Discontinuous epitopes of hepatitis B surface antigen derived from a filamentous phage peptide library.

The structure of the small hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) was investigated by epitope mapping of four anti-HBsAg monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Amino acid sequences of epitopes were derived from affinity-enrichment experiments (biopanning) using a filamentous phage peptide library. The library consists of 10(9) different clones bearing a 30-residue peptide fused to gene III. Sequence homologies between peptides obtained from panning the library against the antibodies and the native HBsAg sequence allowed for precise description of the binding regions. Three of four mAbs were found to bind to distinct discontinuous epitopes between amino acid residues 101 and 207 of HBsAg. The fourth mAb was demonstrated to bind to residues 121-124. The sequence data are supported by ELISA assays demonstrating the binding of the HBsAg-specific peptides on filamentous phage to mAbs. The sequence data were used to map the surface of HBsAg and to derive a topological model for the alpha-carbon trace of the 101-207 region of HBsAg. The approach should be useful for other proteins for which the crystal structure is not available but a representative set of mAbs can be obtained.

Prevalence of HBsAg mutants and impact of hepatitis B infant immunisation in four Pacific Island countries

The prevalence rate of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Pacific Island countries is amongst the highest in the world. Hepatitis B immunisation has been incorporated into national programmes at various times, often with erratic supply and coverage, until a regionally co-ordinated programme, which commenced in 1995 ensured adequate supply. The effectiveness of these programmes was recently evaluated in four countries, Vanuatu and Fiji in Melanesia, Tonga in Polynesia and Kiribati in Micronesia. That evaluation established that the programmes had a substantial beneficial impact in preventing chronic hepatitis B infection [Vaccine 18 (2000) 3059]. Several studies of hepatitis B vaccination programmes in endemic countries have identified the potential significance of surface gene mutants as a cause for failure of immunisation. In the study outlined in this paper, we screened infected children and their mothers for the emergence and prevalence of these variants in specimens collected from the four country evaluation. Although the opportunity for the emergence of HBV vaccine escape mutants in these populations was high due to the presence of a considerable amount of the virus in the population and the selection pressure from vaccine use, there were no a determinant vaccine escape mutants found. This suggests that vaccine escape variants are not an important cause for failure to prevent HBV transmission in this setting. Other HBsAg variants were detected, but their functional significance remains to be determined. The failure to provide satisfactory protection during such immunisation programmes reflects the need for achieving and sustaining high vaccine coverage, improving the timeliness of doses as well as improving 'cold-chain' support, rather than the selection of vaccine-escape mutants of HBV. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Enzymatic characterization and homology model of a catalytically active recombinant West Nile virus NS3 protease

West Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus with a rapidly expanding global distribution. Infection causes severe neurological disease and fatalities in both human and animal hosts. The West Nile viral protease (NS2B-NS3) is essential for post-translational processing in host-infected cells of a viral polypeptide precursor into structural and functional viral proteins, and its inhibition could represent a potential treatment for viral infections. This article describes the design, expression, and enzymatic characterization of a catalytically active recombinant WNV protease, consisting of a 40-residue component of cofactor NS2B tethered via a noncleavable nonapeptide (G(4)SG(4)) to the N-terminal 184 residues of NS3. A chromogenic assay using synthetic para-nitroanilide (pNA) hexapeptide substrates was used to identify optimal enzyme-processing conditions (pH 9.5, I < 0.1 M, 30% glycerol, 1 mM CHAPS), preferred substrate cleavage sites, and the first competitive inhibitor (Ac-FASGKR- H, IC50 &SIM; 1 μM). A putative three-dimensional structure of WNV protease, created through homology modeling based on the crystal structures of Dengue-2 and Hepatitis C NS3 viral proteases, provides some valuable insights for structure-based design of potent and selective inhibitors of WNV protease.

