John Birks: Pioneer in quantitative palaeoecology

We describe the career of John Birks as a pioneering scientist who has, over a career spanning five decades, transformed palaeoecology from a largely descriptive to a rigorous quantitative science relevant to contemporary questions in ecology and environmental change. We review his influence on students and colleagues not only at Cambridge and Bergen Universities, his places of primary employment, but also on individuals and research groups in Europe and North America. We also introduce the collection of papers that we have assembled in his honour. The papers are written by his former students and close colleagues and span many of the areas of palaeoecology to which John himself has made major contributions. These include the relationship between ecology and palaeoecology, late-glacial and Holocene palaeoecology, ecological succession, climate change and vegetation history, the role of palaeoecological techniques in reconstructing and understanding the impact of human activity on terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and numerical analysis of multivariate palaeoecological data.

Deglacial mesophotic reef demise on the Great Barrier Reef

Submerged reefs are important recorders of palaeo-environments and sea-level change, and provide a substrate for modern mesophotic (deep-water, light-dependent) coral communities. Mesophotic reefs are rarely, if ever, described from the fossil record and nothing is known of their long-term record on Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Sedimentological and palaeo-ecological analyses coupled with 67 14C AMS and U–Th radiometric dates from dredged coral, algae and bryozoan specimens, recovered from depths of 45 to 130 m, reveal two distinct generations of fossil mesophotic coral community development on the submerged shelf edge reefs of the GBR. They occurred from 13 to 10 ka and 8 ka to present. We identified eleven sedimentary facies representing both autochthonous (in situ) and allochthonous (detrital) genesis, and their palaeo-environmental settings have been interpreted based on their sedimentological characteristics, biological assemblages, and the distribution of similar modern biota within the dredges. Facies on the shelf edge represent deep sedimentary environments, primarily forereef slope and open platform settings in palaeo-water depths of 45–95 m. Two coral–algal assemblages and one non-coral encruster assemblage were identified: 1) Massive and tabular corals including Porites, Montipora and faviids associated with Lithophylloids and minor Mastophoroids, 2) platy and encrusting corals including Porites, Montipora and Pachyseris associated with melobesioids and Sporolithon, and 3) Melobesiods and Sporolithon with acervulinids (foraminifera) and bryozoans. Based on their modern occurrence on the GBR and Coral Sea and modern specimens collected in dredges, these are interpreted as representing palaeo-water depths of < 60 m, < 80–100 m and > 100 m respectively. The first mesophotic generation developed at modern depths of 85–130 m from 13 to 10.2 ka and exhibit a deepening succession of < 60 to > 100 m palaeo-water depth through time. The second generation developed at depths of 45–70 m on the shelf edge from 7.8 ka to present and exhibit stable environmental conditions through time. The apparent hiatus that interrupted the mesophotic coral communities coincided with the timing of modern reef initiation on the GBR as well as a wide-spread flux of siliciclastic sediments from the shelf to the basin. For the first time we have observed the response of mesophotic reef communities to millennial scale environmental perturbations, within the context of global sea-level rise and environmental changes.

Not all jellyfish are equal: isotopic evidence for inter- and intraspecific variation in jellyfish trophic ecology

