Hopping transport on a fractal: ac conductivity of porous silicon

We have measured the frequency dependence of the conductivity and the dielectric constant of various samples of porous Si in the regime 1 Hz-100 kHz at different temperatures. The conductivity data exhibit a strong frequency dependence. When normalized to the dc conductivity, our data obey a universal scaling law, with a well-defined crossover, in which the real part of the conductivity sigma' changes from an sqrt(omega) dependence to being proportional to omega. We explain this in terms of activated hopping in a fractal network. The low-frequency regime is governed by the fractal properties of porous Si, whereas the high-frequency dispersion comes from a broad distribution of activation energies. Calculations using the effective-medium approximation for activated hopping on a percolating lattice give fair agreement with the data.

Casebook on Landlord and Tenant Law

This book provides a comprehensive coverage of the law of landlord and tenant, including the leading cases in the main subject areas. In addition to extracts from leading judgments, each chapter has a section of introductory text, as well as detailed discussive commentary linking the extracts.

Landlord and tenant law

This second edition contains many new questions covering recent developments in the field of landlord and tenant law including Bruton v London and Quadrant Housing Trust, Hemmingway Securities Ltd v Dunraven Ltd, British Telecommunications plc v Sun Life Assurance Society plc and Graysim Holdings Ltd v P&O Property Holdings Ltd. New topics covered also include the Landlord and Tenant (Covenant) Act 1995, the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 and the Agricultural Tenancies Act 1995. In addition the authors have made substantial revisions to existing questions in order to bring them in line with recent case law and statutory provisions, which include the Housing Act 1996 and the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999. The book also contains guidance on examination technique and achieving success in the exam.

Questions and answers:Landlord and tenant Law

The law of landlord and tenant has become an increasingly complex area for both professionals and students. Apart from the double hurdle of mastering both common law principles and statutory codes, various aspects of the subject have become increasingly specialised and challenging. This new edition of Question and Answer Landlord and Tenant demonstrates that even complex problems can be explained in straightforward and inspiring terms. The authors, both experienced academics and barristers, provide detailed answers to typical questions in this difficult field. The third edition of this book has been updated in the new Question and Answer style of questions followed by commentary, bullet points and diagrams and flowcharts. It offers new questions based on the latest recommendations of the Law Commission on renting homes and the abolition of the law of forfeiture. There are new questions on the human rights dimension, the recent changes to Part II of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 and the substantial amendments made to leasehold enfranchisement under the Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002.

Family relocation: worse or just different?

Organisational relocation directly affects the family. It is thus often assumed that relocation is more difficult for individuals with families; however, few studies actually examine this premise. This paper investigates whether family status plays a role in relocation by comparing single individuals to married individuals. The paper uses qualitative and quantitative indicators to uncover subtle nuances between the groups and, on the basis of these, develops proposition for future research to test. Quantitative indicators highlight several important differences: Individuals with families report a greater number of moving tasks and difficulties; family relocation is viewed as more complex because of the impact of non-relocation related factors; and employees with families experience more negative and positive consequences of relocation. Qualitative techniques help to uncover subtle differences between groups and suggest that although relocation for families is different from individual relocation, it is not necessarily worse. RP0721.

Religion, politics and law in the European Union

EU enlargement - to countries in Central and Eastern Europe in 2004, the inclusion of Bulgaria and Romania in 2007, and increasing debates on Turkey’s membership - has dramatically transformed the European Union into a multi-religious space. Religious communities are not only shaping identities but are also influential factors in political discourse. This edited volume examines the activities of religious actors in the context of supranational European institutions and the ways in which they have responded to the idea of Europe at local and international levels. By bringing together scholars working in political science, history, law and sociology, this volume analyses key religious factors in contemporary EU architecture, such as the transformation of religious identities, the role of political and religious leaders, EU legislation on religion, and, the activities of religious lobbies.

