Political pamphlets (United States) from the Durrett collection...1801-[1878] arranged chronologically.

Title page typewritten.

Analysis of the Grace Commission's major proposals for cost control.

Mode of access: Internet.

Rising health care costs : causes, implications, and strategies.

Includes bibliographical references.

Statistical report of Division of Services to Crippled Children.

"Report of the services, and expenditures for medical care of crippled and afflicted children for the fiscal years ..."

1982 census of service industries.

"SC82-I-1-[SC82-I-5]."

Additional Report Pursuant to Section 601 of the Revenue Act of 1941 on Federal Stockpile Inventories

Mode of access: Internet.

National Medical Care Utilization and Expenditure Survey.

Title from cover.

Política fiscal y ciclo en América Latina: el rol de los gobiernos subnacionales

El presente trabajo analiza el rol de los gobiernos subnacionales (GSNs) en la política fiscal de los países más descentralizados de América Latina durante la última década. Esta extensión del análisis al nivel subnacional resulta de gran importancia, teniendo en cuenta que crecientemente gobiernos intermedios y locales son responsables de una parte significativa de las finanzas públicas en la región. En particular, después de revisar la evolución de las finanzas subnacionales a lo largo de los últimos diez años, el trabajo analiza el carácter cíclico de las cuentas públicas y si el comportamiento fiscal se puede caracterizar como pro o contracíclico y las causas de esto. Para ello, se analizan tanto la postura macro y la sostenibilidad de la política fiscal subnacional así como también la evolución de la composición de ingresos y gastos en los diferentes países. El análisis sugiere que, en promedio, las finanzas subnacionales han sido pro-cíclicas durante el periodo, a pesar del hecho que los impulsos fiscales subnacionales han sido relativamente pequeños, en comparación con los de los presupuestos de los gobiernos centrales.

Proposal on debt for climate adaptation swaps: a strategy for growth and economic transformation of Caribbean economies

ECLAC advocates that the Caribbean’s high debt dilemma was not principally driven by policy missteps, or the international financial crisis. Rather, it finds its roots in external shocks, compounded by the inherent structural weaknesses and vulnerabilities confronting Caribbean SIDS and their limited capacity to respond. A major factor has been the underperformance of the export sector, partly due to a decline in competitiveness and a slowdown in economic activity especially among the tourism-dependent economies. Caribbean countries have also accumulated debt as a consequence of increased expenditures to address the impact of extreme events and climate change attendant difficulties. Most Caribbean countries are located in the hurricane belt and are also prone to earthquakes and other hazards. Indeed, a disaster resulting in damage and losses in excess of 5 per cent of GDP can be expected to hit any Caribbean country every few years. Moreover, over the period 2000-2014, it is estimated that the economic cost of natural disasters in Caribbean countries was in excess of US$30.7 billion. The English Speaking Caribbean countries are extremely vulnerable to natural disasters.

Efectos distributivos de las políticas públicas para la mitigación del cambio climático en América Latina: una aproximación con un meta-análisis

El principal objetivo de este estudio es analizar los efectos potenciales de diversas políticas climáticas sobre la distribución del ingreso en América Latina. Este análisis se realizó con base en un meta-análisis y su meta-regresión y el análisis de las encuestas de ingreso gasto de diversos países de América Latina. Los principales resultados obtenidos de este análisis muestran que en general existe una tendencia a identificar efectos regresivos derivados de la instrumentación de políticas públicas orientadas a la mitigación. Sin embargo, la revisión de la literatura y de las encuestas de ingreso gasto muestran que los resultados son heterogéneos por países y que dependen de factores tales como el instrumento aplicado, la inclusión de estrategias de reciclaje fiscal y del nivel de desarrollo.

Política fiscal ambiental en el Ecuador: avances y desafíos

En las últimas décadas se observa un creciente deterioro del medio ambiente y una intensificación de los fenómenos climáticos asociados al cambio climático. Es posible, desde el ámbito económico, entender a este deterioro ambiental y el problema del cambio climático como la consecuencia lógica de diversas externalidades negativas (Stern, 2007). En este contexto, la política fiscal es un instrumento fundamental para reducir o eliminar las externalidades negativas asociadas al medio ambiente y al mismo tiempo fomentar el crecimiento económico, el empleo y en general el bienestar de la población. En América Latina existen pocas experiencias, la mayor parte recientes, de uso de la política fiscal ambiental para enfrentar los problemas ambientales, como la contaminación atmosférica, el cambio climático, entre otros. En este contexto, el objetivo del presente documento es sistematizar las iniciativas ejecutadas por el Gobierno de Ecuador en materia de fiscalidad e iniciativas ambientales, analizando los avances logrados en los últimos años así como los desafíos y recomendaciones para avanzar hacia un desarrollo más sustentable.

