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. O objetivo foi estudar a variabilidade e as correlações lineares e espaciais entre os atributos da planta e os do solo, visando selecionar um indicador da qualidade física do solo de boa representatividade para a produtividade da forragem. Foi instalada a malha geoestatística, para coleta de dados do solo e planta, contendo 125 pontos amostrais, numa área de 2.500 m². Os atributos estudados, além de não terem variado aleatoriamente, apresentaram variabilidade dos dados entre baixa e muito alta e seguiram padrões espaciais bem definidos, com alcances entre 7,8 e 38,0 m. Por outro lado, a correlação linear entre os atributos da planta com o do solo foi baixa e extremamente significativa. Os pares Massa Seca de forragem versus Microporosidade e Diâmetro do colmo versus Densidade do Solo foram melhor correlacionados na camada de 0-0.10m, enquanto os outros pares - Massa Seca de Forragem versus Macroporosidade - e Porosidade Total - apresentaram correlação inversa para a mesma camada. Entretanto, do ponto de vista espacial, houve uma alta correlação inversa entre Massa Seca de Forragem com Microporosidade, de modo que a microporosidade na camada de 0-0.10m pode ser considerada um bom indicador de qualidade física do solo, tendo em vista a produção de forragem de milho.

A pH optode based on thymol blue: application to determination of CO2 using flow injection analysis system

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Combinação linear ponderada na definição de áreas prioritárias à conectividade entre fragmentos florestais em ambiente SIG

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Atributos físicos de um Latossolo Vermelho correlacionados linear e espacialmente com a consorciação de guandu com milheto

O sistema cultivo mínimo, por possibilitar pouca movimentação de solo, menor número de operações agrícolas sem incorporação dos resíduos vegetais, apresenta vantagens em razão do menor custo de preparo e da redução das perdas de solo e água. No ano agrícola de 2006/2007, na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil - FEIS/UNESP, situada nas condições do Cerrado Brasileiro, objetivou-se analisar a produtividade de massa de matéria seca da consorciação de forragem (guandu+milheto) (MSF), em função de atributos físicos do solo, tais como resistência à penetração (RP), umidade gravimétrica (UG), umidade volumétrica (UV) e densidade do solo (DS) nas profundidades de 0,0-0,10 m; 0,10-0,20 m e 0,20-0,30 m. Para tanto, foi instalado um ensaio, contendo 117 pontos amostrais, em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, sob pivô central, numa área experimental de 1600 m² sob cultivo mínimo. A análise estatística constou de análise descritiva inicial dos atributos e análise das correlações lineares simples entre eles, e, finalmente, de análise geoestatística. do ponto de vista da correlação espacial, o atributo que mais bem explica a produtividade de massa de matéria seca da consorciação é a densidade do solo na camada de 0,20-0,30 m, com uma correlação inversa, indicando que as espécies se desenvolvem bem em solos adensados.

Cathodic stripping voltammetric detection and determination at a hanging mercury-drop electrode of dye contaminants in purified biomaterials: study of the human serum albumin and reactive dye 120 system

Procion red HE-3B (RR120) is an example of dye currently used in affinity purification. A method is described for determining trace amounts of RR120 dye contaminant in human serum albumin by cathodic stripping voltammetry. The method is based on a measure of a well-defined peak at -0.58 V, obtained when samples of HSA protein (0.01-2% w/v) containing dye concentrations are submitted to a heating time of 330 min at 80degreesC in NaOH, pH 12.0 and the samples are removed to a solution containing Britton-Robinson buffer, pH 4.0. Using an optimum accumulation potential and tune of 0 V and 240 s, respectively, linear calibration curves were obtained from 1.0 X 10(-9) to 1.0 X 10(-8) mol 1(-1) for RR120 dye. Leakage/hydrolysis of reactive red 120 from an agarose support (e.g. at pH 2 or 12) can also be conveniently determined at very low levels (sub-mug ml(-1)) by means of cathodic stripping voltammetry, which involves adsorptive accumulation of the dye onto the hanging mercury-drop electrode. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Design and management optimization of trickle irrigation systems using non-linear programming

A non-linear model is presented which optimizes the lay-out, as well as the design and management of trickle irrigation systems, to achieve maximum net benefit. The model consists of an objective function that maximizes profit at the farm level, subject to appropriate geometric and hydraulic constraints. It can be applied to rectangular shaped fields, with uniform or zero slope. The software used is the Gams-Minos package. The basic inputs are the crop-water-production function, the cost function and cost of system components, and design variables. The main outputs are the annual net benefit and pipe diameters and lengths. To illustrate the capability of the model, a sensitivity analysis of the annual net benefit for a citrus field is evaluated with respect to irrigated area, ground slope, micro-sprinkler discharge and shape of the field. The sensitivity analysis suggests that the greatest benefit is obtained with the smallest microsprinkler discharge, the greatest area, a square field and zero ground slope. The costs of the investment and energy are the components of the objective function that had the greatest effect in the 120 situations evaluated. (C) 1996 Academic Press Limited

Branch and bound algorithm for transmission system expansion planning using a transportation model

A method for optimal transmission network expansion planning is presented. The transmission network is modelled as a transportation network. The problem is solved using hierarchical Benders decomposition in which the problem is decomposed into master and slave subproblems. The master subproblem models the investment decisions and is solved using a branch-and-bound algorithm. The slave subproblem models the network operation and is solved using a specialised linear program. Several alternative implementations of the branch-and-bound algorithm have been rested. Special characteristics of the transmission expansion problem have been taken into consideration in these implementations. The methods have been tested on various test systems available in the literature.

