红发夫酵母发酵虾青素的研究

红发夫酵母分离于北美西部高山地区和日本一些岛屿上落叶树的渗出液中，因其所产主要色素为在水产养殖、食品和医药工业有广阔应用前景的虾青素而成为研究的热点。本论文对红发夫酵母Phaffia rhodozyma 的生长特性、培养参数与培养基组分对生长和虾青素积累的影响及其优化、虾青素合成的调节控制、虾青素的提取测定及红发夫酵母耐高温菌种的诱变进行了系统的研究。 虾青素是红发夫酵母的胞内色素，要对其进行分析首先要对红发夫酵母进行破壁处理，实验发现二甲亚砜是最有效的破壁溶剂，用氯仿和丙酮可以有效地把类胡萝卜素从二甲亚砜破壁后的红发夫酵母细胞中提取出来。 在固定摇床转速为200 rpm，温度为20 ℃的条件下，当种龄为36 h，以10％的接种量接入装液量为30 mL的250 mL三角瓶，初始pH为5.5时最有利于红发夫酵母的生长及类胡萝卜素的合成。 本实验中红发夫酵母最佳利用碳、氮源分别为蔗糖和蛋白胨，但蛋白胨价格昂贵，不适宜作单一氮源，因此使用硫酸铵和酵母膏作为复合氮源。 本论文采用了BP神经网络结合遗传算法的方法来优化红发夫酵母的发酵培养基，得到红发夫酵母发酵培养基的最佳配比为：蔗糖45.10 g/L、硫酸铵3.00 g/L、硫酸镁0.80 g/L、磷酸二氢钾1.40 g/L、酵母膏3.00 g/L、氯化钙0.50 g/L，使用优化后的培养基发酵类胡萝卜素产量达到8.20 mg/L，干重达到9.47 g/L，类胡萝卜素的产量比起始培养基提高了95.90%，干重提高了89.40%。 从代谢途径出发对红发夫酵母合成虾青素调控调控，选择谷氨酸、乙醇、VB1作为添加剂，通过正交试验设计得出三者添加水平分别为0.2 g/L，0.1% (V/V)，10 mg/L时，类胡萝卜素产量提高了25.73%，达到了10.31mg/L。 通过上述优化培养，本论文中红发夫酵母的虾青素产量从1.33 mg/L提高到9.12 mg/L，产量提高了6.86倍；总类胡萝卜素产量从4.23 mg/L提高到10.31 mg/L，产量提高了2.44倍；细胞干重从5.00 g/L提高到11.35 g/L，提高了2.27倍，总体提高效果显著。 红发夫酵母属于中低温菌，本论文采用紫外复合诱变的方式，通过高温筛选，得到一株能在35 ℃下能生长的突变株，但所产类胡萝卜素中虾青素所占比例很小，可能是诱变改变了红发夫酵母的代谢途径，阻断了虾青素的合成。 Phaffia rhodozyma is a heterobasidiomyceteous yeast that was originally isolated from the slime fluxes of brich tree wounds in mountain regions of northern Japan and southern Alaska. Phaffia rhodozyma produces astaxanthin as its principal carotenoid pigment, which has potential applications in acquaculture, food and pharmaceutical industry. This paper researched ways to break cell, analysis of astaxanthin, characteristics of growth, culture parameters and the effects of components of medium on growth and astaxanthin formation , optimization of culture medium, control of astaxanthin synthesis and mutagenesis of Phaffia rhodozyma. It is necessary to disrupt the yeast cell for extracting astaxanthin considering the yeast accumulating carotenoids in cell. Dimethyisulphoxide was the most effective solvent for breaking the yeast cell; acetone and chloroform were effective to extract carotenoids out of the disrupted cell. The optimum pH for growth and carotenoids synthesis is 5.5, the optimum medium volume is 30 mL (in 250 mL flask), the optimum culture time of inoculum is 36 h, the optimum inoculum concentration is 10%. The research on culture medium showed: sucrose is the best one of 6 carbon sources for growth and astaxanthin synthesis. Peptone is the best nitrogen source for growth and astaxanthin synthesis. Uniform Design was used for trial design of the formula medium components, then back-propagation neural network was established to modeling the relationships between the carotenoid yield and the concentration of medium components. Genetic algorithm (GA) was used for global optimization of the model. The optimum combination of the medium was obtained: sucrose 45.10 g/L, ammonium sulfate 3.00 g/L, magnesium sulfate 0.80 g/L, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1.40 g/L, yeast extract 3.00 g/L, calcium chloride 0.50 g/L. The yield of carotenoid reached 8.20 mg/L, which was 95.90% higher than that of the original medium. Glu, VB1 and ethanol were selected as fermentation addictives, after Orthogonal Test, the carotenoid contents increased by 25.73% when adding 0.16 g/L Glu, VB1 10 mg/L and ethanol 0.1% (V/V). After the above optimization, the astaxanthin content increased 6.86 folds, which is 9.12 mg/L. The carotenoids content increased 2.44 folds, which is 10.31 mg/L. The biomass increased 2.27 folds, which is 11.35 g/L. Phaffia rhodozyma grows in the mild temperature range of 0 to 27 ℃, in this work, a thermotolerant mutant was selected through UV-irradiation. It can grows at 35 ℃, and showed increased carotenoid content. The optimal growth temperature for this mutant is 30 ℃. But the mutant can only produce carotenoids with little astaxanthin accumulation.