Jellyfish are highly topical within studies of pelagic food-webs and there is a growing realisation that their role is more complex than once thought. Efforts being made to include jellyfish within fisheries and ecosystem models are an important step forward, but our present understanding of their underlying trophic ecology can lead to their oversimplification in these models. Gelatinous zooplankton represent a polyphyletic assemblage spanning >2,000 species that inhabit coastal seas to the deep-ocean and employ a wide variety of foraging strategies. Despite this diversity, many contemporary modelling approaches include jellyfish as a single functional group feeding at one or two trophic levels at most. Recent reviews have drawn attention to this issue and highlighted the need for improved communication between biologists and theoreticians if this problem is to be overcome. We used stable isotopes to investigate the trophic ecology of three co-occurring scyphozoan jellyfish species (Aurelia aurita, Cyanea lamarckii and C. capillata) within a temperate, coastal food-web in the NE Atlantic. Using information on individual size, time of year and ;delta C-13 and delta N-15 stable isotope values, we examined: (1) whether all jellyfish could be considered as a single functional group, or showed distinct inter-specific differences in trophic ecology; (2) Were size-based shifts in trophic position, found previously in A. aurita, a common trait across species?; (3) When considered collectively, did the trophic position of three sympatric species remain constant over time? Differences in delta N-15 (trophic position) were evident between all three species, with size-based and temporal shifts in delta N-15 apparent in A. aurita and C. capillata. The isotopic niche width for all species combined increased throughout the season, reflecting temporal shifts in trophic position and seasonal succession in these gelatinous species. Taken together, these findings support previous assertions that jellyfish require more robust inclusion in marine fisheries or ecosystem models.

The Sociology of Children, Childhood and Generation

Outlining sociology’s distinctive contribution to childhood studies and our understanding of contemporary children and childhood, The Sociology of Children provides a thought provoking and comprehensive account of the connections between the macro worlds of childhood and the micro worlds of children’s everyday lives.

Examining children’s involvement in areas such as the labour market, family life, education, play and leisure, the book provides an effective balance between understanding childhood as a structural phenomenon, and recognising children as meaning makers actively involved in constructing, co-constructing and reconstructing their everyday lives.

Through the concept of 'generagency' Madeleine Leonard offers a model for examining and illuminating how structure and agency are activated within interdependent relationships influenced by generational positioning. This framework provides a conceptual tool for thinking about the continuities, challenges and changes that impact on how childhood is lived and experienced.

Abrupt Climate Changes: Climate and Biogeochemical consequences

Hosted in a wide depression within the Berici Hills (Venetian Plain), outside the maximum extent reached by LGM glaciers, Lake Fimon preserves an almost continuous archive of landscape and climate changes from the penultimate glacial maximum onwards. The stratigraphic succession deposited at the lake bottom has been investigated in three deep cores by means of pollen analysis, petrographic composition, magnetic susceptibility, LOI, and geochronology. Tephra layers have been identified and are currently under study.
Pollen data provide the first continuous vegetation record in northern Italy for the last 150 ky. Terrestrial vegetation varied from interglacial warm-temperate broad leaved to oceanic mixed forests, from boreal conifer forests to open forest-steppes of colder climate. Phases of major forest expansion and reduction have been correlated to isotopic events described in ice (NGRIP), stalagmite (Antro del Corchia) and marine records. Persistent afforestation recorded in northern Italy even during cold phases of the full pleniglacial is consistent with mesoscale paleoclimate simulations suggesting that a sharp rainfall gradient across the Alps enabled the survival of woody species in the southern alpine foreland.
Integrating litho- and biostratigraphical data, we identified sedimentation regìmes, accumulation rates, sediment sources and supply both for the Lake Fimon cores and the adjacent Venetian Plain, allowing a direct comparison with major glacial advances in the Alpine area, deglaciation pulses, and glacio-eustatic displacements of the northern Adriatic shoreline.

'When I Land in Islamabad I Feel Home and When I Land in Heathrow I Feel Home': Gendered Belonging and Diasporic Identities of South Asian British Citizens in London, in Leicester and in North England

According to Deleuze and Guattari (1987) ‘de-territorialization’ is followed by a moment of re-territorialization. This moment, however, has to be regarded as a continuing educational process that becomes a different spatial site of social practices. It is argued in this chapter that regional, local as well as global identification override national and mono-ethno cultural identities, while shaping particular notions of gendered belonging and creating specific diasporic practices. Based on a sample of interviews with professional and academic South Asian British citizens in London, in Leicester, and in a number of Northern English cities gendered and generational patterns in terms of local diasporic identities are explored. Apart from multiple cultural belonging, foremost, territorial bonds and notions of group loyalty collapse at a point where temporary migration and settlement alternate in individual biographies.