Influence of the rare-earths oxides doped on the SnO2CoOMnO2Ta2O5 varistor system

The tin dioxide is an n-type semiconductor, which exhibits varistor behavior with high capacity of absorption of energy, whose function is to restrict transitory over-voltages without being destroyed, when it is doped with some oxides. Varistors are used in alternated current fields as well as in continuous current, and it can be applied in great interval of voltages or in great interval of currents. The electric properties of the varistor depend on the defects that happen at the grain boundaries and the adsorption of oxygen. The (98.90-x)%SnO2.0.25%CoO+0.75%MnO2+0.05%Ta2O5+0.05%Tr2O3 systems, in which Tr=La or Nd. Current-voltage measurements were accomplished for determination of the non-linear coefficient were studied. SEM microstructure analysis was made to evaluate the microstructural characteristics of the systems. The results showed that the rare-earth oxides have influenced the electrical behavior presented by the system. (C) 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Linear relationship between potential and concentration in flow potentiometry

In potentiometric-flow systems, linear-potential responses for logarithmic concentrations can be attained for first-(or pseudo-first-) order reactions in which the monitored chemical species react with the analyte during a fixed time interval. To demonstrate this property, the determination of glycerol based on its oxidation by periodate and potentiometric monitoring of the remaining periodate was selected. Influence of reagent concentration and timing on the linearity of the analytical curve were investigated. A mathematical treatment was derived, and potentialities/limitations of the approach were outlined. The system was applied to analysis of soap and lixivia samples. The analytical curve within 200 and 2000 mg L-1 (r = 0.99975; n = 5) was described as E = 8.166 + 0.0478 (glycerol). The sample throughput was 100 h(-1), and a measurement repeatability within 0.5 mV was always observed. By applying a t-test, there was no statistical difference between the results obtained by the proposed procedure and by iodimetric titration at the 95% confidence level. (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Lab Robotics and Automation 12:41-45, 2000.

Synthesis and properties of branched polyethylene/high-density polyethylene blends using a homogeneous binary catalyst system composed of early and late transition metal complexes

Branched polyethylene/high-density polyethylene blends (BPE/HDPE) with a wide range of molecular weights, melt flow indexes (MFI), and intrinsic viscosity were prepared using the homogeneous binary catalyst system composed by Ni(alpha-diimine)Cl-2 (1) (alpha-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-acenaphthenediimine) and {Tp(Ms*)} TiCl3 (2) (Tp(Ms*)=hydridobis(3-mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)(5-mesityl-pyrazol-1-yl)) activated with MAO and/or TIBA in hexane at two different polymerization temperatures (30 and 55 degreesC) and by varying the nickel loading molar fraction (x(Ni)). At all Temperatures, a non-linear correlation between the x(Ni) and the productivity was observed, suggesting the occurrence of a synergistic effect between the nickel and the titanium catalyst precursors, which is more pronounced at 55 degreesC. The molecular weight of the BPE/HDPE blends considerably decreases with increasing Al/M molar ratio. The melt flow indexes (MFI) and intrinsic viscosities (eta) are strongly affected by x(Ni), but the melting temperatures are nearly constant, 132 +/- 3 degreesC. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) shows the formation of different polymeric materials where the stiffness vanes according, to the x(Ni) and temperature used in the polymerization reaction. The surface morphology of the BPE/HDPE blends studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a low miscibility between the PE phases resulting in the formation of a sandwich structure after etching with o-xylene.

A controller design used in Lorenz synchronization chaotic system for secure communication based on LMI fuzzy control system

This paper describes a mathematical study about chaotic system and about the unified approach of chaos control via fuzzy control system based in Linear Matrix Inequality to design a controller which synchronizes the transmission/reception system. This system, that was based in Lorenz chaotic circuit, can be used for transmit signals in secure way.

Selection of alfalfa cultivars adapted for tropical environments with repeated measures using PROC MIXED of SAS (R) System

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A thermodynamics description of the system with N massive parallel rigid wires

In this work, the behaviour of the system with N massive parallel rigid wires is analysed. The aim is to explore its resemblance to a system of multiple cosmic strings. Assuming that it behaves like a 'gas' of massive rigid wires, we use a thermodynamics approach to describe this system. We obtain a constraint relating the linear mass density of the massive wires, the number of the massive wires in the system and the dispersion velocity of the system. © 1996 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Towards an intelligent graphical interface for linear programming modelling

The increase of computing power of the microcomputers has stimulated the building of direct manipulation interfaces that allow graphical representation of Linear Programming (LP) models. This work discusses the components of such a graphical interface as the basis for a system to assist users in the process of formulating LP problems. In essence, this work proposes a methodology which considers the modelling task as divided into three stages which are specification of the Data Model, the Conceptual Model and the LP Model. The necessity for using Artificial Intelligence techniques in the problem conceptualisation and to help the model formulation task is illustrated.