Políticas territoriales y construcción del paisaje cultural : caso región Gran La Plata

El propósito es presentar las principales estrategias de ordenamiento territorial urbano puestas en práctica en los últimos quince años en el Gran La Plata, que han incidido en el paisaje cultural. Se observan tanto políticas de enfoques integrales como sectoriales, las que incorporan innovaciones en OT y proponen nuevos y/o renovados paisajes culturales y las políticas “centrales" desde las gestiones municipales. Se reflexiona sobre aportes y debilidades, incompatibilidades entre ellas, en el marco del desarrollo sustentable. La estrategia metodológica utilizada tiene un perfil cualitativo y de tipo exploratoria, con un diseño de naturaleza flexible. En el estudio de caso se identifican las modalidades de intervención en función de las transformaciones del paisaje resultante y su gestión. Tiene una fuerte orientación interpretativa y la estrategia general está orientada a conseguir una familiarización con hechos aun no suficientemente comprendidos para generar nuevas ideas que permitan realizar nuevas preguntas e hipótesis. En este marco, las políticas se tornan contradictorias, si bien han logrado modificar algunos microespacios. Se entienden más como el recorte y congelamiento/ restauración del paisaje previo que como la creación de otros renovados, nuevos y/o mejores y con valores sociales aggiornados. En lo ambiental, no han sido acompañadas por estrategias estructurantes como el arbolado urbano y disposición de los residuos sólidos urbanos.

La planificación estática-la planificación dinámica : Ausencia de planes de ordenamiento territorial municipal

Mucho ofthe towns of Mendoza have been working for years with a methodology built with traditional zoningand code of permitted uses,not permitted or conditional. With these instrument sexpectthe presentation of private enter prisesto assess whether it complies with these regulationsto authorize the works.These agencies have a plan with zoning and code application shave already considered planning. This form of work, shows clearly the lack of actions to drive urban developmentsin the department, initiatives on the issue only limited to astatic situation, waiting for proposal sand external actions,not being able to see the advantagesand /or contribution saccom panying the Land Use Plan. Une of the important elements to considerin the Plan process, is the incorporation of participatory stage allows, consensus and guidanceto policy makers, community in territorial actions. For this way are designed and constructed public works, to address concerns of the population and in some cases,works that will produce community supportat election time. A look at the performance of Cities hall suchas Granada City Council, Churriana de la Vega and Jun, you can observe that the planning can be done other wise, as articulated action from the same organism. In principle determining zoning and uses of spaceis integral to the Land Use Planand that it further comprises the development proposals,the lines of action and prioritization of programs and projects. These local governants, which manage a municipality, working withdy namic planning councilasit implements the proposed urban development, agricultural, commercial and industrialin its territory and build public work saccording to plan. Since 2009,the province has a Law of Zoningand Land Use demanded Municipal Land Management Plans, but three years after the enactmentof the 18 only has aplan.Thisis due to two reasons:the policy makersdo not understand the multiplicity of elements and facets of a plan covering the other,the plans are perceived as a limitation on their actions , a fact not willing to accept. The dissemination of know ledge and the, new ways toaddress the Land Use Planning and management of conflicts generated by the unprecedented growthwith incompatible usesin these cities that the component swhich will requirel and manager stoimplement aplanning Plans. Tusa dinámica risión Fromm te municipalitos in thais contexto de can tal abur innovación and a newway of governing

El avance de los agronegocios en regiones marginales del agro pampeano : Concentración de la producción y tensiones entre las fracciones del capital agrario

En la Argentina, durante la última década las actividades agrícolas han avanzado sobre regiones marginales para la agricultura como la Depresión del Salado de la provincia de Buenos Aires. El objetivo central de este trabajo es identificar la diversidad de formas en que se expresan los agronegocios en los partidos de Chascomús y Lezama. Para ello nos proponemos caracterizar los principales agentes socioeconómicos que intervienen en la producción de granos y analizar las disputas que se generan por el uso del suelo. La metodología utilizada consiste en el análisis cualitativo de entrevistas semiestructuradas a informantes clave y a agentes de empresas agrícolas, combinado con el análisis de fuentes de información secundaria.Los resultados del trabajo constatan la intensificación en la competencia por el uso del suelo en la región, concluyendo que las nuevas reglas de juego han implicado la consolidación de algunos sectores (agentes externos y actores locales reconvertidos) y la subordinación de otros, entre ellos los estratos de la pequeña producción.