Hepatite C crônica em serviço de referência no nordeste do Brasil: um estudo retrospectivo de dezoito anos de acompanhamento

Chronic Hepatitis C is the leading cause of chronic liver disease in advanced final stage of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and of death related to liver disease. Evolves progressively in time 20-30 years. Evolutionary rates vary depending on factors virus, host and behavior. This study evaluated the impact of hepatitis C on the lives of patients treated at a referral service in Hepatology of the University Hospital Onofre Lopes - Liver Study Group - from May 1995 to December 2013. A retrospective evaluation was performed on 10,304 records, in order to build a cohort of patients with hepatitis C, in which all individuals had their diagnosis confirmed by gold standard molecular biological test. Data were obtained directly from patient charts and recorded in an Excel spreadsheet, previously built, following an elaborate encoding with the study variables, which constitute individual data and prognostic factors defined in the literature in the progression of chronic hepatitis C. The Research Ethics Committee approved the project. The results were statistically analyzed with the Chi-square test and Fisher's exact used to verify the association between variable for the multivariate analysis, we used the Binomial Logistic regression method. For both tests, it was assumed significance p < 0.05 and 95%. The results showed that the prevalence of chronic hepatitis C in NEF was 4.96 %. The prevalence of cirrhosis due to hepatitis C was 13.7%. The prevalence of diabetes in patients with Hepatitis C was 8.78 % and diabetes in cirrhotic patients with hepatitis C 38.0 %. The prevalence of HCC was 5.45%. The clinical follow-up discontinuation rates were 67.5 %. The mortality in confirmed cases without cirrhosis was 4.10% and 32.1% in cirrhotic patients. The factors associated with the development of cirrhosis were genotype 1 (p = 0.0015) and bilirubin > 1.3 mg % (p = 0.0017). Factors associated with mortality were age over 35 years, abandon treatment, diabetes, insulin use, AST> 60 IU, ALT> 60 IU, high total bilirubin, extended TAP, INR high, low albumin, treatment withdrawal, cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma. The occurrence of diabetes mellitus increased mortality of patients with hepatitis C in 6 times. Variables associated with the diagnosis of cirrhosis by us were blood donor (odds ratio 0.24, p = 0.044) and professional athlete (odds ratio 0.18, p = 0.35). It is reasonable to consider a revaluation in screening models for CHC currently proposed. The condition of cirrhosis and diabetes modifies the clinical course of patients with chronical hepatitis C, making it a disease more mortality. However, being a blood donor or professional athlete is a protective factor that reduces the risk of cirrhosis, independent of alcohol consumption. Public policies to better efficient access, hosting and resolution are needed for this population.

Original Research Article Humoral and cellular immune responses to modified hepatitis B plasmid DNA vaccine in mice

Purpose: To evaluate the immunogenicity and types of immune response of a quality-controlled modified recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) plasmid encoding HBsAg in mice. Methods: The characterized plasmid DNA was used in the immunization of Balb/c mice. Three groups of mice were intramuscularly injected with three different concentrations (50, 25 and 10 μg/100 μL) of the modified plasmid. Humoral immune response was monitored by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while cellular immune response was investigated by analysis of spleen cytokine profile (TNFα, IFN γ and IL2) as well as CD69 expression level in CD4 and CD8 positive cells. Results: In general, the activated CD4 cells showing intracellular cytokines were higher than CD8 positive population of cells (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that the vaccine induced both a humoral and cellular immunity. Cytokine profile also showed high levels of TNFα, IFN γ and IL2 and CD69 expression in the group of animals immunized at a dose of 10 μg when compared to control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: A 10 μg dose intramuscular injection of the modified DNA-based vaccine encoding HBsAg in mice induces both high humoral and cellular immune responses.

