Concepção e instalação de tabelas multifunções para recintos desportivos cobertos

Mestrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica – Sistemas Eléctricos de Energia

Monte Carlo modeling and simulations of the High Definition (HD120) micro MLC and validation against measurements for a 6 MV beam

Purpose: The most recent Varian® micro multileaf collimator(MLC), the High Definition (HD120) MLC, was modeled using the BEAMNRCMonte Carlo code. This model was incorporated into a Varian medical linear accelerator, for a 6 MV beam, in static and dynamic mode. The model was validated by comparing simulated profiles with measurements. Methods: The Varian® Trilogy® (2300C/D) accelerator model was accurately implemented using the state-of-the-art Monte Carlo simulation program BEAMNRC and validated against off-axis and depth dose profiles measured using ionization chambers, by adjusting the energy and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the initial electron beam. The HD120 MLC was modeled by developing a new BEAMNRC component module (CM), designated HDMLC, adapting the available DYNVMLC CM and incorporating the specific characteristics of this new micro MLC. The leaf dimensions were provided by the manufacturer. The geometry was visualized by tracing particles through the CM and recording their position when a leaf boundary is crossed. The leaf material density and abutting air gap between leaves were adjusted in order to obtain a good agreement between the simulated leakage profiles and EBT2 film measurements performed in a solid water phantom. To validate the HDMLC implementation, additional MLC static patterns were also simulated and compared to additional measurements. Furthermore, the ability to simulate dynamic MLC fields was implemented in the HDMLC CM. The simulation results of these fields were compared with EBT2 film measurements performed in a solid water phantom. Results: Overall, the discrepancies, with and without MLC, between the opened field simulations and the measurements using ionization chambers in a water phantom, for the off-axis profiles are below 2% and in depth-dose profiles are below 2% after the maximum dose depth and below 4% in the build-up region. On the conditions of these simulations, this tungsten-based MLC has a density of 18.7 g cm− 3 and an overall leakage of about 1.1 ± 0.03%. The discrepancies between the film measured and simulated closed and blocked fields are below 2% and 8%, respectively. Other measurements were performed for alternated leaf patterns and the agreement is satisfactory (to within 4%). The dynamic mode for this MLC was implemented and the discrepancies between film measurements and simulations are within 4%. Conclusions: The Varian® Trilogy® (2300 C/D) linear accelerator including the HD120 MLC was successfully modeled and simulated using the Monte CarloBEAMNRC code by developing an independent CM, the HDMLC CM, either in static and dynamic modes.

Dosimetric effect by shallow air cavities in high energy electron beams

This study evaluates the dosimetric impact caused by an air cavity located at 2 mm depth from the top surface in a PMMA phantom irradiated by electron beams produced by a Siemens Primus linear accelerator. A systematic evaluation of the effect related to the cavity area and thickness as well as to the electron beam energy was performed by using Monte Carlo simulations (EGSnrc code), Pencil Beam algorithm and Gafchromic EBT2 films. A home-PMMA phantom with the same geometry as the simulated one was specifically constructed for the measurements. Our results indicate that the presence of the cavity causes an increase (up to 70%) of the dose maximum value as well as a shift forward of the position of the depthedose curve, compared to the homogeneous one. Pronounced dose discontinuities in the regions close to the lateral cavity edges are observed. The shape and magnitude of these discontinuities change with the dimension of the cavity. It is also found that the cavity effect is more pronounced (6%) for the 12 MeV electron beam and the presence of cavities with large thickness and small area introduces more significant variations (up to 70%) on the depthedose curves. Overall, the Gafchromic EBT2 film measurements were found in agreement within 3% with Monte Carlo calculations and predict well the fine details of the dosimetric change near the cavity interface. The Pencil Beam calculations underestimate the dose up to 40% compared to Monte Carlo simulations; in particular for the largest cavity thickness (2.8 cm).