The transition from severe to mild wear in law alloy steel

The wear rates of sliding surfaces are significantly reduced if mild oxidational wear can be encouraged. It is hence of prime importance in the interest of component life and material conservation to understand the factors necessary to promote mild, oxidational wear, The present work investigates the fundamental mechanism of the running-in wear of BS EN 31!EN 8 steel couples. under various conditions of load. speed and test duration. Unidirectional sliding experiments were carried out on a pin-on~disc wear machine where frictional force, wear rate, temperature and contact resistance were continuously monitored during each test. Physical methods of analysis (x-ray, scanning electron microscopy etc.) were used to examine the wear debris and worn samples. The wear rate versus load curves revealed mild wear transitions, which under long duration of running, categorized mild wear into four distinct regions.α-Fe20s. Fe304, FeO and an oxide mixture were the predominant oxides in four regions of oxidational wear which were identified above the Welsh T2 transition. The wear curves were strongly effected by the speed and test duration. A surface model was used to calculate the surface parameters, and the results were found to be comparable with the experimentally observed parameters. Oxidation was responsible for the transition from severe to mild wear at a load corresponding to the Welsh T2 transition. In the running-in period sufficient energy input and surface hardness enabled oxide growth rate to increase and eventually exceeded the rate of removal, where mild wear ensued. A model was developed to predict the wear volume up to the transition. Remarkable agreement was found between the theoretical prediction and the experimentally-measured values. The oxidational mechanjsm responsible for transitjon to mild wear under equilibrium conditions was related to the formation of thick homogenous oxide plateaux on subsurface hardened layers, FeO was the oxide formed initially at the onset of mild wear but oxide type changed.during the total running period to give an equilibrium oxide whose nature depended on the loads applied.

Families 'at risk' and the family nurse partnership:the intrusion of risk into social exclusion policy

This article considers why the family nurse partnership (FNP) has been promoted as a means of tackling social exclusion in the UK. The FNP consists in a programme of visits by nurses to low-income first-time mothers, both while the mothers are pregnant and for the first two years following birth. The FNP is focused on both teaching parenthood and encouraging mothers back into education and/or into employment. Although the FNP marks a considerable discontinuity with previous approaches to family health, it is congruent with an emerging new approach to social exclusion. This new approach maintains that the most important task of social policy is to identify quickly the most 'at-risk' households, individuals and children so that interventions can be targeted more effectively at those 'at risk', either to themselves or to others. The article illustrates this new approach by analysing a succession of reports by the Social Exclusion Unit. It indicates that there is a considerable amount of ambiguity about the relationship between specific risk-factors and being 'at risk of social exclusion'. Nonetheless, this new approach helps to explain why British policy-makers may have chosen to promote the new FNP now. © 2009 Cambridge University Press.

Justice and morality:human suffering, natural law and international politics

Bridging the contending theories of natural law and international relations, this book proposes a 'relational ontology' as the basis for rethinking our approach to international politics. The book contains a number of challenging and controversial ideas on the study of international political thought which should provoke constructive debate within international relations theory, political theory, and philosophical ethics. © Amanda Russell Beattie 2010. All rights reserved.

Intellectual property law

A firm favourite with students and lecturers alike, Intellectual Property can be trusted to equip you with the best possible basis for study of this dynamic subject. Providing an unrivalled account of the law in this area, this book also examines the ethical and policy influences which have shaped its development providing you with a solid basis for further exploration of the subject.

Adjusting to institutional realities: the 2006 NGO law and its effects on civil society in Russia

Key findings: The paper investigates the impact that the legislative changes of 2006 had on civil society in Russia. This legislation has change the regulatory environment in which civil society actors such as Third Sector Organisations operate. Using the past development of civil society organisations as well as insights about how the institutional environment influences this article illustrates: - the undemocratic nature and motivation of the law and how it exploits the structural weaknesses of civil society - how Third Sector Organisations rationalise and translate the legislative changes into their organisational realities and how this changed or did not change their behaviour - the shift in state-civil society relations away from liberal co-existence into more hierarchical arrangements were Third Sector Organisations are subordinated to the state. These trends have far reaching implications for civil society. The empirical evidence shows that state now manages civil society to meet its own political ends. It also shows that organisations in the field welcome the more engage and directive nature of the Russian state. Why is this important? What does it mean for business or other users? Are there policy implications? The research is important as it shows how Third Sector Organisations have reacted to the legislative changes. Further it provides a basis for interpretation of the potential future development of civil society. Additional it highlights how the continuous process of democratisation in transition economies sometimes might come unstuck. In particular donor agencies will need to consider these trends when disturbing funding to Third Sector Organisations.