CpG are efficient adjuvants for specific CTL induction against tumor antigen-derived peptide.

The identification of CTL-defined tumor-associated Ags has allowed the development of new strategies for cancer immunotherapy. To potentiate the CTL responses, peptide-based vaccines require the coadministration of adjuvants. Because oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing CpG motifs are strong immunostimulators, we analyzed the ability of CpG ODN to act as adjuvant of the CTL response against tumor-derived synthetic peptide in the absence or presence of IFA. Mice transgenic for a chimeric MHC class I molecule were immunized with a peptide analog of MART-1/Melan-A(26-35) in the presence of CpG ODN alone or CpG ODN emulsified in IFA. The CTL response was monitored ex vivo by tetramer staining of lymphocytes. In blood, spleen, and lymph nodes, peptide mixed with CpG ODN alone was able to elicit a stronger systemic CTL response as compared with peptide emulsified in IFA. Moreover, CpG ODN in combination with IFA further enhanced the CTL response in terms of the frequency of tetramer+CD8+ T cells ex vivo. The CTL induced in vivo against peptide analog in the presence of CpG ODN are functional, as they were able to recognize and kill melanoma cells in vitro. Overall, these results indicate that CpG ODN by itself is a good candidate adjuvant of CTL response and can also enhance the effect of classical adjuvant.

Larin Parasken epiikan metriikasta

Summary: The metrics of Larin Paraske's epic folk poetry in the Kalevala metre

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Bas-relief au musée [archéologique] de Florence : [motif] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 155

[Voyage en Italie : 1825-1830]. , Au Musée de Florence : [motif ornemental à base de feuilles d'acanthe] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 160

Genome-wide search reveals a novel GacA-regulated small RNA in Pseudomonas species.

BACKGROUND: Small RNAs (sRNAs) are widespread among bacteria and have diverse regulatory roles. Most of these sRNAs have been discovered by a combination of computational and experimental methods. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a ubiquitous Gram-negative bacterium and opportunistic human pathogen, the GacS/GacA two-component system positively controls the transcription of two sRNAs (RsmY, RsmZ), which are crucial for the expression of genes involved in virulence. In the biocontrol bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0, three GacA-controlled sRNAs (RsmX, RsmY, RsmZ) regulate the response to oxidative stress and the expression of extracellular products including biocontrol factors. RsmX, RsmY and RsmZ contain multiple unpaired GGA motifs and control the expression of target mRNAs at the translational level, by sequestration of translational repressor proteins of the RsmA family. RESULTS: A combined computational and experimental approach enabled us to identify 14 intergenic regions encoding sRNAs in P. aeruginosa. Eight of these regions encode newly identified sRNAs. The intergenic region 1698 was found to specify a novel GacA-controlled sRNA termed RgsA. GacA regulation appeared to be indirect. In P. fluorescens CHA0, an RgsA homolog was also expressed under positive GacA control. This 120-nt sRNA contained a single GGA motif and, unlike RsmX, RsmY and RsmZ, was unable to derepress translation of the hcnA gene (involved in the biosynthesis of the biocontrol factor hydrogen cyanide), but contributed to the bacterium's resistance to hydrogen peroxide. In both P. aeruginosa and P. fluorescens the stress sigma factor RpoS was essential for RgsA expression. CONCLUSION: The discovery of an additional sRNA expressed under GacA control in two Pseudomonas species highlights the complexity of this global regulatory system and suggests that the mode of action of GacA control may be more elaborate than previously suspected. Our results also confirm that several GGA motifs are required in an sRNA for sequestration of the RsmA protein.

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , [Musée des Etudes] : [Minerve, art étrusque] : [dessin] / [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 247

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Musée des Études, peinture de Pompeia : [un motif : femme déposant une offrande au pied d'une statue] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 282

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Musée des Etudes, Bronzes : [un motif de vase] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 258

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , [Musée des Etudes : femme à sa toilette, contre une colonne] : [un motif] : [dessin] / [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 248

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , [Musée des Etudes : femme à sa toilette, portée par deux personnages ailés] : [un motif : vase] : [dessin] / [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 249

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Musée des Etudes, Etrusques : [un motif de vase] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 267

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Musée des Etudes : [vase avec un satyre et des bacchantes] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 263

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Soubassement de la tour de Sainte-Claire à Naples : [élévation, détails] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 234

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Basilique de Pompeia. Plan des colonnes, refends en stuc : [coupe transversale, coupe longitudinale, plan des colonnes et deux détails des refends] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 363

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , [Un chapiteau] près la Basilique : [vues de face et de biais] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 421