Estrategias de acceso y conservación de la tierra entre los ranqueles (Colonia Emilio Mitre, La Pampa, primera mitad del siglo XX)

A partir de fines del siglo XIX la población indígena de Pampa, Patagonia y Chaco (Argentina) fue incorporada en forma subordinada a la economía política capitalista, a través de una serie de prácticas genocidas y destribalizadoras que han sido exhaustivamente analizadas. No obstante, las circunstancias de su incorporación y las estrategias que los actores indígenas ensayaron no fueron aún abordadas de manera sistemática. Este artículo se focaliza en la población ranquel del Territorio Nacional de La Pampa para estudiar las formas de acceso y usos de la tierra, la evolución de sus asentamientos y sus estrategias de reproducción durante la primera mitad del siglo XX.

Mapping decadal land cover changes in the woodlands of north eastern Namibia using the Landsat satellite archive (1975-2014)

Woodland savannahs provide essential ecosystem functions and services to communities. On the African continent, they are widely utilized and converted to intensive land uses. This study investigates the land cover changes of 108,038 km**2 in NE Namibia using multi-temporal, multi-sensor Landsat imagery, at decadal intervals from 1975 to 2014, with a post-classification change detection method and supervised Regression Tree classifiers. We discuss likely impacts of land tenure and reforms over the past four decades on changes in land use and land cover. These changes included losses, gains and exchanges between predominant land cover classes. Exchanges comprised logical conversions between woodland and agricultural classes, implying woodland clearing for arable farming, cropland abandonment and vegetation succession. The most dominant change was a reduction in the area of the woodland class due to the expansion of the agricultural class, specifically, small-scale cereal and pastoral production. Woodland area decreased from 90% of the study area in 1975 to 83% in 2014, while cleared land increased from 9% to 14%. We found that the main land cover changes are conversion from woodland to agricultural and urban land uses, driven by urban expansion and woodland clearing for subsistence-based agriculture and pastoralism.

El avance de los agronegocios en regiones marginales del agro pampeano : Concentración de la producción y tensiones entre las fracciones del capital agrario

En la Argentina, durante la última década las actividades agrícolas han avanzado sobre regiones marginales para la agricultura como la Depresión del Salado de la provincia de Buenos Aires. El objetivo central de este trabajo es identificar la diversidad de formas en que se expresan los agronegocios en los partidos de Chascomús y Lezama. Para ello nos proponemos caracterizar los principales agentes socioeconómicos que intervienen en la producción de granos y analizar las disputas que se generan por el uso del suelo. La metodología utilizada consiste en el análisis cualitativo de entrevistas semiestructuradas a informantes clave y a agentes de empresas agrícolas, combinado con el análisis de fuentes de información secundaria.Los resultados del trabajo constatan la intensificación en la competencia por el uso del suelo en la región, concluyendo que las nuevas reglas de juego han implicado la consolidación de algunos sectores (agentes externos y actores locales reconvertidos) y la subordinación de otros, entre ellos los estratos de la pequeña producción.

Estrategias de acceso y conservación de la tierra entre los ranqueles (Colonia Emilio Mitre, La Pampa, primera mitad del siglo XX)

A partir de fines del siglo XIX la población indígena de Pampa, Patagonia y Chaco (Argentina) fue incorporada en forma subordinada a la economía política capitalista, a través de una serie de prácticas genocidas y destribalizadoras que han sido exhaustivamente analizadas. No obstante, las circunstancias de su incorporación y las estrategias que los actores indígenas ensayaron no fueron aún abordadas de manera sistemática. Este artículo se focaliza en la población ranquel del Territorio Nacional de La Pampa para estudiar las formas de acceso y usos de la tierra, la evolución de sus asentamientos y sus estrategias de reproducción durante la primera mitad del siglo XX.

La planificación estática-la planificación dinámica : Ausencia de planes de ordenamiento territorial municipal

Mucho ofthe towns of Mendoza have been working for years with a methodology built with traditional zoningand code of permitted uses,not permitted or conditional. With these instrument sexpectthe presentation of private enter prisesto assess whether it complies with these regulationsto authorize the works.These agencies have a plan with zoning and code application shave already considered planning. This form of work, shows clearly the lack of actions to drive urban developmentsin the department, initiatives on the issue only limited to astatic situation, waiting for proposal sand external actions,not being able to see the advantagesand /or contribution saccom panying the Land Use Plan. Une of the important elements to considerin the Plan process, is the incorporation of participatory stage allows, consensus and guidanceto policy makers, community in territorial actions. For this way are designed and constructed public works, to address concerns of the population and in some cases,works that will produce community supportat election time. A look at the performance of Cities hall suchas Granada City Council, Churriana de la Vega and Jun, you can observe that the planning can be done other wise, as articulated action from the same organism. In principle determining zoning and uses of spaceis integral to the Land Use Planand that it further comprises the development proposals,the lines of action and prioritization of programs and projects. These local governants, which manage a municipality, working withdy namic planning councilasit implements the proposed urban development, agricultural, commercial and industrialin its territory and build public work saccording to plan. Since 2009,the province has a Law of Zoningand Land Use demanded Municipal Land Management Plans, but three years after the enactmentof the 18 only has aplan.Thisis due to two reasons:the policy makersdo not understand the multiplicity of elements and facets of a plan covering the other,the plans are perceived as a limitation on their actions , a fact not willing to accept. The dissemination of know ledge and the, new ways toaddress the Land Use Planning and management of conflicts generated by the unprecedented growthwith incompatible usesin these cities that the component swhich will requirel and manager stoimplement aplanning Plans. Tusa dinámica risión Fromm te municipalitos in thais contexto de can tal abur innovación and a newway of governing

