Avaliação da influência dos formatos DICOM e JPEG na reprodutibilidade de pontos cefalométricos em Telerradiografia digital em Norma Frontal

A imagem digital no formato DICOM requer grande espaço para armazenamento, dificultando o arquivamento e transmissão da imagem via internet, sendo necessária, muitas vezes, a compressão das imagens por meio de formatos de arquivo como o JPEG. O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar a influência dos formatos DICOM e JPEG, nos Fatores de Qualidade 100, 80 e 60, na reprodutibilidade intra e interexaminador na marcação de pontos cefalométricos em Telerradiografias digitais em Norma Frontal. A amostra consistiu de 120 imagens digitais de Telerradiografias em Norma Frontal, obtidas de 30 indivíduos. As 30 imagens originais, em formato DICOM, posteriormente, foram convertidas para o formato JPEG, nos Fatores de Qualidade 100, 80 e 60. Após cegar e randomizar a amostra, três ortodontistas calibrados marcaram os 18 pontos cefalométricos em cada imagem utilizando um programa de cefalometria computadorizada, que registra as medidas dos pontos cefalométricos em um sistema de coordenadas cartesianas X e Y. Nos resultados, os testes estatísticos de correlações intraclasses e análise de variância (ANOVA) apresentaram concordância de reprodutibilidade dos pontos cefalométricos em Telerradiografias digitais em Norma Frontal, tanto intra como interexaminador, com exceção dos pontos ZL, ZR, AZ, JR, NC, CN na coordenada Y e A6 na coordenada X, independentemente dos formatos de arquivo. Em conclusão, os formatos de arquivo DICOM e JPEG, nos Fatores de Qualidade 100, 80 e 60, não afetaram a reprodutibilidade intra e interexaminador na marcação dos pontos cefalométricos.(AU)

Image recognition: Visual grouping, recognition, and learning

Vision extracts useful information from images. Reconstructing the three-dimensional structure of our environment and recognizing the objects that populate it are among the most important functions of our visual system. Computer vision researchers study the computational principles of vision and aim at designing algorithms that reproduce these functions. Vision is difficult: the same scene may give rise to very different images depending on illumination and viewpoint. Typically, an astronomical number of hypotheses exist that in principle have to be analyzed to infer a correct scene description. Moreover, image information might be extracted at different levels of spatial and logical resolution dependent on the image processing task. Knowledge of the world allows the visual system to limit the amount of ambiguity and to greatly simplify visual computations. We discuss how simple properties of the world are captured by the Gestalt rules of grouping, how the visual system may learn and organize models of objects for recognition, and how one may control the complexity of the description that the visual system computes.

Os sistemas de identificação veicular, em especial o reconhecimento automático de placas

Assunto bastante abordado quando se trata de Sistemas Inteligentes de Transportes (ITS), a identificação veicular - utilizada em grande parte das aplicações de ITS deve ser entendida como um conjunto de recursos de hardware, software e telecomunicações, que interagem para atingir, do ponto de vista funcional, o objetivo de, conseguir extrair e transmitir, digitalmente, a identidade de um veículo. É feita tanto por sistemas que transmitem e recebem uma identidade digital quanto por sistemas que, instalados na infraestrutura da via, são capazes de reconhecer a placa dos veículos circulantes. Quando se trata da identificação automática por meio do reconhecimento da placa veicular, os estudos têm se concentrado sobremaneira nas tecnologias de processamento de imagens, não abordando - em sua maioria - uma visão sistêmica, necessária para compreender de maneira mais abrangente todas as variáveis que podem interferir na eficácia da identificação. Com o objetivo de contribuir para melhor entender e utilizar os sistemas de reconhecimento automático de placas veiculares, este trabalho propõe um modelo sistêmico, em camadas, para representar seus componentes. Associada a esse modelo, propõe uma classificação para os diversos tipos de falhas que podem prejudicar seu desempenho. Uma análise desenvolvida com resultados obtidos em testes realizados em campo com sistemas de identificação de placas voltados à fiscalização de veículos aponta resultados relevantes e limitações para obter correlações entre variáveis, em função dos diversos fatores que podem influenciar os resultados. Algumas entrevistas realizadas apontam os tipos de falhas que ocorrem com mais frequência durante a operação desses sistemas. Finalmente, este trabalho propõe futuros estudos e apresenta um glossário de termos, que poderá ser útil a novos pesquisadores.

Caracterização geométrica e mecânica de macrofibras poliméricas.

