Die Sanierung der Heimat. Arbeitsbeschaffung, Identitätspolitik und das schweizerische Bauerbe in den Jahren des Zweiten Weltkriegs

In den Jahren des Zweiten Weltkriegs wurden in der Schweiz im Rahmen von Arbeitsbeschaffungsprogrammen des Bundes unter anderem Kampagnen unter den Titeln «Altstadtsanierung», «Hotelsanierung» und «Bergdorfsanierung» durchgeführt, wie auch eine Planungsstelle beim Heimatschutz eingerichtet wurde. Gemeinsam war den Programmen, dass sie auf die Pflege – und das hiess: Überformung – von Stadt- und Landschaftsbild nach Massgabe traditionalistischer und regionalistischer Architekturvorstellungen zielten. Damit trugen sie dazu bei, eine Sanierungs- und Restaurierungspraxis zu etablieren, wie sie seit dem frühen 20. Jahrhundert von der Heimatschutzbewegung propagiert worden war und die gebaute Umwelt der Schweiz bis heute mitprägt. Der Aufsatz verortet die Arbeitsbeschaffungskampagnen in ihrem zeitgenössischen politischen Kontext, indem aufgezeigt wird, wie sich der Rekurs auf das traditionelle Stadt- und Landschaftsbild in das identitätspolitische Programm der sogenannten Geistigen Landesverteidigung fügte.

Die Odyssee der Pygmäen. Eine prekäre Figur auf den neuzeitlichen Spieltischen anthropologischer Differenz

Due to the impacts of postcolonialism, social and cultural anthropology has been dealing intensively with the possibilities and limits of representing "other” human beings and their meaningful worlds. Scholars such as George Marcus, James Clifford or Clifford Geertz have discussed ways of improving anthropological methods of representation without, however, fully raising questions about the quality and validity of the objects represented and the very idea, that they could be “represented”. Thus, despite attempts to purify classical anthropological categories, substantialized presences (“Humans”, “Others”, “Pygmies” etc.), various forms of binary oppositions (us–them, culture–nature, human–animal) as well as certain epistemological modes/ logoi (representation, interpretation) have been rehearsed until today. The research aims to dissect and challenge the metaphysical outputs of the “anthropological machine” (Giorgio Agamben). I intended to solve these from their apparent familiarity as representable identities or differences in order to investigate their genealogy. In Derrida’s and Foucault’s understanding, genealogy becomes manifest mainly in the “blind spots” (Derrida) or “anomalies” (Foucault) between differences, at the borders of identities. As an analytical guideline, the research uses on one concrete metonym for the Derridean blind spot, one incorporation of a Foucauldian Other, namely pygmy narratives within early modern and 19th century imaginings. “Pygmies” have been part of both Western mythology and anthropological reflection since the antiquity and finally became “ethnographical facts” within an evolutionary anthropology in the 19th century during the European exploration of Africa. Throughout this veritable Odyssey, they were mostly precarious “category-jammers” (Timothy Beal), occupying the impossible middle grounds within (proto)anthropological classification. Thus, along with the early modern wild men, enfants sauvages or the apes of proto-primatology, the pygmies of the Homeric myth, as a catalyst for the negotiation of categories, played a decisive role in early modern and 19th century conceptions of the human. Through the precarious Pygmies, concrete socio-historical materializations of Identities (human, European), differences (human–animal etc.), as well as the accompanying logoi which vindicate these as pseudo-entities, appear evident. The research aims to read and write the history of early modern and 19th Century anthropology through one of its many classificatory constituting Others. It thus contributes to a discipline that for a long time has examined concrete systems of knowledge and the genealogy of classification in general. One might call it an “anthropologization” of anthropology.