Adaptive mutations in bacteria: high rate and small effects

Evolution by natural selection is driven by the continuous generation of adaptive mutations. We measured the genomic mutation rate that generates beneficial mutations and their effects on fitness in Escherichia coli under conditions in which the effect of competition between lineages carrying different beneficial mutations is minimized. We found a rate on the order of 10–5 per genome per generation, which is 1000 times as high as previous estimates, and a mean selective advantage of 1%. Such a high rate of adaptive evolution has implications for the evolution of antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity.

Factors associated with depression symptoms in high school students in São Paulo, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To assess factors associated with depression symptoms in high school students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving high school students was conducted in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, 2001. A total of 724 students aged 14-18 years answered questionnaires on life and health conditions. Another questionnaire was applied to working (44.8%) and unemployed (22.9%) students to collect information on working conditions. Factors associated to depressive disorders were analyzed using multiple logistic regression controlled for occupational status. RESULTS: Overall prevalence rate of depression was 7.5%. Rates according to gender were 39 (10.3%) in females and 15 (4.3%) in males. The multiple logistic regression analysis showed that factors associated with depressive disorders were: poor self-perception of health (OR=5.78), being female (OR = 2.45), and alcohol consumption (OR=2.35). CONCLUSIONS: The study results showed that sociodemographic, lifestyle and health variables were associated with symptoms of depression in this population. These ndings suggest that it is important to have mental health professionals available in high schools for early detection of mental conditions and student counseling.

Comparing the content of instruments assessing environmental factors using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

Purpose: To describe and compare the content of instruments that assess environmental factors using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, CINAHL and PEDro databases was conducted using a pre-determined search strategy. The identified instruments were screened independently by two investigators, and meaningful concepts were linked to the most precise ICF category according to published linking rules. Results: Six instruments were included, containing 526 meaningful concepts. Instruments had between 20% and 98% of items linked to categories in Chapter 1. The highest percentage of items from one instrument linked to categories in Chapters 2–5 varied between 9% and 50%. The presence or absence of environmental factors in a specific context is assessed in 3 instruments, while the other 3 assess the intensity of the impact of environmental factors. Discussion: Instruments differ in their content, type of assessment, and have several items linked to the same ICF category. Most instruments primarily assess products and technology (Chapter 1), highlighting the need to deepen the discussion on the theory that supports the measurement of environmental factors. This discussion should be thorough and lead to the development of methodologies and new tools that capture the underlying concepts of the ICF.

Efeitos de dois programas de exercício na endurance de tronco, controlo lombo-pélvico, perceção de dor lombar e fadiga, funcionalidade e qualidade de vida: Pilates Clínico vs Exercícios segundo McGill

Introdução: A lombalgia crónica assume uma elevada prevalência e graves repercussões a nível socioeconómico, sendo inúmeras as abordagens terapêuticas para o seu tratamento e prevenção. Existindo forte evidência da eficácia dos exercícios terapêuticos no seu tratamento, importa saber quais os mais efetivos. Objectivos: Comparar a efetividade de dois programas de exercício terapêutico na endurance do tronco, no controlo lombo-pélvico, na perceção de dor lombar e fadiga, na funcionalidade e na qualidade de vida em mulheres com lombalgia crónica não especifica, cuidadoras de idosos. Métodos: 24 mulheres foram divididas aleatoriamente em três grupos de 8. Durante 6 semanas, um grupo serviu de controlo (GC) e os outros dois grupos realizaram um programa de exercícios: Pilates Clínico (GP) ou exercícios segundo McGill (GM), com os outcomes medidos em ternos de endurance de tronco pelos testes de McGill, controlo lombo-pélvico pelos testes Active Straight Leg Raise e teste de controlo lombo-pélvico segundo McGill, dor lombar pela Numerical Rating Scale, fadiga pela escala de Borg, funcionalidade através do Questionário de Incapacidade de Roland Morris e qualidade de vida através do Questionário de Estado de Saúde (SF36-V2). Resultados: Relativamente à endurance, verificaram-se diferenças entre grupos no rácio flexores/extensores (p=0,005), e no rácio lateroflexores à esquerda/extensores (p=0,027), sendo que o GP apresentou um rácio estatisticamente inferior ao GC em ambos. Não existiram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os 3 grupos no controlo lombo-pélvico, perceção de dor, fadiga e funcionalidade, apesar das melhorias observadas intra-grupos. Relativamente à qualidade de vida, a dimensão saúde em geral aumentou significativamente no GP (p=0,020) e a função social no GM (p=0,045). Conclusão: A implementação dos programas de exercício Pilates Clínico e Exercícios segundo McGill numa amostra de cuidadoras de idosos com lombalgia crónica não especifica, parece ter um efeito positivo quando comparados com os do grupo de controlo sobre a endurance do tronco, controlo lombo-pélvico, perceção de dor lombar e fadiga, funcionalidade e qualidade de vida.