Analytical analysis of consumption in Brazil

This thesis is an analytical analysis of consumption in Brazil, based on data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey, years 2008 to 2009, collected by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The main aim of the thesis was to identify differences and similarities in consumption among Brazilian households, and estimate the importance of demographic and geographic characteristics. Initially, households belonging to different social classes and geographical regions were compared based on their consumption. For further insights, two cluster analyses were conducted. Firstly, households were grouped according to the absolute values of expenditures. Five clusters were discovered; cluster membership showed larger spending in all of the expense categories for households having higher income, and a substantial association with particular demographic variables, including as region, neighborhood, race and education. Secondly, cluster analysis was performed on proportionate distribution of total spending by every household. Five groups of households were revealed: Basic Consumers, the largest group that spends only on fundamental goods, Limited Spenders, which additionally purchase alcohol, tobacco, literature and telecommunication technologies, Mainstream Buyers, characterized by spending on clothing, personal care, entertainment and transport, Advanced Consumers, which have high relative expenses on financial and legal services, healthcare and education, and Exclusive Spenders, households distinguished by spending on vehicles, real estate and travelling.

Is the risk of product market predation a cost of disclosure?

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Two knees or not two knees? Patient costs and outcomes following bilateral and unilateral total knee joint replacement surgery for OA

Aims: This study aims to address medical and non-medical direct costs and health outcomes of bilateral and unilateral total knee replacement from the patients' perspective during the first year post-surgery. Methods: Osteoarthritis patients undergoing primary unilateral total knee or bilateral total knee replacement (TKR) surgery at three Sydney hospitals were eligible. Patients completed questionnaires pre-operatively to record expenses during the previous three months and health status immediately prior to surgery. Patients then maintained detailed prospective cost diaries and completed SF-36 and WOMAC Index each three months for the first post-operative year. Results: Pre-operatively, no significant differences in health status were found between patients undergoing unilateral TKR and bilateral TKR. Both unilateral and bilateral TKR patients showed improvements in pain, stiffness and function from pre-surgery to 12 months post-surgery. Patients who had bilateral TKR spent an average of 12.3 days in acute hospital and patients who had unilateral TKR 13.6 days. Totally uncemented prostheses were used in 6% of unilateral replacements and 48% of bilateral replacements. In hospital, patients who had bilateral TKR experienced significantly more complications, mainly thromboembolic, than patients who had unilateral TKR. Regression analysis showed that for every one point increase in the pre-operative SF-36 physical score (i.e. improving physical status) out-of-pocket costs decreased by 94%. Out-of-pocket costs for female patients were 3.3 times greater than for males. Conclusion: Patients undergoing bilateral TKR and unilateral TKR had a similar length of stay in hospital and similar out-of-pocket expenditures. Bilateral replacement patients reported better physical function and general health with fewer health care visits one year post procedure. Patients requiring bilateral TKR have some additional information to aid their decision making. While their risk of peri-operative complications is higher, they have an excellent chance of good health outcomes at 12 months and are not going to be doubly 'out-of-pocket' for the experience. (C) 2004 OsteoArthritis Research Society International. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Estimating physical activity level: The role of domestic activities

Appropriate measures of physical activity are essential for determining the population prevalence of physical activity, for tracking trends over time, and for guiding intervention efforts. Physical activity measurement is characterised by the synthesis of information on the type, frequency, intensity, and duration of activity over a specified period. To date, emphasis in physical activity assessment has been on the measurement of leisure time physical activities. However, some domestic and transport related activities entail energy expenditures equivalent to moderate intensity of 3.0–6.0 METS1 considered to be of sufficient intensity to achieve a health benefit are yet to be included in routine population level physical activity surveillance. This leads to population estimates based only on measures of leisure time physical activities.