Hepatitis B knowledge, testing, and vaccination among Chinese and Vietnamese adults in Australia

Hepatitis B is a significant public health challenge within some subpopulations in Australia, including Chinese and Vietnamese migrants. There has been limited research on hepatitis B knowledge and actions in these communities. The authors conducted a self-administered survey among 442 Chinese and 433 Vietnamese in Brisbane. Generally, the knowledge is best described as “moderate.” One in 2 could not identify the sexual transmission risk and less than one third knew that sharing foods or drinks did not spread the disease. The majority of Vietnamese (80%) and 60% of Chinese respondents indicated prior testing. Vaccination was reported in 60% of the Vietnamese and in 52% of the Chinese. Knowledge was better among Chinese people who had been tested and vaccinated compared with those who were nontested and nonvaccinated. Only 3.5% of the Chinese, but 11.6% of the Vietnamese, indicated having a positive test result hepatitis B virus. This study helps identify strategies for programs targeting both communities and practitioners.

Drosophila melanogaster mounts a unique immune response to the rhabdovirus Sigma virus

Rhabdoviruses are important pathogens of humans, livestock, and plants that are often vectored by insects. Rhabdovirus particles have a characteristic bullet shape with a lipid envelope and surface-exposed transmembrane glycoproteins. Sigma virus (SIGMAV) is a member of the Rhabdoviridae and is a naturally occurring disease agent of Drosophila melanogaster. The infection is maintained in Drosophila populations through vertical transmission via germ cells. We report here the nature of the Drosophila innate immune response to SIGMAV infection as revealed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis of differentially expressed genes identified by microarray analysis. We have also compared and contrasted the immune response of the host with respect to two nonenveloped viruses, Drosophila C virus (DCV) and Drosophila X virus (DXV). We determined that SIGMAV infection upregulates expression of the peptidoglycan receptor protein genes PGRP-SB1 and PGRP-SD and the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes Diptericin-A, Attacin-A, Attacin-B, Cecropin-A1, and Drosocin. SIGMAV infection did not induce PGRP-SA and the AMP genes Drosomycin-B, Metchnikowin, and Defensin that are upregulated in DCV and/or DXV infections. Expression levels of the Toll and Imd signaling cascade genes are not significantly altered by SIGMAV infection. These results highlight shared and unique aspects of the Drosophila immune response to the three viruses and may shed light on the nature of the interaction with the host and the evolution of these associations.

Functions of Alphavirus Macrodomain-containing protein nsP3

Alphaviruses are positive strand RNA viruses that replicate in association with cellular membranes. The viral RNA replication complex consists of four non-structural proteins nsP1-nsP4 which are essential for viral replication. The functions of nsP1, nsP2 and nsP4 are well established, but the roles of nsP3 are mainly unknown. In this work I have clarified some of the functions of nsP3 in order to better understand the importance of this protein in virus replication. Semliki Forest virus (SFV) has been mostly used as a model alphavirus during this work, but some experiments have also been conducted with Sindbis and Chikungunya viruses. NsP3 is composed of three different protein domains. The N-terminus of nsP3 contains an evolutionarily conserved macrodomain, the central part of nsP3 contains a domain that is only found in alphaviruses, and the C-terminus of the protein is hypervariable and predicted to be unstructured. In this work I have analyzed the functions of nsP3 macrodomain, and shown that viral macrodomains bind poly(ADP-ribose) and that they do not resemble cellular macrodomains in their properties. Furthermore, I have shown that some macrodomains, including viral macrodomains of SFV and hepatitis E virus, also bind poly(A). Mutations in the ligand binding pocket of SFV macrodomain hamper virus replication but do not confer lethality, indicating that macrodomain function is beneficial but not mandatory for virus replication. The hypervariable C-terminus of nsP3 is heavily phosphorylated and is enriched in proline residues. In this work it is shown that this region harbors an SH3 domain binding motif (Sh3BM) PxRxPR through which cellular amphiphysin is recruited to viral replication sites and to nsP3 containing cytoplasmic aggregate structures. The function of Sh3BM was destroyed by a single point mutation, which led to impaired viral RNA replication in HeLa cells, pointing out the functional importance of amphiphysin recruitment by the Sh3BM. In addition, evidence is provided tho show that the endosomal localization of alphavirus replication is mediated by nsP3 and that the phosphorylation of hypervariable region might be important for the endosomal targeting. Together these findings demonstrate that nsP3 contains multiple important host interaction motifs and domains, which facilitate successful viral propagation in host cells.