La planificación estática-la planificación dinámica : Ausencia de planes de ordenamiento territorial municipal

Mucho ofthe towns of Mendoza have been working for years with a methodology built with traditional zoningand code of permitted uses,not permitted or conditional. With these instrument sexpectthe presentation of private enter prisesto assess whether it complies with these regulationsto authorize the works.These agencies have a plan with zoning and code application shave already considered planning. This form of work, shows clearly the lack of actions to drive urban developmentsin the department, initiatives on the issue only limited to astatic situation, waiting for proposal sand external actions,not being able to see the advantagesand /or contribution saccom panying the Land Use Plan. Une of the important elements to considerin the Plan process, is the incorporation of participatory stage allows, consensus and guidanceto policy makers, community in territorial actions. For this way are designed and constructed public works, to address concerns of the population and in some cases,works that will produce community supportat election time. A look at the performance of Cities hall suchas Granada City Council, Churriana de la Vega and Jun, you can observe that the planning can be done other wise, as articulated action from the same organism. In principle determining zoning and uses of spaceis integral to the Land Use Planand that it further comprises the development proposals,the lines of action and prioritization of programs and projects. These local governants, which manage a municipality, working withdy namic planning councilasit implements the proposed urban development, agricultural, commercial and industrialin its territory and build public work saccording to plan. Since 2009,the province has a Law of Zoningand Land Use demanded Municipal Land Management Plans, but three years after the enactmentof the 18 only has aplan.Thisis due to two reasons:the policy makersdo not understand the multiplicity of elements and facets of a plan covering the other,the plans are perceived as a limitation on their actions , a fact not willing to accept. The dissemination of know ledge and the, new ways toaddress the Land Use Planning and management of conflicts generated by the unprecedented growthwith incompatible usesin these cities that the component swhich will requirel and manager stoimplement aplanning Plans. Tusa dinámica risión Fromm te municipalitos in thais contexto de can tal abur innovación and a newway of governing

Estrategias de acceso y conservación de la tierra entre los ranqueles (Colonia Emilio Mitre, La Pampa, primera mitad del siglo XX)

A partir de fines del siglo XIX la población indígena de Pampa, Patagonia y Chaco (Argentina) fue incorporada en forma subordinada a la economía política capitalista, a través de una serie de prácticas genocidas y destribalizadoras que han sido exhaustivamente analizadas. No obstante, las circunstancias de su incorporación y las estrategias que los actores indígenas ensayaron no fueron aún abordadas de manera sistemática. Este artículo se focaliza en la población ranquel del Territorio Nacional de La Pampa para estudiar las formas de acceso y usos de la tierra, la evolución de sus asentamientos y sus estrategias de reproducción durante la primera mitad del siglo XX.

El avance de los agronegocios en regiones marginales del agro pampeano : Concentración de la producción y tensiones entre las fracciones del capital agrario

En la Argentina, durante la última década las actividades agrícolas han avanzado sobre regiones marginales para la agricultura como la Depresión del Salado de la provincia de Buenos Aires. El objetivo central de este trabajo es identificar la diversidad de formas en que se expresan los agronegocios en los partidos de Chascomús y Lezama. Para ello nos proponemos caracterizar los principales agentes socioeconómicos que intervienen en la producción de granos y analizar las disputas que se generan por el uso del suelo. La metodología utilizada consiste en el análisis cualitativo de entrevistas semiestructuradas a informantes clave y a agentes de empresas agrícolas, combinado con el análisis de fuentes de información secundaria.Los resultados del trabajo constatan la intensificación en la competencia por el uso del suelo en la región, concluyendo que las nuevas reglas de juego han implicado la consolidación de algunos sectores (agentes externos y actores locales reconvertidos) y la subordinación de otros, entre ellos los estratos de la pequeña producción.