Species composition of coastal dune vegetation in Scotland has proved resistant to climate change over a third of a century

Climate change is expected to have an impact on plant communities as increased temperatures are expected to drive individual species' distributions polewards. The results of a revisitation study after c. 34years of 89 coastal sites in Scotland, UK, were examined to assess the degree of shifts in species composition that could be accounted for by climate change. There was little evidence for either species retreat northwards or for plots to become more dominated by species with a more southern distribution. At a few sites where significant change occurred, the changes were accounted for by the invasion, or in one instance the removal, of woody species. Also, the vegetation types that showed the most sensitivity to change were all early successional types and changes were primarily the result of succession rather than climate-driven changes. Dune vegetation appears resistant to climate change impacts on the vegetation, either as the vegetation is inherently resistant to change, management prevents increased dominance of more southerly species or because of dispersal limitation to geographically isolated sites.

Reconciliation's Contributions to Quality Peace

In this chapter we ask what unique contributions reconciliation can make toward building quality peace. We begin by briefly reviewing some of the diverse approaches to understanding the term reconciliation, and settle on a formulation consistent with the emerging perspective of a quality of peace. We then identify three levels – international, state-citizen, intergroup – at which reconciliation can impact peace. We explore how reconciliation may function at each level and how specific factors may advance a more robust and lasting peace process. We synthesize this analysis by identifying key aspects of reconciliation that advance our understanding of a quality of peace: inclusive participation, balancing symbolic and material actions, integrating psychosocial processes, and emphasizing generational approaches. The chapter concludes with suggestions of possible indicators and future research that may support the links between reconciliation and peace processes.

Família multigeracional e relações intergeracionais : perspectiva sistémica

Os sistemas familiares multigeracionais (três ou mais gerações vivas) passaram de raros no passado a uma realidade social cada vez mais comum na actualidade, devido ao fenómeno demográfico de envelhecimento populacional. Este estudo pretende contribuir para o conhecimento deste sistema social, situado entre a família nuclear e a comunidade, procurando descrever a sua estrutura, funções e padrões relacionais dos seus membros com outros familiares e com os sistemas sociais envolventes. Para tal, foi organizada uma amostra de 25 famílias multigeracionais (contendo quatro gerações), à qual foi aplicada uma entrevista de genograma a um elemento das gerações intermédias e quatro entrevistas de análise da rede social pessoal (uma por geração), perfazendo um total de 25 entrevistas de genograma e 92 de avaliação da rede social (menos 8 do que o esperado devido a mortalidade experimental). A análise dos dados possibilitou: 1) a aplicação do princípio de totalidade sistémica à família multigeracional, a sua definição como um sistema social de complexidade idiossincrática, a identificação dos subsistemas que compõem o objecto de estudo (indivíduo, núcleo familiar, composição familiar, geração, linhagem), e a definição de uma tipologia familiar multigeracional (família unificada, dispersa e fragmentada); 2) a identificação e análise de papéis sociais desempenhados pelos indivíduos no contexto familiar multigeracional especificamente relevantes neste nível sistémico (guardião das memórias familiares, elo de ligação familiar, pronto-socorro familiar); 3) a descrição das redes sociais pessoais e a identificação das diferenças estruturais e funcionais entre indivíduos pertencentes a diferentes subsistemas geracionais, que permitem reflectir sobre a evolução da rede social ao longo das várias fases de desenvolvimento individual e familiar; 4) um conhecimento mais aprofundado das redes sociais dos indivíduos mais idosos que pertencem a famílias multigeracionais, da composição da matriz relacional percepcionada como significativa e apoios disponibilizados. Em suma, os dois primeiros capítulos reflectem o esforço de desenvolvimento de um modelo heurístico para o sistema familiar multigeracional, numa perspectiva estruturalista, enquanto os dois capítulos subsequentes, apoiandose conceptualmente nos anteriores, facultam um quadro das relações entre subsistemas geracionais na actualidade, através de uma metodologia de análise das redes sociais. ABSTRACT: Multigenerational family systems comprising four generations are increasingly common nowadays due to the demographic phenomenon of population aging. This study aims at a deeper understanding of this social system, placed between the nuclear family and the community, in particular by describing its structure, functions and relational patterns of its members with other members in the family and surrounding social systems. A sample of 25 multigenerational families (comprising four generations) was selected. A genogram interview was applied to a member of the middle generations, and four personal social network questionnaires were administered to one element of each generation. A total of 25 genograms and 92 social network inventories were collected (minus 8 than expected due to experimental mortality). Main findings were: 1) the application of systemic principles to the multigenerational family, which allowed us to define it as a social system of idiosyncratic complexity, involving specific subsystems (individual, family nucleus, family composition, generation, lineage), and also to define a multigenerational family typology (unified, dispersed and fragmented family); 2) the identification and analysis of social roles assumed by individuals in the multigenerational family context, that are specifically relevant in this systemic level (keeper of family memories, connecting link in the family, family first aider); 3) the description of the personal social networks and the identification of structural and functional differences among individuals belonging to different generational subsystems, which allowed for a reflection on the evolution of social networks through the various stages of individual and family development; 4) a deeper knowledge of the eldest family members social networks, i.e. the relational matrix of significant individuals and supports in oldold age. In summary, the first two chapters reflect the development of a heuristic model directed at the multigenerational family, whereas the two subsequent chapters provide a view of contemporaneous relationships between generational subsystems, through a social network analysis methodology.