New Oncogenic Drivers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Role of the RNA Binding Protein Hu antigen R

156 p. : graf.

Fatores prognósticos e de efetividade do tratamento da hepatite C crônica

A hepatite C é uma doença recentemente reconhecida cujo tratamento é de eficácia aquém da desejável. O objetivo deste estudo é conhecer os fatores prognósticos de resposta virológica sustentada (RVS) e de efetividade do tratamento da hepatite C crônica e propor um modelo teórico que contenha as principais relações identificadas. A prevalência do HCV no Brasil é estimada entre 0,94% a 1,89%, com tendência a aumentar. Há populações especificamente sob maior risco como detentos, usuários de drogas e renais crônicos em diálise. Devido ao seu caráter crônico e progressivo estima-se que as complicações relacionadas aumentem nas próximas décadas caso não haja tratamento efetivo. O tratamento é caro, com efeitos colaterais importantes e promove RVS apenas em uma parcela dos indivíduos, mesmo sob condições ideais. São descritos como fatores prognósticos para RVS: genótipo, carga viral pré-tratamento, cinética viral, transaminases, estágio de fibrose, sexo, idade, peso, raça, esteatose e aderência ao tratamento. Dispensado de acordo com critérios do Ministério da Saúde, o tratamento utiliza interferon peguilado para o genótipo 1 e interferon convencional para os genótipos 2 e 3, associado à ribavirina. Associados a RVS, além do custo, outros fatores concorrem para a efetividade do tratamento: diagnóstico precoce dos casos, implementação de pólos de aplicação, qualidade e disponibilidade da medicação, critérios e interrupção precoce através da cinética viral, redução da necessidade de re-tratamento e de transplante hepático. Para aumentar a efetividade do tratamento concluímos ser necessário melhor rastreamento dos casos de infecção pelo VHC, disseminação de pólos de aplicação dos medicamentos e viabilizar exames para cinética viral.

Custo-efetividade do tratamento da infecção pelo vírus da hepatite C em candidatos a transplante renal submetidos à diálise

O estudo tem como objetivo geral avaliar a razão de custo-utilidade do tratamento da infecção pelo vírus da hepatite C (VHC) em pacientes dialisados, candidatos a transplante renal, tendo como esquemas terapêuticos alternativos o interferon-_ em monoterapia; o interferon peguilado em monoterapia; o interferon-_ em terapia combinada com ribavirina e o interferon peguilado em terapia combinada com ribavirina, comparando-os com o nãotratamento. A perspectiva do estudo foi a do Sistema Único de Saúde(SUS), que também serviu de base para estimar o impacto orçamentário da estratégia de tratamento mais custo efetiva. Para o alcance dos objetivos, foi construído um modelo de Makov para simulação de custos e resultados de cada estratégia avaliada. Para subsidiar o modelo, foi realizada uma revisão de literatura, a fim de definir os estados de saúde relacionados à infecção pelo vírus da hepatite C em transplantados e a probabilidade de transição entre os estados. Medidas de utilidade foram derivadas de consultas a especialistas. Os custos foram derivados da tabela de procedimentos do SUS. Os resultados do estudo demonstraram que o tratamento da infecção pelo VHC antes do transplante renal é mais custo-efetivo que o não tratamento, apontando o interferon-a como a melhor opção. O impacto orçamentário para adoção dessa estratégia pelo SUS corresponde a 0,3% do valor despendido pelo SUS com terapia renal substitutiva ao longo do ano de 2007.