Market-oriented new product development of functional beverages

Strategic reviews of the Irish Food and Beverage Industry have consistently emphasised the need for food and beverage firms to improve their innovation and marketing capabilities, in order to maintain competitiveness in both domestic and overseas markets. In particular, the functional food and beverages market has been singled out as an extremely important emerging market, which Irish firms could benefit from through an increased technological and market orientation. Although health and wellness have been the most significant drivers of new product development (NPD) in recent years, failure rates for new functional foods and beverages have been reportedly high. In that context, researchers in the US, UK, Denmark and Ireland have reported a marked divergence between NPD practices within food and beverage firms and normative advice for successful product development. The high reported failure rates for new functional foods and beverages suggest a failure to manage customer knowledge effectively, as well as a lack of knowledge management between functional disciplines involved in the NPD process. This research explored the concept of managing customer knowledge at the early stages of the NPD process, and applied it to the development of a range of functional beverages, through the use of advanced concept optimisation research techniques, which provided for a more market-oriented approach to new food product development. A sequential exploratory research design strategy using mixed research methods was chosen for this study. First, the qualitative element of this research investigated customers’ choice motives for orange juice and soft drinks, and explored their attitudes and perceptions towards a range of new functional beverage concepts through a combination of 15 in-depth interviews and 3 focus groups. Second, the quantitative element of this research consisted of 3 conjoint-based questionnaires administered to 400 different customers in each study in order to model their purchase preferences for chilled nutrient-enriched and probiotic orange juices, and stimulant soft drinks. The in-depth interviews identified the key product design attributes that influenced customers’ choice motives for orange juice. The focus group discussions revealed that groups of customers were negative towards the addition of certain functional ingredients to natural foods and beverages. K-means cluster analysis was used to quantitatively identify segments of customers with similar preferences for chilled nutrient-enriched and probiotic orange juices, and stimulant soft drinks. Overall, advanced concept optimisation research methods facilitate the integration of the customer at the early stages of the NPD process, which promotes a multi-disciplinary approach to new food product design. This research illustrated how advanced concept optimisation research methods could contribute towards effective and efficient knowledge management in the new food product development process.

CABARET: MIRROR OF SOCIETIES

The basic definition of a cabaret is a café that offers live entertainment performed by singers, musicians and dancers and serves food and drink. It is generally housed in small, intimate spaces. Starting in the middle of the nineteenth century, artists, composers and writers met at Parisian cafés and salons to share their works. The cabaret was a suitable place for social activities. Artists could meet, discuss their opinions, and share their art in a relaxed setting. Even though cabaret music was often based on popular idioms, social and political commentary coupled with satirical settings represented the true soul of the genre. This trend flourished in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The first cabaret in Paris, Le Chat Noir inspired the growth of similar places in major cities throughout Europe besides Paris. The three recitals that comprise this dissertation project were performed at University of Maryland venues: the Robert & Arlene Kogod Theatre on 11 May 2011, Ulrich Recital Hall on 4 December 2011, and Gildenhorn Recital Hall on 4 March 2012. The repertoire for the first recital included works by Erik Satie with mezzo-soprano Monica Soto-Gil, Friedrich Hollaender with soprano Gabrielle DeMers, William Bolcom with baritone Ethan Watermeier and mezzo-soprano Stepanie Sadownik, and Poulenc with baritone Andrew McLaughlin. André Previn‘s Tango Song and Dance with violinist Jennifer Kim served as the instrumental interlude. The second recital included songs by Friedrich Hollaender with mezzo-soprano Monica Soto-Gil, Hanns Eisler and Viktor Ullmann with mezzo-soprano Stephanie Sadownik, and Mischa Spoliansky with soprano CarrieAnne Winter. Victor Hollaender‘s Romance and Albumblatt were the instrumental interludes with violinist Jennifer Kim. The last recital featured works for piano and violin, the Graceful Ghost Rag by William Bolcom with violinist Jenny Wu, Four Souvenirs by Paul Schoenfield with violinist Jennifer Kim, Cabaret Songs by Benjamin Britten with soprano Linda Mabbs, and Souvenirs for piano four-hands by Samuel Barber with pianist Rita Sloan. The recitals were recorded on compact discs and are archived within the Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (DRUM).