Abordagem neuropsicológica das alterações na atenção e memória no sindroma de Burnout

O sindroma de Burnout, quadro psicofisio-patológico tem sido objecto de investigação intensiva, desde o artigo de Freudenberger (1974) intitulado "Staff Burnout", com dois objectivos: compreendê-lo melhor, através de meios de diagnóstico, e criar técnicas de intervenção terapêutica. Na realidade, desde essa altura, foram efectuados e publicados um número avultado de trabalhos de investigação, nos campos do diagnóstico e caracterização do Burnout, e da sua resolução terapêutica. O pensamento dominante, nessa altura e ainda hoje, é de tendência analítica e/ou psico-social. Este quadro, espoletado por uma sucessão de episódios emocionalmente negativos em contexto ocupacional em indivíduos com provável predisposição genética e sujeitos a situações de pressão laboral, dos mais diversos tipos (podendo ir do “simples” stress por acumulação de tarefas até às situações de mobbing), tem efeitos frequentemente dramáticos ao nível da dinâmica biopsico- social, nos seus mais diversos aspectos. Estes estendem-se, quase sempre, muito para lá das problemáticas laborais, prejudicando, de forma mais ou menos grave, as interacções sociais com particular impacto ao nível da dinâmica familiar. Por outro lado, o Burnout propicia o aparecimento de patologias diversas, já que toda a estrutura psiconeuro-endocrino-imunulógica estará posta em causa, potenciando situações de fragilidade sistémica. No entanto, há aspectos correlacionáveis com este quadro disfuncional que têm sido muito pouco abordados – alterações cognitivo-operativas ou neuropsicológicas. Aliás os trabalhos que sobre eles incidem são em número muito reduzido. Assim após termos registado queixas, acentuadas, ao nível da capacidade de concentração e da memória em pessoas com burnout observadas na clínica hospitalar e privada, decidimos investigar estas situações, usando uma metodologia clínica de tipo qualitativo, e constatámos que, na realidade, as queixas eram pertinentes. Posto isto, achámos que a situação deveria ser aprofundada e partimos para um trabalho mais sistematizado, este, com o objectivo de caracterizar melhor o tipo de disfunções atencionais e mnésicas. Para isso, após uma selecção prévia, a partir de um grupo de 192 enfermeiros que responderam à Escala de Maslach, avaliámos uma amostra de risco constituída por 40 enfermeiros e enfermeiras, de Instituições Psiquiátricas da Grande Lisboa, trabalhando em urgência e enfermaria, que comparámos com uma amostra de igual número de enfermeiros, desenvolvendo a sua actividade na consulta externa ou em ambientes mais protegidos de stress ocupacional continuo. Para o efeito, e após uma anamnese cuidada, aplicámos provas de atenção e memória, sensíveis a qualquer tipo de compromisso encefálico seja ele funcional ou patológico. Para a componente atenção/concentração e a componente vísuo-grafo-espacial usámos a prova de Toulouse-Piéron, assim como as séries de dígitos ou digit span, para a vertente audio-verbal. A dinâmica mnésica foi avaliada através da prova de memória associativa (Escala de Memória de Wechsler) para testar a variante áudio-verbal, e a reprodução de figuras (Escala de Memória de Wechlser). Os resultados, após uma dupla análise clínica e estatística, comprovaram globalmente as hipóteses, indicando uma correlação significativa entre o grau de Burnout e os défices neuropsicológicos detectados: alteração da atenção/concentração e dismnésia, de natureza limitativa face às exigências quotidianas dos indivíduos. Finalmente, com base na revisão da literatura e os resultados deste estudo, foi esquematizado um Modelo Neuropsicológico do sindroma de Burnout, que nos parece espelhar as relações entre este quadro clínico, as alterações cognitivooperativas encontradas e as principais estruturas encefálicas, que julgamos, implicadas em toda a dinâmica do processo disfuncional.