Diagnóstico ambiental de uma queijaria e proposta de melhorias

O presente trabalho tem como objectivo o diagnóstico ambiental da empresa Lacticinios do Paiva, S.A, a avaliação da água do processo e da ETARI e o estudo da fermentação do soro de queijo com o intuito de produção de bioetanol. No diagnóstico ambiental da empresa, observou-se que 18.227.731 litros de leite usados anualmente geram 5.031 ton/ano de queijo, 7.204 ton/ano de soro de queijo, 74.201 m3/ano de efluente liquido, 14 ton/ano de plástico e 20 ton/ano de cartão. Os principais problemas com necessidade de optimização são a recuperação de água das lavagens, avaliação da produção de biogás no digestor anaeróbio, recuperação do volume de leite que é desperdiçado na produção de queijo fresco de longa duração, avaliação da eficiência energética da empresa, valorização das natas e do soro de queijo. Decidiu-se neste trabalho avaliar a possibilidade de reciclagem das águas de lavagem, avaliar o funcionamento da ETARI face à legislação existente e estudar a possibilidade de valorização do soro de queijo. Na avaliação das águas de processo das lavagens para posterior reciclagem, verifica-se que relativamente ao pH e aos sólidos suspensos não existe problema, podendo encarar-se a hipótese de reciclagem directa. No entanto, no que respeita à carga orgânica das águas de lavagem do sistema de ultrafiltração do queijo fresco de longa duração, constata-se que esta não poderia ser utilizada novamente, uma vez que apresenta valores elevados de CQO. Para a sua reutilização, será necessário remover a CQO, hipótese que se estudou com resultados positivos. Verificou-se que, um tratamento por adsorção em carvão activado precedido de microfiltração, reduz a CQO de forma significativa permitindo admitir a hipótese de reciclagem da água, nomeadamente para as 1ª e 3ª águas de lavagem. As outras águas teriam necessidade de mais tempo de contacto com o carvão activado. No sentido de avaliar o funcionamento da ETARI, foram analisadas várias correntes da mesma, em particular a do efluente final, no que respeita a parâmetros como: pH, Sólidos Suspensos Totais, Carência Química de Oxigénio, Carência Bioquímica de Oxigénio, Turvação, Nitratos, Fósforo Total, Azoto Kjeldalh, Azoto Amoniacal e Cloretos. Observou-se que os valores para o efluente final da ETARI são os seguintes: pH compreendido entre [7,21 – 8,69], SST entre [65,3 – 3110] mg/L, CQO entre [92,5 – 711,5] mg/L, CBO5 entre [58 – 161] mg/L, NO3- entre [10,8 – 106,7] mg/L, fósforo total entre [8,3 – 64,3] mg/L, turvação entre [67,7 – 733,3] FTU e cloretos entre [459,9 – 619,81] mg/L; pode-se dizer que os parâmetros analisados se encontram quase sempre dentro da gama de valores impostos pela Câmara Municipal de Lamego pelo que o efluente pode ser lançado no Colector Municipal de Cambres. Relativamente à fermentação alcoólica do soro de queijo, verifica-se que a levedura Kluyveromyces Marxianus consegue degradar praticamente todo o açúcar presente no permeado produzindo assim uma quantidade razoável de etanol. Quando se utilizou a levedura Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, a produção de etanol foi muito reduzida, como esperado, dado que esta levedura apresenta dificuldades na metabolização da lactose. Constatou-se assim que a melhor levedura para a fermentação do permeado do soro de queijo é a Kluyveromyces Marxianus, estimando-se em 150 mg a produção de etanol por L de soro.