New insights into the substrate specificities of microbial transglutaminase: a biocatalytic perspective

La transglutaminase microbienne (Microbial transglutaminase : MTG) est fortement exploitée dans l’industrie textile et alimentaire afin de modifier l’apparence et la texture de divers produits. Elle catalyse la formation de liaisons iso-peptidiques entre des protéines par l’entremise d’une réaction de transfert d’acyle entre le groupement γ-carboxamide d’une glutamine provenant d’un substrat donneur d’acyle, et le groupement ε-amino d’une lysine provenant d’un substrat accepteur d’acyle. La MTG est tolérante à un large éventail de conditions réactionnelles, ce qui rend propice le développement de cette enzyme en tant que biocatalyseur. Ayant pour but le développement de la MTG en tant qu’alternative plus soutenable à la synthèse d’amides, nous avons étudié la réactivité d’une gamme de substrats donneurs et accepteurs non-naturels. Des composés chimiquement diversifiés, de faible masse moléculaire, ont été testés en tant que substrats accepteurs alternatifs. Il fut démontré que la MTG accepte une large gamme de composés à cet effet. Nous avons démontré, pour la première fois, que des acides aminés non-ramifiés et courts, tels la glycine, peuvent servir de substrat accepteur. Les α-acides aminés estérifiés Thr, Ser, Cys et Trp, mais pas Ile, sont également réactifs. En étendant la recherche à des composés non-naturels, il fut observé qu’un cycle aromatique est bénéfique pour la réactivité, bien que les substituants réduisent l’activité. Fait notable, des amines de faible masse moléculaire, portant les groupements de forte densité électronique azidure ou alcyne, sont très réactives. La MTG catalyse donc efficacement la modification de peptides qui pourront ensuite être modifiés ou marqués par la chimie ‘click’. Ainsi, la MTG accepte une variété de substrats accepteurs naturels et non-naturels, élargissant la portée de modification des peptides contenant la glutamine. Afin de sonder le potentiel biocatalytique de la MTG par rapport aux substrats donneurs, des analogues plus petits du peptide modèle Z-Gln-Gly furent testés; aucun n’a réagi. Nous avons toutefois démontré, pour la première fois, la faible réactivité d’esters en tant que substrats donneurs de la MTG. L’éventuelle amélioration de cette réactivité permettrait de faire de la MTG un biocatalyseur plus général pour la synthèse d’amides. Mots clés: Lien amide, biocatalyse, biotransformation, transglutaminase, arrimage moléculaire, criblage de substrats, ingénierie de substrats.

La política comercial de Estados Unidos en el marco de la Organización Mundial del Comercio. Discurso vs. comportamiento con relación a prácticas anticompetitivas

El objetivo principal de esta monografía es identificar cuáles son las razones que justifican las contradicciones entre el discurso y el comportamiento de Estados Unidos en el marco de la Organización Mundial del Comercio, particularmente con relación a prácticas anticompetitivas derivadas del programa de protección a la agricultura del país. Para ello se analizan el interés nacional y los elementos de la seguridad nacional a partir de los cuales éste se ha construido. También se evalúan los procesos de formulación de política comercial y las interacciones entre los representantes políticos, las asociaciones de productores y el sector privado para mostrar como este comportamiento contradictorio corresponde a la legitimización de un interés particular.

Curso La enseñanza del inglés en el ciclo medio : unidades didácticas.

En portada además: Materiales para el segundo ciclo de Educación primaria. Materiales de los profesores participantes

The kinetics of thermal generation of flavour

Control and optimization of flavor is the ultimate challenge for the food and flavor industry. The major route to flavor formation during thermal processing is the Maillard reaction, which is a complex cascade of interdependent reactions initiated by the reaction between a reducing sugar and an amino compd. The complexity of the reaction means that researchers turn to kinetic modeling in order to understand the control points of the reaction and to manipulate the flavor profile. Studies of the kinetics of flavor formation have developed over the past 30 years from single- response empirical models of binary aq. systems to sophisticated multi-response models in food matrixes, based on the underlying chem., with the power to predict the formation of some key aroma compds. This paper discusses in detail the development of kinetic models of thermal generation of flavor and looks at the challenges involved in predicting flavor.