Ecological quality assessment in transitional systems

Estuaries are poles of attraction for human settlement which is a source of pressures to surface water bodies. The implementation of the European Water Framework Directive (WDF, 2000/60/EC) has increased the investigation in order to develop methodologies to assess the Ecological Quality Status (EQS) of aquatic ecosystems. Transitional systems are naturally stressed and characterized by highly dynamic physical, chemical and hydro-morphologic conditions and by species with a higher level of tolerance to change, being more difficult to develop suitable quality indicators for these systems. The general purpose of this study is to test the ability of synthesis descriptors, including primary (S, taxa richness) and derived biological variable (H’, Shannon-Wiener diversity), biotic indices (AMBI and M-AMBI), body size properties (abundance distribution by body size classes, length, weight and length-weight relationships) and non-taxonomic indices (ISS), as well as functional indicators related to the decomposition rates of various experimental substrates, a macrophyte (Phragmites australis) and an alga (Fucus vesiculosus), to evaluate the environmental quality in transitional systems. This study was carried out in one of the most pristine channels of the Ria the Aveiro, Mira Channel, along a full salinity gradient and in a metals and metalloid sediment contamination area, the Estarreja Channel, and two reference channels (Canelas and Salreu). In this study were used different sampling techniques, the leaf-bag technique and a hand-held corer. In Mira Channel, the alga and the macrophyte presented an opposite trend in the decomposition rate along the salinity gradient, with the decomposition rates of the alga always higher than those of the macrophyte. The decomposition rates of the macrophyte and the alga were higher in the mid estuary and in higher salinity areas, respectively, corresponding to the preferencial distribution areas of each species. The macrobenthic fauna associated with the decaying and an artificial substrate (control) showed equally well the benthic succession from the marine to the freshwater areas and, despite the strong differences in the decay rates, no significant differences were found between the benthic communities associated with the alga and the macrophyte. The body size properties of the macrobenthic fauna associated with the P. australis leaf-bag (1mm and 5mm) and corer samples were studied along the full salinity gradient. The dominant species of the sub-set of measured specimens were not the same of the original macrobenthic fauna sampled but, despite that, the sub-set of measured specimens was also able to show the benthic succession from the marine to the freshwater areas. The body size abundance distribution of the benthic macroinvertebrates according to the ISS size classes did not show a particular trend in any sampler along the salinity gradient. Significant differences were found in the length, weight and length-weight relationships of Annelids, , Molluscs and even some species along the salinity gradient. No significant differences were found in the AMBI, M-AMBI and ISS values along the salinity gradient for all the samplers. The EQS of the corer samples obtained using the M-AMBI was lower than that of the leaf-bags. The EQS obtained with the ISS was higher than that obtained with the M-AMBI in the leaf-bags but not in the corer samples. The ecological effects of contaminated sediments associated with the industrial chemical effluents discharged in the Estarreja Channel were studied a decade after ceasing the emissions, using the Sediment Quality Triad approach and two reference channels. The results showed that despite the emissions ceased in 2004, the sediment remains polluted with high levels of metals and metalloid, available to bioaccumulation and with severe consequences at the community level. The sediment contamination problem was also studied using the leaf-bag technique with a macrophyte, an alga and a control substrate. The results showed that the decay rates, the associated macrofauna and the application of the AMBI, M-AMBI and ISS indices to the mesh-bag samples were not able to identify the sediment contamination. Contrarily to the AMBI, the M-AMBI and the ISS showed significant differences between the contaminated and the reference channels for the corer samples. Although such statistical significance, the interest of using these complex biotic indices could be questioned, when much simple ones, like the S and H’ allow to reach the same conclusions.