ELF (Enhanced Liver Fibrosis) como marcador não invasivo de fibrose hepáticana hepatite C crônica

A fibrose hepática é o aspecto mais relevante e o mais importante determinante de morbimortalidade na hepatite C crônica (HCC). Historicamente, a biópsia hepática é o método de referência para avaliação da fibrose causada pela HCC, apesar de apresentar limitações. O estudo de marcadores não invasivos, que possam obviar a necessidade da biópsia, é uma área de constante interesse na hepatologia. Idealmente, a avaliação da fibrose hepática deveria ser acurada, simples, prontamente disponível, de baixo custo e informar sobre o prognóstico da patologia. Os marcadores não invasivos mais estudados são a elastografia hepática transitória (EHT) e os laboratoriais. A EHT já foi extensamente validada na HCC e está inserida na rotina de avaliação destes pacientes. Dentre os laboratoriais, existem diversos testes em continua experimentação e, até o momento, nenhum foi integrado à prática clínica no Brasil, embora já aplicados rotineiramente em outros países. O Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF), um teste que dosa no soro ácido hialurônico, pró-peptídeo amino-terminal do colágeno tipo III e inibidor tissular da metaloproteinase 1, tem se mostrado bastante eficaz na detecção de fibrose hepática significativa e de cirrose na HCC. Neste estudo o ELF teve o seu desempenho avaliado em relação a biópsia hepática e demonstrou apresentar boa acurácia na detecção tanto de fibrose significativa quanto de cirrose. Na comparação com a EHT apresentou acurácia semelhante para estes mesmos desfechos, com significância estatística. No entanto, foi observada uma superestimação da fibrose com a utilização dos pontos de corte propostos pelo fabricante. Este achado está em acordo com a literatura, onde não há consenso sobre o melhor ponto de corte a ser empregado na prática clínica. Com a ampliação da casuística foi possível propor novos pontos de corte, através da análise clássica, com a biópsia hepática como padrão ouro. O resultado obtido vai ao encontro do observado por outros autores. Em seguida, os novos pontos de corte do ELF foram reavaliados sem que a biópsia hepática fosse a referência, através da análise de classes latentes. Mais uma vez o ELF apresentou bom desempenho, inclusive com melhora de suas sensibilidade e especificidade em comparação com a análise clássica, onde a biópsia hepática é a referência. Assim sendo, é possível concluir que o ELF é um bom marcador não invasivo de fibrose hepática. No entanto, para detecção de fibrose significativa e cirrose, deve ser considerada a aplicação na prática clínica dos novos pontos de corte aqui propostos.

Custo-efetividade da Terapia Tripla para pacientes adultos portadores do genótipo 1 da hepatite C crônica.

As ações de prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento da hepatite C crônica integram as agendas das políticas de saúde do Brasil e do mundo, pois se trata de uma doença com grande número de acometidos, com alto custo tratamento e que ocasiona graves desfechos e incapacidade, o que acaba por onerar seu custo social. Os protocolos clínicos e diretrizes terapêuticas demonstram os esforços de inúmeras entidades no combate da hepatite C, pois informam aos profissionais de saúde, pacientes e familiares e cidadãos em geral, qual seria a melhor forma, comprovada cientificamente, de se proceder frente a uma infecção desta natureza. Realizouse uma análise de custoefetividade, sob a perspectiva do SUS, das estratégias: tratamento e retratamento com a terapia dupla, tratamento com a terapia dupla e retratamento com a terapia tripla e tratamento com a terapia tripla. Através de modelo de simulação baseado em cadeias Markov foi criada uma coorte hipotética de 1000 indivíduos adultos, acima de 40 anos, de ambos os sexos, sem distinção declasse socioeconômica, com diagnóstico confirmado para hepatite C crônica, monoinfectados pelo genótipo 1 do VHC e com ausência de comorbidades. A simulação foi iniciada com todos os indivíduos portando a forma mais branda da doença, tida como a classificação histológica F0 ou F1 segundo a escala Metavir. Os resultados demonstram que as duas opções, ou seja, a terapia dupla/tripla e a terapia tripla estão abaixo do limiar de aceitabilidade para incorporação de tecnologia proposto pela OMS (2012) que é de 72.195 (R$/QALY) (IBGE, 2013; WHO, 2012). Ambas são custoefetivas, visto que o ICER da terapia dupla/tripla em relação alinha de base foi de 7.186,3 (R$/QALY) e o da terapia tripla foi de 59.053,8 (R$/QALY). Entretanto o custo incremental de terapia tripla em relação à dupla/tripla foi de 31.029 e a efetividade incremental foi de 0,52. Em geral, quando as intervenções analisadas encontramse abaixo do limiar, sugerese a adoção do esquema de maior efetividade. A terapia tripla, apesar de ter apresentado uma efetividade um pouco acima da terapia dupla/tripla, apresentou custo muito superior. Assim, como seria coerente a adoção de uma ou da outra para utilização no SUS, visto que este sistema apresenta recursos limitados, indicase a realização de um estudo de impacto orçamentário para obterse mais um dado de embasamento da decisão e assim poder apoiar o protocolo brasileiro existente ou sugerir a confecção de novo documento.