Identifying key knowledge needs for evidence-based conservation of wild insect pollinators: a collaborative cross-sectoral exercise

In response to evidence of insect pollinator declines, organisations in many sectors, including the food and farming industry, are investing in pollinator conservation. They are keen to ensure that their efforts use the best available science. We convened a group of 32 ‘conservation practitioners’ with an active interest in pollinators and 16 insect pollinator scientists. The conservation practitioners include representatives from UK industry (including retail), environmental non-government organisations and nature conservation agencies. We collaboratively developed a long list of 246 knowledge needs relating to conservation of wild insect pollinators in the UK. We refined and selected the most important knowledge needs, through a three-stage process of voting and scoring, including discussions of each need at a workshop. We present the top 35 knowledge needs as scored by conservation practitioners or scientists. We find general agreement in priorities identified by these two groups. The priority knowledge needs will structure ongoing work to make science accessible to practitioners, and help to guide future science policy and funding. Understanding the economic benefits of crop pollination, basic pollinator ecology and impacts of pesticides on wild pollinators emerge strongly as priorities, as well as a need to monitor floral resources in the landscape.

Biorefinery strategies for upgrading Distillers’ Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS)

Distillers’ Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) is the major by-product of bioethanol and distillery plants. Due to its high content of proteins, water-soluble vitamins and minerals, DDGS has been long marketed as animal feed for livestock. EU legislation on liquid biofuels could raise the demand on bioethanol production in Europe, with a resulting increase in DDGS availability. DDGS contains a spectrum of complex organic macromolecules, particularly polysaccharides, in addition to proteins and vitamins, and its use as a starting raw material within a biomass-based biorefining strategy could lead to the development of multi-stream processes for the production of commodities, platform molecules or speciality chemicals, with concomitant economic benefits and waste reduction for bioethanol plants. The present review aims to outline the compositional characteristics of DDGS and evaluate its potential utilisation as a starting material for the production of added-value products. Parameters of influence on the chemical and physical characteristics of DDGS are discussed. Moreover, various pre-treatment strategies are outlined in terms of efficient DDGS fractionation into several added value streams. Additional processing steps for the production of medium and high added value compounds from DDGS are evaluated and their potential applications in the food and chemical industry sector are identified.

PERFIS ESTRATÉGICOS E PERCEPÇÃO DA QUALIDADE: um estudo nos restaurantes da rota turística de Natal-RN

This work is a study of strategic management of catering establishments in the tourist route from Natal, through the study of the strategic profile of the manager and the level of satisfaction with the quality of services offered. Identifies the strategic profile prevalent in the studied sector, measures the level of customer satisfaction with services and associate the two constructs to distinguish the services of strategic profile. Uses population of 33 restaurants, built for convenience, from a list composed establishments associated with the Brazilian Association of Bars and Restaurants - ABRASEL, Veja magazine Christmas food and drink 2011/2012 and information from the natives. It presents statistical methodology used for descriptive bivariate analysis complemented by quantitative data. The quantitative characteristics of the population shows non-normality checked by the Shapiro-Wilks. Used the Kruskal-Wallis test for the realization of the association of variables and the Mann-Whitney test to perform post-test. It shows the strategic profile prevalent in the sector of restoration in Natal is the analyzer, although other types were detected. Notes that the level of satisfaction with the quality of service is getting a high score approximately 5 points in a 6-point Likert scale. Demonstrates that the client can tell the quality of services between the different strategic profiles. Identifies distinction between services provided by prospector profile compared to other profiles, indicating the size as the tangible aspects that presents noticeable difference. Certifies that these variables affect the environment of the restaurant in the building of strategic profile and reflect on the service provided. Concludes that the quality of services provided by catering establishments is influenced by the type of establishment and strategic profile of the study of this relation to establishments offering development opportunities and improving the quality of their services

Estudo da estabilidade térmica de óleos e gorduras vegetais por TG/DTG e DTA

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Produção de biomassa, rendimento e composição do óleo essencial de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) em função de reguladores vegetais

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Microencapsulação de oleoresina de cúrcuma (curcuma longa l.) em misturas de goma arábica, maltodextrina e amido modificado

Pós-graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos - IBILCE

Efeito do envelhecimento na qualidade da cachaça produzida por pequenos produtores

This article reports the results of a study that aimed at evaluating the effects of aging technique on cachaça samples produced and sold by small farmers in São Paulo State, Brazil. Cachaças, aged and not aged were sent by 10 cachaça producers that take part in the community project and course: São Paulo State Contest of Distillery Cachaça and Production Chain of Cachaça Meeting, organized by the Food and Nutrition Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University, UNESP/Araraquara, SP, Brazil, in partnership with the Brazilian Service of Support to Micro and Small Enterprise of São Paulo State (SEBRAE-SP) and the Rural Union of Araraquara. The evaluation of the samples was made based on sensory tests conducted in Analysis and Quality Control of Foods and Drinks Laboratory of the Department. The survey results showed significantly higher acceptance average in the aged samples compared with not aged ones. The aging process, which was one of the topics discussed in the course, was considered as an effective way to improve the quality of cachaça, the research also confirmed the importance of the University support to improve the quality of food and drink produced in Brazil.