Estudo da variação da abundância e diversidade de procariotas em sedimentos subsuperficiais marinhos

Os sedimentos marinhos subsuperficiais profundos são, atualmente, um ambiente ainda pouco conhecido do ponto de vista microbiológico, nomeadamente quanto aos processos metabólicos que nele têm lugar e quanto à sua possível influência nos ciclos biogeoquímicos. O acesso a amostras colhidas em sedimentos profundos, particularmente no âmbito dos programas IODP (International Ocean Discovery Program) e ECORD (European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling) tem permitido recolher informação sobre a estrutura das comunidades de procariotas bem como sobre alguns dos fatores que regulam a sua distribuição e atividade. Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a distribuição e a diversidade estrutural das comunidades de procariotas em sedimentos subsuperficiais profundos colhidos no Arco Izu-Bonin-Mariana, no mar das Filipinas, com recurso a métodos independentes de cultivo (PCR-DGGE) e à contagem de células por microscopia de epifluorescência. Os resultados apontam para a existência de comunidades de Bacteria e Archaea diversas. Os valores do índice de diversidade de Shannon-Weaver (H’) calculados com base nos perfis de DGGE (Bacteria) foram significativamente mais elevados (3,035 – 1,971) nas camadas superficiais (< 140 mafm) do que nos sedimentos (2,519 - 1,049) correspondentes a profundidades superiores entre 163 e 879 mafm. A abundância máxima (8,66 x 106 células.gps-1) foi registada à profundidade de 67 mafm e valor mínimo (2,26 x 106 células.gps-1) foi observado em amostras colhidas a 879 mafm de profundidade. Abundância e diversidade apresentaram correlação negativa com a profundidade e com o teor de sulfato. Os resultados indicam que ao longo da coluna de sedimento se estabelecem comunidades de procariotas estruturalmente diferentes e adaptadas ao ambiente geoquímico prevalecente, nomeadamente em termos dos aceitadores de eletrões disponíveis. O estudo do microbioma destas amostras representativas do ambiente sedimentar subsuperficial profundo será continuado e detalhado, com recurso a técnicas de sequenciação avançada.

Tarefas de natureza exploratória e investigativa : contributos para a compreensão dos conceitos matemáticos no tema das sucessões

Relatório da prática de ensino supervisionada, Mestrado em Ensino da Matemática, Universidade de Lisboa, 2010

A construção de conhecimento, através do desenvolvimento de um site de Economia, numa turma do 10º ano de Economia A

Relatório da Prática de Ensino Supervisionada, Mestrado em Ensino da Economia e Contabilidade, Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Educação, 2014