Características hematológicas de teleósteos brasileiros: IV. Variáveis do jundiá Rhamdia quelen ( Pimelodidae)

As características hematológicas do jundiá Rhamdia quelen Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 (Osteichthyes: Pimelodidae), oriundo de cativeiro foram estudadas. Determinou-se o valor médio da contagem de eritrócitos, taxa de hemoglobina, hematócrito, volume corpuscular médio (VCM), concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM) e distribuição percentual de células sangüíneas de defesa orgânica. As células sangüíneas de defesa orgânica (leucócitos e trombócitos) foram identificadas e caracterizadas morfologicamente. Trombócitos e linfócitos foram as células sangüíneas de defesa orgânica mais freqüente nas extensões sangüíneas do R. quelen. A análise de regressão mostrou correlação linear negativa entre o percentual de trombócitos e linfócitos. Os resultados deste estudo fornecem valores sangüíneos normais em R. quelen, em cultivo intensivo, que poderão servir de comparação com dados dessa espécie em outras situações de cultivo.

Características do líquido peritoneal de eqüinos normais após punção cecal percutânea

Foram avaliados 10 eqüinos da raça Manga Larga, machos, inteiros clinicamente sadios, submetidos à punção cecal percutânea. Analisou-se a resposta clínica, celular, bioquímica e microbiológica do líquido peritoneal por um período de 24 horas após a punção cecal, nos tempos T0, T6, T12 e T24. Foi observada elevação na freqüência respiratória em T6 e na temperatura retal entre T6 e T12. Decorridas 24 horas da punção cecal, ocorreu aumento na concentração de proteínas totais do líquido peritoneal e na atividade da fosfatase alcalina. Tanto a atividade da ALT quanto os níveis de hemoglobina apresentaram diminuição em T6. Não foram registradas alterações na celularidade do plasma ou do líquido peritoneal e obteve-se resultado negativo para a cultura microbiológica do líquido. Considerando a inexistência de efeitos adversos, além das poucas alterações descritas, conclui-se que a punção cecal percutânea é um procedimento seguro e factível, se praticada criteriosamente.

Comparação do efeito do ácido etilenodiaminotetracético (EDTA) e da heparina sobre os eritrócitos de avestruzes (Struthio camelus L.)

Anticoagulantes com diferentes formas de ação têm sido utilizados na hematologia aviária. Entretanto, poucos estudos foram publicados sobre seu efeito e sobre os parâmetros hematológicos dos avestruzes. Visando a preencher essa lacuna, realizou-se um estudo em que foi comparado o efeito de dois anticoagulantes de rotina (EDTA - 2 mg/mL sangue e da Heparina -10U/mL sangue) sobre os eritrócitos de avestruzes. Para tanto, foram avaliados a integridade, o volume globular e a morfometria dos eritrócitos de amostras sanguíneas de 20 aves, tratadas com ambos os anticoagulantes. A integridade eritrocitária foi estimada pelo grau de hemoglobina livre no plasma, sendo o volume globular obtido pelo método de micro-hematócrito e os dados morfométricos (área, diâmetro maior e menor) calculados automaticamente em sistema computadorizado de imagem digital de alta resolução. A hemólise estimada pela dosagem de hemoglobina plasmática, o volume globular, a área e o diâmetro máximo dos eritrócitos foram significativamente maiores nas amostras tratadas com EDTA. Para melhor preservar a integridade e a morfometria dos eritrócitos, concluiuse que a heparina é um anticoagulante mais adequado que o EDTA para avaliar as discrasias eritrocitárias dos avestruzes.

Efeitos cardiovascular e metabólico da reposição volêmica com solução salina hipertônica 7,5% associada ou não ao hidroxietilamido 130/0,4 em gatas com hipovolemia induzida