Land cover layer, digitized from the PEF Survey of Western Palestine (1880)

Geographic information systems allow the extraction and quantitative analysis of information from historical maps. The aims of this research were to examine the completeness of information represented on the 1881 Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF) map, to quantitatively reconstruct the landscape of nineteenth century Palestine and to explore whether spatial patterns in land cover/land use can be partially explained statistically by physical and human factors. Using historical aerial photos, we concluded that most of the major past landscape features were indeed shown on the PEF map, with an average overall correspondence of 53%. Forests and Mediterranean maquis were more abundant at distances greater than 2 km from towns and villages. Specific land cover/land-use types were associated with certain soil types, topographic regions and rainfall thresholds. In conclusion, the 1881 PEF map can serve as a reliable reference for understanding the land cover/land-use patterns of nineteenth century Palestine.

World distribution of land cover changes, model in NetCDF format

The role of Pre- and Protohistoric anthropogenic land cover changes needs to be quantified i) to establish a baseline for comparison with current human impact on the environment and ii) to separate it from naturally occurring changes in our environment. Results are presented from the simple, adaptation-driven, spatially explicit Global Land Use and technological Evolution Simulator (GLUES) for pre-Bronze age demographic, technological and economic change. Using scaling parameters from the History Database of the Global Environment as well as GLUES-simulated population density and subsistence style, the land requirement for growing crops is estimated. The intrusion of cropland into potentially forested areas is translated into carbon loss due to deforestation with the dynamic global vegetation model VECODE. The land demand in important Prehistoric growth areas - converted from mostly forested areas - led to large-scale regional (country size) deforestation of up to 11% of the potential forest. In total, 29 Gt carbon were lost from global forests between 10 000 BC and 2000 BC and were replaced by crops; this value is consistent with other estimates of Prehistoric deforestation. The generation of realistic (agri-)cultural development trajectories at a regional resolution is a major strength of GLUES. Most of the pre-Bronze age deforestation is simulated in a broad farming belt from Central Europe via India to China. Regional carbon loss is, e.g., 5 Gt in Europe and the Mediterranean, 6 Gt on the Indian subcontinent, 18 Gt in East and Southeast Asia, or 2.3 Gt in subsaharan Africa.

Deforesting Europe: pollen-inferred Holocene land cover change using the 'pseudobiomization' approach

Maps of continental-scale land cover are utilized by a range of diverse users but whilst a range of products exist that describe present and recent land cover in Europe, there are currently no datasets that describe past variations over long time-scales. User groups with an interest in past land cover include the climate modelling community, socio-ecological historians and earth system scientists. Europe is one of the continents with the longest histories of land conversion from forest to farmland, thus understanding land cover change in this area is globally significant. This study applies the pseudobiomization method (PBM) to 982 pollen records from across Europe, taken from the European Pollen Database (EPD) to produce a first synthesis of pan-European land cover change for the period 9000 BP to present, in contiguous 200 year time intervals. The PBM transforms pollen proportions from each site to one of eight land cover classes (LCCs) that are directly comparable to the CORINE land cover classification. The proportion of LCCs represented in each time window provides a spatially aggregated record of land cover change for temperate and northern Europe, and for a series of case study regions (western France, the western Alps, and the Czech Republic and Slovakia). At the European scale, the impact of Neolithic food producing economies appear to be detectable from 6000 BP through reduction in broad-leaf forests resulting from human land use activities such as forest clearance. Total forest cover at a pan-European scale moved outside the range of previous background variability from 4000 BP onwards. From 2200 BP land cover change intensified, and the broad pattern of land cover for preindustrial Europe was established by 1000 BP. Recognizing the timing of anthropogenic land cover change in Europe will further the understanding of land cover-climate interactions, and the origins of the modern cultural landscape.

Development of land rental market and its effect on household farming in rural China : an empirical study in Zhejiang Province

This paper investigates the impact of land rental market development on the efficiency of labor allocation and land utilization in rural China. To test the hypothesis that the shadow wage of a rent-in household with limited off-farm opportunities will increase with the development of a land rental market for households, a statistical comparison between the shadow wage and the estimated market wage was conducted. The results showed that the shadow wage for both rent-in households and non-rent-in households was significantly lower than the market wage, but that the wage for the rent-in households was statistically higher than that for non-rent-in households in Fenghua and Deqing, the two counties surveyed in this study. In addition, the estimated marginal product of farmland for rent-in households was statistically higher than the actual land rent that those households paid, while a null hypothesis that the actual rental fee accepted by rent-out households is equivalent to the marginal product of farmland for those households was not rejected in Fenghua county where land transactions by mutual agreement were more prevalent. These results indicate that the development of the land rental market facilitates the efficiency of labor allocation and farmland utilization in rural China.