Veterans health administration hepatitis B testing and treatment with anti-CD20 antibody administration.

AIM: To evaluate pretreatment hepatitis B virus (HBV) testing, vaccination, and antiviral treatment rates in Veterans Affairs patients receiving anti-CD20 Ab for quality improvement. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study using a national repository of Veterans Health Administration (VHA) electronic health record data. We identified all patients receiving anti-CD20 Ab treatment (2002-2014). We ascertained patient demographics, laboratory results, HBV vaccination status (from vaccination records), pharmacy data, and vital status. The high risk period for HBV reactivation is during anti-CD20 Ab treatment and 12 mo follow up. Therefore, we analyzed those who were followed to death or for at least 12 mo after completing anti-CD20 Ab. Pretreatment serologic tests were used to categorize chronic HBV (hepatitis B surface antigen positive or HBsAg+), past HBV (HBsAg-, hepatitis B core antibody positive or HBcAb+), resolved HBV (HBsAg-, HBcAb+, hepatitis B surface antibody positive or HBsAb+), likely prior vaccination (isolated HBsAb+), HBV negative (HBsAg-, HBcAb-), or unknown. Acute hepatitis B was defined by the appearance of HBsAg+ in the high risk period in patients who were pretreatment HBV negative. We assessed HBV antiviral treatment and the incidence of hepatitis, liver failure, and death during the high risk period. Cumulative hepatitis, liver failure, and death after anti-CD20 Ab initiation were compared by HBV disease categories and differences compared using the χ(2) test. Mean time to hepatitis peak alanine aminotransferase, liver failure, and death relative to anti-CD20 Ab administration and follow-up were also compared by HBV disease group. RESULTS: Among 19304 VHA patients who received anti-CD20 Ab, 10224 (53%) had pretreatment HBsAg testing during the study period, with 49% and 43% tested for HBsAg and HBcAb, respectively within 6 mo pretreatment in 2014. Of those tested, 2% (167/10224) had chronic HBV, 4% (326/7903) past HBV, 5% (427/8110) resolved HBV, 8% (628/8110) likely prior HBV vaccination, and 76% (6022/7903) were HBV negative. In those with chronic HBV infection, ≤ 37% received HBV antiviral treatment during the high risk period while 21% to 23% of those with past or resolved HBV, respectively, received HBV antiviral treatment. During and 12 mo after anti-CD20 Ab, the rate of hepatitis was significantly greater in those HBV positive vs negative (P = 0.001). The mortality rate was 35%-40% in chronic or past hepatitis B and 26%-31% in hepatitis B negative. In those pretreatment HBV negative, 16 (0.3%) developed acute hepatitis B of 4947 tested during anti-CD20Ab treatment and follow-up. CONCLUSION: While HBV testing of Veterans has increased prior to anti-CD20 Ab, few HBV+ patients received HBV antivirals, suggesting electronic health record algorithms may enhance health outcomes.