A hipovolemia é caracterizada por uma perda de fluido corpóreo, cursando com inadequado fluxo circulatório e consequentemente lesão tecidual. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se comparar a expansão volêmica resultante da administração de solução salina hipertônica (NaCl 7,5%), isolada ou em associação com hidroxietilamido 130/0,4 (HES 130/0,4), em gatas com hipovolemia induzida, sob anestesia geral inalatória com isofluorano. Foram utilizadas 12 gatas, sem raça definida, adultas, com massa corporal média de 3,07±0,56kg. Os animais foram anestesiados com isofluorano e, após a preparação cirúrgica, foram mantidos em 1CAM sob ventilação controlada. Após a estabilização do plano anestésico, foram avaliados os parâmetros basais. em ato contínuo, iniciou-se a fase de hipovolemia, por meio da retirada de 30ml kg-1 de sangue da artéria femoral. Após 60 minutos da estabilização do quadro de hipovolemia, foi realizada nova mensuração dos dados, alocando-se os animais aleatoriamente em dois grupos: GSH (grupo solução hipertônica, n=6), que receberam, na fase de expansão volêmica, NaCl 7,5% isolada, na dose de 4ml kg-1, e GSHC (grupo salina hipertônica associado ao coloide, n=6), que receberam NaCl 7,5%, na mesma dose citada, em associação com HES 130/0,4, na dose de 30ml kg-1. Após realização do tratamento, foram avaliados novamente os efeitos cardiovasculares e hemogasométricos por 120 minutos. As pressões arteriais média (PAM), sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD) foram maiores logo após a expansão volêmica (T0) para o GSH. de T45 até T120, as PAM, PAS e PAD foram maiores para o GSHC, em comparação com o GSH. A pressão venosa central foi maior no GSHC até T60. Não foram observadas diferenças entre grupos para frequência cardíaca e respiratória, íons sódio e potássio, déficit de base, bicarbonato, saturação de oxigênio na hemoglobina, glicose, PaCO2, PaO2 e pH. Conclui-se que a administração de NaCl 7,5% isoladamente aumenta rapidamente a PAM, PAS e PAD em gatos com hipovolemia induzida, mantendo esse efeito por apenas 30 minutos, enquanto que a administração de hidroxietilamido 130/0,4 associado à NaCl 7,5% promove reestabelecimento mais tardio (após 30 minutos), porém mais duradouro (até 120 minutos) da PAM, PAS e PAD em gatas com hipovolemia induzida. A administração de HES 130/0,4 associada à NaCl 7,5% promove aumento acentuado da PVC por até 60 minutos após a administração.

Terapêutica com doses profiláticas de sulfato ferroso como medida de intervenção no combate à carência de ferro em crianças atendidas em unidades básicas de saúde

Objetivou-se testar a terapêutica com doses profiláticas de sulfato ferroso no combate à anemia carencial ferropriva, em 620 crianças de 4 a 36 meses de idade, atendidas em duas unidades de saúde do Município de São Paulo, Brasil. As crianças foram submetidas a coleta de sangue para dosagem de hemoglobina. em seguida, foi prescrito dosagem de 12 mg/dia de ferro elementar, por 30 dias. Observou-se que 25% dos menores de 6 meses apresentaram níveis de hemoglobina inferiores a 11,0 g/dl. As maiores ocorrências de anemia foram detectadas entre os 9 e 23 meses de idade (50,0%). Decorrido o prazo, apenas 37,4% das crianças com anemia e 52,4% das não anêmicas retornaram para reavaliação. Das 299 que foram reavaliadas, somente 157 (52,5%) receberam a medicação corretamente. A freqüência de hemoglobinas inferiores a 9,5 g/dl caiu de 17,1% no início, para 8,1% ao final da intervenção. Por outro lado, o percentual de crianças com hemoglobinas superiores a 12,0 g/dl subiu de 13,4%, para 33,4%. As que receberam a suplementação férrica de forma correta registraram queda nos índices de anemia sensivelmente maior que a observada naquelas suplementadas de forma incorreta. Concluiu-se que a terapêutica com doses profiláticas de sulfato ferroso, apesar de se mostrar eficiente na recuperação dos níveis de hemoglobina, apresenta sérios entraves do ponto de vista operacional.

Aspects of gene regulation in the diploid and tetraploid Odontophrynus americanus (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Comparative susceptibility and pathogeny of Nelore and Holstein-Friesian calves to the experimental infection of Haemonchus placei (Place, 1893)

Two groups of Holstein-Friesian and Nelore calves, five animals each, about nine months old, received, by oral route, 1,000 infective larvae (L-3) per kg of body weight of Haemonchus placei. Blood samples were collected by venipuncture, at weekly intervals, from one week before, to eight weeks after infection. Hematological studies comprised the hematocrit, differential leukocyte counts, hemoglobin, fibrinogen and plasma protein determinations. Parasitological examinations covered weekly fecal egg counts (EPG) and worm burden counts at necropsy. Samples of the abomasal mucosa were submitted to gross examination and histopathological studies. Both groups had increasing EPG after the fifth week, with Holstein calves showing higher counts than the Nelore. Holstein calves had anemia and hipoproteinemia from the third week post-infection to the end of the experiment, whereas Nelore calves showed no significant differences in those, parameters. Holstein calves had significantly larger worm counts than the Nelore. The gross and histopathological lesions in the abomasum at necropsy were very similar, although macroscopically they look more apparent in the Holstein group. These results showed that Holstein calves are more susceptible to the infection and pathogenic effects of H. placei than Nelore calves.