Uma grande diversidade de macrofibras poliméricas para reforço de concreto se encontram disponibilizadas hoje em dia. Por natureza estas fibras apresentam grande diversidade de características e propriedades. Estas variações afetam sua atuação como reforço no concreto. No entanto, não há normas brasileiras sobre o assunto e as metodologias de caracterização de normas estrangeiras apresentam divergências. Algumas normas definem que a caracterização do comportamento mecânico deva ser feita nos fios originais e outras que se devam utilizar métodos definidos para caracterização de materiais metálicos. A norma EN14889-2:2006 apresenta maior abrangência, mas deixa dúvidas quanto à adequação dos critérios de caracterização geométrica das fibras e não define um método de ensaio específico para sua caracterização mecânica. Assim, há a necessidade de estabelecimento de uma metodologia que permita a realização de um programa de controle de qualidade da fibra nas condições de emprego. Esta metodologia também proporcionaria uma forma de caracterização do material para estudos experimentais, o que permitiria maior fundamentação científica desses trabalhos que, frequentemente, fundamentam-se apenas em dados dos fabricantes. Assim, foi desenvolvido um estudo experimental focando a caracterização de duas macrofibras poliméricas disponíveis no mercado brasileiro. Focou-se o estudo na determinação dos parâmetros geométricos e na caracterização mecânica através da determinação da resistência à tração e avaliação do módulo de elasticidade. Na caracterização geométrica foi adotada como referência a norma europeia EN14889-2:2006. As medições do comprimento se efetuaram por dois métodos: o método do paquímetro e o método de análise de imagens digitais, empregando um software para processamento das imagens. Para a medição do diâmetro, além das metodologias mencionadas, foi usado o método da densidade. Conclui-se que o método do paquímetro, com o cuidado de esticar previamente as macrofibras, e o método das imagens digitais podem ser igualmente utilizados para medir o comprimento. Já parar determinar o diâmetro, recomenda-se o método da densidade. Quanto à caracterização mecânica, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia própria a partir de informações obtidas de outros ensaios. Assim, efetuaram-se ensaios de tração direta nas macrofibras coladas em molduras de tecido têxtil. Complementarmente, foi avaliado também o efeito do contato abrasivo das macrofibras com os agregados durante a mistura em betoneira no comportamento mecânico do material. Também se avaliou o efeito do método de determinação da área da seção transversal nos resultados medidos no ensaio de tração da fibra. Conclui-se que o método proposto para o ensaio de tração direta da fibra é viável, especialmente para a determinação da resistência à tração. O valor do módulo de elasticidade, por sua vez, acaba sendo subestimado. A determinação da área da seção da fibra através do método da densidade forneceu também os melhores resultados. Além disso, comprovou-se que o atrito das fibras com o agregado durante a mistura compromete o comportamento mecânico, reduzindo tanto a resistência quanto o módulo de elasticidade. Assim, pode-se afirmar que a metodologia proposta para o controle geométrico e mecânico das macrofibras poliméricas é adequada para a caracterização do material.

Classifying image analysis techniques from their output

In this paper we discuss some main image processing techniques in order to propose a classification based upon the output these methods provide. Because despite a particular image analysis technique can be supervised or unsupervised, and can allow or not the existence of fuzzy information at some stage, each technique has been usually designed to focus on a specific objective, and their outputs are in fact different according to each objective. Thus, they are in fact different methods. But due to the essential relationship between them they are quite often confused. In particular, this paper pursues a clarification of the differences between image segmentation and edge detection, among other image processing techniques.

TextMess 2.0: las tecnologías del lenguaje humano ante los nuevos retos de la comunicación digital

El objetivo general de este proyecto se centra en el estudio, desarrollo y experimentación de diferentes técnicas y sistemas basados en Tecnologías del Lenguaje Humano (TLH) para el desarrollo de la próxima generación de sistemas de procesamiento inteligente de la información digital (modelado, recuperación, tratamiento, comprensión y descubrimiento) afrontando los actuales retos de la comunicación digital. En este nuevo escenario, los sistemas deben incorporar capacidades de razonamiento que descubrirán la subjetividad de la información en todos sus contextos (espacial, temporal y emocional) analizando las diferentes dimensiones de uso (multilingualidad, multimodalidad y registro).

High speed image techniques for construction safety net monitoring in outdoor conditions

Póster presentado en SPIE Photonics Europe, Brussels, 16-19 April 2012.

Targetless image-based method for measuring displacements and strains on concrete surfaces with a consumer camera

Measurement of concrete strain through non-invasive methods is of great importance in civil engineering and structural analysis. Traditional methods use laser speckle and high quality cameras that may result too expensive for many applications. Here we present a method for measuring concrete deformations with a standard reflex camera and image processing for tracking objects in the concretes surface. Two different approaches are presented here. In the first one, on-purpose objects are drawn on the surface, while on the second one we track small defects on the surface due to air bubbles in the hardening process. The method has been tested on a concrete sample under several loading/unloading cycles. A stop-motion sequence of the process has been captured and analyzed. Results have been successfully compared with the values given by a strain gauge. Accuracy of our methods in tracking objects is below 8 μm, in the order of more expensive commercial devices.

