Distribuição espacial da precipitação e da erosividade da chuva mensal e anual no Estado do Espírito Santo

O mapeamento da erosividade da chuva e da precipitação pluvial consiste de um instrumento prático e indispensável para o planejamento do uso do solo em escalas regionalizadas, como países, Estados ou grandes bacias hidrográficas. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se neste estudo analisar a continuidade espacial do potencial erosivo da chuva e da precipitação pluviométrica, nas escalas de tempo mensal e anual, e posterior mapeamento destas, para o Estado do Espírito Santo, visando fornecer informações básicas ao planejamento de uso e manejo sustentável do solo. Para isso, 129 estações pluviométricas foram empregadas no estudo; a erosividade da chuva foi calculada tendo-se como base equações de Fournier ajustadas para os Estados vizinhos, porém com características climáticas semelhantes. Observou-se forte estrutura de dependência espacial das variáveis regionalizadas, especialmente da erosividade da chuva, com predomínio do modelo de semivariograma exponencial. Quanto à precipitação pluvial, os valores do grau de dependência espacial foram inferiores aos obtidos para a erosividade; contudo, foi possível classificar a estrutura de dependência como moderada a forte. A região do Rio Doce foi classificada como de "alto" a "muito alto" potencial erosivo, cuja erosividade média anual variou de 7.000 a 11.460 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 ano-1. Nessa região, os solos, além de ocorrerem em relevo dissecado e serem pobres em nutrientes, apresentam déficit hídrico pronunciado, dificultando o estabelecimento da vegetação, e são aqueles de maior vulnerabilidade natural à erosão hídrica.

Effects of tillage systems on physical properties of a cohesive yellow argisol in the northern state of Espírito Santo, Brazil

Tillage systems are a key element of the technology of crop production, both with a view to crop yield and from the perspective of soil conservation and sustainability of the production system. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the effects of five tillage systems on the physical properties of a cohesive Yellow Argisol. The experiment was installed in the field on January 21, 2011 and lasted 260 days, in an area previously used as pasture with Brachiaria grass without liming or fertilization, but irrigated by a low pressure spray system. The treatments, in five replications and in a randomized block design, consisted of: 1) disk plow (twice) + disk harrow + ridge-furrow tillage (raising a ridge along the planting row), 135 days after transplanting (DP + RID); 2) disk plow (twice) + disk harrow (DP no RID); 3) subsoiler (SB); 4) disk plow (twice) + disk harrow + scarification with three shanks along the plant row (DP + SPR); and 5) disk plow (twice) + disk harrow + scarification with three shanks in the total area (DP + STA). In all tillage systems, furrows were mechanically opened for the papaya plants. After the treatments, the mechanical resistance to penetration was determined, followed by soil moisture, mean weight diameter (MWD), geometric mean diameter (GMD), bulk density (BD), macroporosity (Ma), microporosity (Mi), and number of fruits per plant. There were differences in penetration resistance (PR) between treatments. The subsoiler was more effective to decrease RP to a distance of 0.35 m from the plants, perpendicular to the plant row. The scarifier resulted in a lower PR than DP or SB, even at the depth of 0.40 m, and it was more effective at greater distances perpendicular to the plant. All tillage systems induced a PR between 2.0 and 3.0 MPa at the depth with the highest concentration of papaya tree roots (0-0.25 m), improving the physical conditions to this depth. There was no statistical difference among the treatments for BD, Ma, Mi, MWD, and GMD at a depth of 0.20 m. The disk plow changed the physical properties of the soil most intensely to a depth of 0.20 m. The use of scarification, reduced tillage with a forest subsoiler, or ridge-furrow tillage did not improve the physical properties in the rhizosphere. Reduced tillage with a forest subsoiler resulted in a lower number of fruits per plant than all other treatments, which did not differ from each other.

Médaillon en l’honneur de l’architecte Jules André

Ancien possesseur : Labrouste, Henri (1801-1875)

Impacts of deforestation on water balance components of a watershed on the Brazilian East Coast

The Brazilian East coast was intensely affected by deforestation, which drastically cut back the original biome. The possible impacts of this process on water resources are still unknown. The purpose of this study was an evaluation of the impacts of deforestation on the main water balance components of the Galo creek watershed, in the State of Espírito Santo, on the East coast of Brazil. Considering the real conditions of the watershed, the SWAT model was calibrated with data from 1997 to 2000 and validated for the period between 2001 and 2003. The calibration and validation processes were evaluated by the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient and by the statistical parameters (determination coefficient, slope coefficient and F test) of the regression model adjusted for estimated and measured flow data. After calibration and validation of the model, new simulations were carried out for three different land use scenarios: a scenario in compliance with the law (C1), assuming the preservation of PPAs (permanent preservation areas); an optimistic scenario (C2), which considers the watershed to be almost entirely covered by native vegetation; and a pessimistic scenario (C3), in which the watershed would be almost entirely covered by pasture. The scenarios C1, C2 and C3 represent a soil cover of native forest of 76, 97 and 0 %, respectively. The results were compared with the simulation, considering the real scenario (C0) with 54 % forest cover. The Nash-Sutcliffe coefficients were 0.65 and 0.70 for calibration and validation, respectively, indicating satisfactory results in the flow simulation. A mean reduction of 10 % of the native forest cover would cause a mean annual increase of approximately 11.5 mm in total runoff at the watershed outlet. Reforestation would ensure minimum flows in the dry period and regulate the maximum flow of the main watercourse of the watershed.