Experimental Trypanosoma evansii infection in South American coati (Nasua nasua): hematological, biochemical and histopathological changes

The course of an experimental Trypanosoma evansi infection in coatis (Nasua nasua, carnivora, Procyonidae) was followed for 262 days. Hematological analysis of the infected coatis revealed a marked decline in hemoglobin, packed-cell volume, and total erythrocyte count. An intense anemia followed the first wave of parasitemia and persisted until the end of the experimental period. Biochemical analysis showed increased serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and decreased albumin. The main histopathological features consisted of myocarditis with the presence of degenerate cardiac fibers and meningoencephalitis. This study has shown that coatis infected with T. evansi develop a chronic disease. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

BLOOD-CONSTITUENTS AND ELECTROPHORETIC PATTERNS IN ANTARCTIC BIRDS - PENGUINS AND SKUAS

1. A survey has been carried out on the blood constituents of penguins from the Pygoscellidae family, Pygoscellis antartica, P. papua and P. adeliae, and of skuas (Chataracta maccormicki).2. Glucose, non-protein nitrogen compounds, proteins, lipids and inorganic compounds and the electrophoretic patterns for hemoglobin, serum proteins and lipoproteins were studied.3. The values obtained for glucose partition in the blood, glycosylated hemoglobin and non-protein nitrogen compounds, are discussed.

Physiological responses of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, fed vitamin C- and lipid-supplemented diets and submitted to low-temperature stress

Water temperature alterations can determine harmful physiological modifications in fish, which should be prepared to cope with this, and nutrition strategies seem to be essential. This study evaluated the effects of different levels of vitamin C and lipids on physiological responses of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, submitted to temperature stress. There were two phases: Phase I - preparing fish to store vitamin C and lipid at appropriate temperature, and Phase II - evaluating the contributions these reserves make to fish physiology under low-temperature stress. The experiment used a 3 x 2 factorial design with three vitamin C levels (300, 600, and 1200 mg/kg diet) and two lipid levels (8.0 and 12.0%), plus absence of nutrient test and a diet of 6.0% lipids and 125.0 mg/kg vitamin C. In Phase I, 192 fish were kept at 26.0 +/- 1.0 C for 112 d, and in Phase II, 48 fish were kept at 18.0 +/- 0.5 C for 32 d and at 15.0 +/- 0.5 C for 11 d. Fish fed C0L0 diet showed lower erythrocytes values in both phases; higher vitamin C supplement determined higher red blood cell (RBC) number and higher hematocrit (Htc) (Phase II); Htc was significantly lower in Phase II; after temperature stress, fish fed C0L0 diet had higher mean corpuscular volume, lower hemoglobin corpuscular concentration, and significantly lower vitamin C concentration in the liver; and higher supplementation determined a higher concentration in the liver (Phases I and II). Higher plasmatic cortisol concentration was seen in fish fed C0L0 diet. In conclusion, our results show that the absence of vitamin C in diets impairs RBC formation and does not enable fish to cope with stress; excess vitamin C is efficient in mitigating stress and 600 mg/kg diet is economic and physiologically sufficient to prepare fish for coping with low-temperature stress. Lipid supplementation does not determine alterations in stress biochemical parameters.

Effects of acepromazine on the cardiovascular actions of dopamine in anesthetized dogs