Optimização energética da olaria de uma cerâmica

Na indústria cerâmica o consumo de energia é elevado, fazendo com que este custo represente uma parte significativa dos custos totais de produção das peças. De forma a diminuir esta dependência, a energia deve ser gerida de forma contínua e eficazmente. O presente trabalho consistiu na análise da situação energética e na elaboração de propostas de optimização da etapa de conformação que ocorre na Olaria número quatro da Fábrica Cerâmica de Valadares, S.A. Determinou-se o rendimento efectivo da Olaria, tendo-se obtido um valor de 24,7%. As perdas térmicas ocorrem na Olaria, a nível da envolvente, da ventilação, da exaustão de gases e da inércia térmica, representando, respectivamente, 18122 MJ, 50222 MJ, 39228 MJ e 4338 MJ por semana de trabalho. Numa última fase sugeriram-se algumas medidas de optimização energética. A primeira medida visa uma melhoria na manutenção dos geradores, um aumento na gama de temperaturas de funcionamento dos geradores e uma minimização dos tempos de abertura dos portões. Na segunda medida propõe-se a diminuição da percentagem de excesso de ar para 10%, equivalendo a uma poupança de 8839 €/ano. Na terceira medida avaliou-se a possibilidade da aplicação de um permutador de calor de modo a aproveitar os gases de combustão. Esta permitiria uma poupança de 119 €/ano, no entanto, devido ao elevado tempo de retorno do investimento (12,6 anos) considerou-se que esta medida não era viável. A quarta proposta relaciona-se com a optimização da ventilação da Olaria por aumento do ciclo de renovação de ar para 5 h, promovendo uma poupança de 8583 € anuais. Como última sugestão de optimização, aconselhou-se a diminuição do volume da olaria em 6935 m3. Com esta proposta é possível obter uma poupança de 4993 €/ano. Esta medida envolve um investimento de 12000 €, sendo o tempo de retorno do investimento de 2,4 anos. Das cinco propostas estudadas concluiu-se que quatro são viáveis permitindo uma melhoria do funcionamento da Olaria e uma poupança significativa na factura energética.

Keep calm enfrenta a vergonha : contributos para um programa de competências sócio-emocionais

Trabalho apresentado em XIII Congreso Internacional Galego-Portugués de Psicopedagoxía, Área 1 Aprendizaje, memoria y motivación. Universidad da Coruña, 2 de Setembro de 2015.

High Performance Multi-Standard Architecture for DCT Computation in H.264/AVC High Profile and HEVC Codecs

A new high performance architecture for the computation of all the DCT operations adopted in the H.264/AVC and HEVC standards is proposed in this paper. Contrasting to other dedicated transform cores, the presented multi-standard transform architecture is supported on a completely configurable, scalable and unified structure, that is able to compute not only the forward and the inverse 8×8 and 4×4 integer DCTs and the 4×4 and 2×2 Hadamard transforms defined in the H.264/AVC standard, but also the 4×4, 8×8, 16×16 and 32×32 integer transforms adopted in HEVC. Experimental results obtained using a Xilinx Virtex-7 FPGA demonstrated the superior performance and hardware efficiency levels provided by the proposed structure, which outperforms its more prominent related designs by at least 1.8 times. When integrated in a multi-core embedded system, this architecture allows the computation, in real-time, of all the transforms mentioned above for resolutions as high as the 8k Ultra High Definition Television (UHDTV) (7680×4320 @ 30fps).

