944 resultados para Istituto per le opere di religione
Resumo:
Among various nanoparticles, noble metal nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention due to their optical, catalytic and conducting properties. This work has been focused on the development of an innovative method of synthesis for the preparation of metal nanosuspensions of Au, Ag, Cu, in order to achieve stable sols, showing suitable features to allow an industrial scale up of the processes. The research was developed in collaboration with a company interested in the large scale production of the studied nanosuspensions. In order to develop a commercial process, high solid concentration, long time colloidal stability and particle size control, are required. Two synthesis routes, differing by the used solvents, have been implemented: polyol based and water based synthesis. In order to achieve a process intensification the microwave heating has been applied. As a result, colloidal nanosuspensions with suitable dimensions, good optical properties, very high solid content and good stability, have been synthesized by simple and environmental friendly methods. Particularly, due to some interesting results an optimized synthesis process has been patented. Both water and polyol based synthesis, developed in the presence of a reducing agent and of a chelating polymer, allowed to obtain particle size-control and colloidal stability by tuning the different parameters. Furthermore, it has been verified that microwave device, due to its rapid and homogeneous heating, provides some advantages over conventional method. In order to optimize the final suspensions properties, for each synthesis it has been studied the effect of different parameters (temperature, time, precursors concentrations, etc) and throughout a specific optimization action a right control on nucleation and growth processes has been achieved. The achieved nanoparticles were confirmed by XRD analysis to be the desired metal phases, even at the lowest synthesis temperatures. The particles showed a diameter, measured by STEM and dynamic light scattering technique (DLS), ranging from 10 to 60 nm. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was monitored by UV-VIS spectroscopy confirming its dependence by nanoparticles size and shape. Moreover the reaction yield has been assessed by ICP analysis performed on the unreacted metal cations. Finally, thermal conductivity and antibacterial activity characterizations of copper and silver sols respectively are now ongoing in order to check their application as nanofluid in heat transfer processes and as antibacterial agent.
Resumo:
Si analizza il modello di Fister-Panetta per la crescita di cellule tumorali nella fase avascolare del tumore e si propone un percorso didattico di introduzione alla modellistica matematica in una quinta liceo. Si riporta poi una riflessione sulle motivazioni per cui l'introduzione degli aspetti modellistici e applicativi della matematica è importante anche nella scuola superiore.
Resumo:
Aims: We aimed to quantify the release of bio-markers of myocardial damage in relation to direct intramyocardial injections of genes and stem cells in patients with severe coronary artery disease. Methods and Results: We studied 71 patients with “no-option” coronary artery disease. Patients had, via the percutaneous transluminal route, a total of 11±1 (mean ± SD) intramyocardial injections of vascular endothelial growth factor genes (n=56) or mesenchymal stromal cells (n=15). Injections were guided to an ischemic area by electromechanical mapping, using the NOGA™/Myostar™ catheter system. ECG was monitored continuously until discharge. Plasma CKMB (upper normal laboratory limit=5 μg/l) was 2 μg/l (2-3) at baseline; increased to 6 (5-9) after 8 hours (p < 0.0001) and normalized to 4 (3-5) after 24 hours. A total of 8 patients (17%), receiving a volume of 0.3 ml per injection, had CKMB rises exceeding 3 times the upper limit, whereas no patient in the group receiving 0.2 ml had a more than two fold CKMB increase. No patient developed new ECG changes. There were no clinically important ventricular arrhythmias and no death. Conclusion: Direct Intramyocardial injections of stem cells or genes lead to measurable release of cardiac bio-markers, which was related to the injected volume.