To evaluate the effects of acepromazine maleate on the cardiovascular changes induced by dopamine in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs.Prospective, randomized cross-over experimental design.Six healthy adult spayed female dogs weighing 16.4 +/- 3.5 kg (mean +/- SD).Each dog received two treatments, at least 1 week apart. Acepromazine (0.03 mg kg(-1), IV) was administered 15 minutes before anesthesia was induced with propofol (7 mg kg(-1), IV) and maintained with isoflurane (1.8% end-tidal). Acepromazine was not administered in the control treatment. Baseline cardiopulmonary parameters were measured 90 minutes after induction. Thereafter, dopamine was administered intravenously at 5, 10, and 15 mu g kg(-1) minute(-1), with each infusion rate lasting 30 minutes. Cardiopulmonary data were obtained at the end of each infusion rate.Dopamine induced dose-related increases in cardiac index (CI), stroke index, arterial blood pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, oxygen delivery index (DO2I) and oxygen consumption index. In the control treatment, systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) decreased during administration of 5 and 10 mu g kg(-1) minute(-1) of dopamine and returned to baseline with the highest dose (15 mu g kg (-1) minute(-1)). After acepromazine treatment, SVRI decreased from baseline during dopamine administration, regardless of the infusion rate, and this resulted in a smaller increase in blood pressure at 15 mu g kg (-1) minute(-1). During dopamine infusion hemoglobin concentrations were lower following acepromazine and this contributed to significantly lower arterial O-2 content.Acepromazine prevented the return in SVRI to baseline and reduced the magnitude of the increase in arterial pressure induced by higher doses of dopamine. However, reduced SRVI associated with lower doses of dopamine and the ability of dopamine to increase CI and DO2I were not modified by acepromazine premedication.Previous acepromazine administration reduces the efficacy of dopamine as a vasopressor agent in isoflurane anesthetized dogs. Other beneficial effects of dopamine such as increased CO are not modified by acepromazine.

Cholinesterase measurements with an automated kit

Background the Test-mate kit determines acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) and hemoglobin content of a drop of blood, displaying enzyme activities normalized to 25degreesC. Previous models produced inconsistent results at different temperatures. This report focuses on the current model, ChE 400, and two instruments of a previous OP model.Methods AChE activities were determined by the Ellman assay, using the three kits and a 96-well microplate reader Temperatures ranged from 10 to 37degreesC. Fetal bovine serum was the source of AChE.Results Normalized activities decreased below 20degreesC in the ChE model and below 25 C in the OP models. Activities of the same serum sample differed between the three Test-mate kits, ranging from 1.03 to 1.49 mumoles/min/ml. Percent errors were greater than with the microplate reader at all temperatures.Conclusions Neither we nor the manufacturer recommend the current Test-mate model for fieldwork. Nevertheless, there have been field measurements with Test-Mate kits, and we recommend that an enzyme activity standard be run in parallel with their use. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Constituintes sangüíneos de vacas das raças Nelore (Bos indicus) e Holandesa (Bos taurus) e de bubalinas (Bubalus bubalis) da raça Murrah durante a gestação, no dia do parto e no puerpério

Blood constituents of Nelore, Hosltein and buffalo cows were determined during pregnancy, at the time of calving and at post-partum. It was verified that. 1. The pregnancy and post-partum periods had no influence in the erythrocyte values, but at calving the red blood cell counts and hemoglobin levels of Holstein and buffalo cows were lower than for Nelore cattle; 2. leukocyte counts were similar among groups; 3. total protein levels of Nelore cows were lower than Holstein and buffalo. The albumin levels were rite lowest at rite time of calving compared to late pregnancy; 4. glicose levels were lower ill buffalo cows during pregnancy as compared with Holstein cows. The glicemia of Nelore cows was lower as compared to Holstein cow's irt late pregnancy; 5. urea and creatinine levels were higher in buffalo cows than cattle. The urea and creatinine levels were greater in buffalo cows with maximum values at the post-partum and at the parturition, respectively; 6. bilirrubin levels were higher in bovine than buffalo cows; 7. aspartate aminotransferase activity was greater in buffalo cows and increased at the time of calving; 8. alkaline phosphatase activity was increased during pregnancy and decreased after the time of calving; 9. gammnglutamyltransferase activity,vas the highest for buffalo cows after calving; IO. calcium levels were the highest for Holstein cows at the post-partum and the phosphorus levels were higher in buffalo cows, which had the highest magnesium levels at the parturation.

The caprine oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

The caprine oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve has not been previously defined. Blood from 10 healthy goats was equilibrated in a tonometer with calibrated gas mixtures of oxygen at concentrations of 95%, 21%, 13%, 12%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 5%, 4% and 2.5%, 5% carbon dioxide, balance nitrogen. The pH, partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), total hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin saturation, carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and oxygen content were measured. The PO2/oxyhemoglobin and the PO2/oxygen content relationships were graphed with curve-fitting software and a formula for calculating oxyhemoglobin from PO2 was generated. The maximum oxygen content per gram of hemoglobin was 1.29 ml of oxygen per gram of hemoglobin. The PO2 at which hemoglobin was 50% saturated (P-50) from the PO2/oxyhemoglobin relationship was 28.6 +/- 1.5 mmHg and that from the PO2/oxygen content relationships was 29.1 +/- 1.6 mmHg. The Hill coefficient for the PO2/oxyhemoglobin data was 3.0 +/- 0.4. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.