Simultaneous distillation–extraction of high-value volatile compounds from Cistus ladanifer L.

The present paper describes a procedure to isolate volatiles from rock-rose (Cistus ladanifer L.) using simultaneous distillation–extraction (SDE). High-value volatile compounds (HVVC) were selected and the influence of the extraction conditions investigated. The effect of the solvent nature and extraction time on SDE efficiency was studied. The best performance was achieved with pentane in 1 h operation. The extraction efficiencies ranged from 65% to 85% and the repeatability varied between 4% and 6% (as a CV%). The C. ladanifer SDE extracts were analysed by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The HS-SPME sampling conditions such as fiber coating, temperature, ionic strength and exposure time were optimized. The best results were achieved with an 85 µm polyacrylate fiber for a 60 min headspace extraction at 40ºC with 20% (w/v) of NaCl. For optimized conditions the recovery was in average higher than 90% for all compounds and the intermediate precision ranged from 4 to 9% (as CV %). The volatiles α-pinene (22.2 mg g−1 of extract), 2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanone (6.1 mg g−1 of extract), borneol (3.0 mg g−1 of extract) and bornyl acetate (3.9 mg g−1 of extract) were identified in the SDE extracts obtained from the fresh plant material.

Analysis of PCBs in soils and sediments by microwave-assisted extraction, headspace-SPME and high resolution gas chromatography with ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry

A procedure for the determination of seven indicator PCBs in soils and sediments using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) prior to GC-MS/MS is described. Optimization of the HS-SPME was carried out for the most important parameters such as extraction time, sample volume and temperature. The adopted methodology has reduced consumption of organic solvents and analysis runtime. Under the optimized conditions, the method detection limit ranged from 0.6 to 1 ng/g when 5 g of sample was extracted, the precision on real samples ranged from 4 to 21% and the recovery from 69 to 104%. The proposed method, which included the analysis of a certified reference material in its validation procedure, can be extended to several other PCBs and used in the monitoring of soil or sediments for the presence of PCBs.

Response of high-risk of recurrence/progression bladder tumours expressing sialyl-Tn and sialyl-6-T to BCG immunotherapy

High risk of recurrence/progression bladder tumours is treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy after complete resection of the tumour. Approximately 75% of these tumours express the uncommon carbohydrate antigen sialyl-Tn (Tn), a surrogate biomarker of tumour aggressiveness. Such changes in the glycosylation of cell-surface proteins influence tumour microenvironment and immune responses that may modulate treatment outcome and the course of disease. The aim of this work is to determine the efficiency of BCG immunotherapy against tumours expressing sTn and sTn-related antigen sialyl-6-T (s6T). METHODS: In a retrospective design, 94 tumours from patients treated with BCG were screened for sTn and s6T expression. In vitro studies were conducted to determine the interaction of BCG with high-grade bladder cancer cell line overexpressing sTn. RESULTS: From the 94 cases evaluated, 36 had recurrence after BCG treatment (38.3%). Treatment outcome was influenced by age over 65 years (HR=2.668; (1.344-5.254); P=0.005), maintenance schedule (HR=0.480; (0.246-0.936); P=0.031) and multifocality (HR=2.065; (1.033-4.126); P=0.040). sTn or s6T expression was associated with BCG response (P=0.024; P<0.0001) and with increased recurrence-free survival (P=0.001). Multivariate analyses showed that sTn and/or s6T were independent predictive markers of recurrence after BCG immunotherapy (HR=0.296; (0.148-0.594); P=0.001). In vitro studies demonstrated higher adhesion and internalisation of the bacillus to cells expressing sTn, promoting cell death. CONCLUSION: s6T is described for the first time in bladder tumours. Our data strongly suggest that BCG immunotherapy is efficient against sTn- and s6T-positive tumours. Furthermore, sTn and s6T expression are independent predictive markers of BCG treatment response and may be useful in the identification of patients who could benefit more from this immunotherapy.