Resumo:
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is associated with poor graft and patient survival. Treatment with HBV-specific immunoglobulins (HBIG) in combination with nucleos(t)ide analogs is effective in preventing HBV reinfection of the graft and improving OLT outcome. However, the combined immunoprophylaxis has several limitations, mainly the high cost and the lack of standard schedules about duration. So far, the identification of markers able to predict the reinfection risk is needed. Although the HBV-specific immune response is believed to play an essential role in disease outcome, HBV-specific cellular immunity in viral containment in OLT recipients is unclear. To test whether or not OLT recipients maintain robust HBV-specific cellular immunity, the cellular immune response against viral nucleocapsid and envelope-protein of HBV was assessed in 15 OLT recipients and 27 individuals with chronic and 24 subjects with self-limited HBV infection, respectively. The data demonstrate that OLT recipients mounted fewer but stronger clusters of differentiation (CD)8 T cell responses than subjects with self-limited HBV infection and showed a preferential targeting of the nucleocapsid antigen. This focused response pattern was similar to responses seen in chronically infected subjects with undetectable viremia, but significantly different from patients who presented with elevated HBV viremia and who mounted mainly immune responses against the envelope protein. In conclusion, virus-specific CD4 T cell–mediated responses were only detected in subjects with self-limited HBV infection. Thus, the profile of the cellular immunity against HBV was in immune suppressed patients similar to subjects with chronic HBV infection with suppressed HBV-DNA.
Resumo:
Il lavoro della presente Tesi è stato lo sviluppo della sintesi asimmetrica di aziridine chirali a partire da chetoni α,β-insaturi α-sostituiti, verificando la possibilità di applicare ammine primarie come organocatalizzatori attraverso un meccanismo tandem ione imminio-enammina. Nelle nostre prove le migliori ammine primarie si sono rivelate gli pseudoenantiomeri 9-ammino-9-deossi-epi-idrochinina e idrochinidina, e i migliori acidi per formare il sale catalitico sono stati acido trifluoroacetico (TFA) e acido salicilico. Il fattore chiave per le reazioni di aziridinazione è stata la scelta della molecola sorgente di azoto, che deve avere comportamento nucleofilico nel primo step di aza-Michael (via ione imminio), e comportamento elettrofilico nello step di chiusura del ciclo (via enammina). Le prove preliminari sono state condotte con il sale catalitico formato dalla 9-ammino-9-deossi-epi-idrochinina e TFA in toluene a 50 °C. Migliori risultati sono stati ottenuti sostituendo la sorgente di azoto utilizzata inizialmente e utilizzando il sale catalitico composto da 9-ammino-9-deossi-epi-idrochinidina e acido salicilico in toluene a 50 °C. In questo caso la resa è stata pari a 56% ed eccesso enantiomerico (ee) del 90%. Sfruttando quindi le condizioni ottimizzate inizialmente, abbiamo provato la reazione su altri due chetoni con maggiore ingombro sterico rispetto a quello utilizzato per l’ottimizzazione iniziale del processo. In entrambi i casi la reattività è stata sensibilmente inferiore a quanto atteso, con rese non superiori al 14%. Inoltre anche i valori di ee sono stati poco soddisfacenti. Ipotizziamo che questi risultati deludenti siano causati dall’ingombro sterico della catena in posizione β che impedisce l’avvicinamento del catalizzatore, il quale, non creando un intorno asimmetrico, non crea una distinzione tra le due possibili direzioni di attacco del nucleofilo. Da questi ultimi risultati sembra che la reazione di aziridinazione da noi ottimizzata sia per ora limitata al solo chetone utilizzato nella fase iniziale del lavoro. Al fine di estendere l’applicazione di queste condizioni, nel futuro saranno effettuate prove anche con altri chetoni α,β-insaturi α-sostituiti, ma che non presentino sostituzione in posizione β, dato che abbiamo osservato che essa rappresenta il maggiore limite per la reattività e selettività. Infine sarà importante determinare la configurazione assoluta del prodotto finora ottenuto, mediante spettroscopia ECD e VCD. E’ infatti importante conoscere tutte le caratteristiche chimiche e fisiche di prodotto ottenuto, in modo da avere maggiore conoscenza del processo da noi sviluppato, per poterlo migliorare ed estenderne l’applicabilità in futuro.