South America, 1807 (Image 2 of 7) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Colombia Prima or South America : in which it has been attempted to delineate the extent of our knowledge of that continent, extracted chiefly from the original manuscript maps of ... Pinto, likewise fom those of João Joaquin da Rocha, João da Costa Ferreira ... Francisco Manuel Sobreviela &c. and from the most authentic edited accounts of those countries, digested & constructed by ... Louis Stanislas D'Arcy Delarochette. It was published by William Faden geographer to His Majesty and to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales in June 4th, 1807. Scale [ca. 1:3,000,000]. This layer is image 2 of 7 total images of the eight sheet map, representing the northern portion of the map.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the South America Lambert Conformal Conic projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, mines, tribes, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes notes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

South America, 1807 (Image 3 of 7) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Colombia Prima or South America : in which it has been attempted to delineate the extent of our knowledge of that continent, extracted chiefly from the original manuscript maps of ... Pinto, likewise fom those of João Joaquin da Rocha, João da Costa Ferreira ... Francisco Manuel Sobreviela &c. and from the most authentic edited accounts of those countries, digested & constructed by ... Louis Stanislas D'Arcy Delarochette. It was published by William Faden geographer to His Majesty and to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales in June 4th, 1807. Scale [ca. 1:3,000,000]. This layer is image 3 of 7 total images of the eight sheet map, representing the eastern portion of the map.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the South America Lambert Conformal Conic projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, mines, tribes, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes notes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

South America, 1807 (Image 4 of 7) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Colombia Prima or South America : in which it has been attempted to delineate the extent of our knowledge of that continent, extracted chiefly from the original manuscript maps of ... Pinto, likewise fom those of João Joaquin da Rocha, João da Costa Ferreira ... Francisco Manuel Sobreviela &c. and from the most authentic edited accounts of those countries, digested & constructed by ... Louis Stanislas D'Arcy Delarochette. It was published by William Faden geographer to His Majesty and to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales in June 4th, 1807. Scale [ca. 1:3,000,000]. This layer is image 4 of 7 total images of the eight sheet map, representing the northeast portion of the map.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the South America Lambert Conformal Conic projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, mines, tribes, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes notes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

South America, 1807 (Image 5 of 7) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Colombia Prima or South America : in which it has been attempted to delineate the extent of our knowledge of that continent, extracted chiefly from the original manuscript maps of ... Pinto, likewise fom those of João Joaquin da Rocha, João da Costa Ferreira ... Francisco Manuel Sobreviela &c. and from the most authentic edited accounts of those countries, digested & constructed by ... Louis Stanislas D'Arcy Delarochette. It was published by William Faden geographer to His Majesty and to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales in June 4th, 1807. Scale [ca. 1:3,000,000]. This layer is image 5 of 7 total images of the eight sheet map, representing the southwest portion of the map.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the South America Lambert Conformal Conic projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, mines, tribes, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes notes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

South America, 1807 (Image 6 of 7) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Colombia Prima or South America : in which it has been attempted to delineate the extent of our knowledge of that continent, extracted chiefly from the original manuscript maps of ... Pinto, likewise fom those of João Joaquin da Rocha, João da Costa Ferreira ... Francisco Manuel Sobreviela &c. and from the most authentic edited accounts of those countries, digested & constructed by ... Louis Stanislas D'Arcy Delarochette. It was published by William Faden geographer to His Majesty and to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales in June 4th, 1807. Scale [ca. 1:3,000,000]. This layer is image 6 of 7 total images of the eight sheet map, representing the western portion of the map.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the South America Lambert Conformal Conic projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, mines, tribes, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes notes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

South America, 1807 (Image 7 of 7) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Colombia Prima or South America : in which it has been attempted to delineate the extent of our knowledge of that continent, extracted chiefly from the original manuscript maps of ... Pinto, likewise fom those of João Joaquin da Rocha, João da Costa Ferreira ... Francisco Manuel Sobreviela &c. and from the most authentic edited accounts of those countries, digested & constructed by ... Louis Stanislas D'Arcy Delarochette. It was published by William Faden geographer to His Majesty and to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales in June 4th, 1807. Scale [ca. 1:3,000,000]. This layer is image 7 of 7 total images of the eight sheet map, representing the southern portion of the map.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the South America Lambert Conformal Conic projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, mines, tribes, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes notes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

South America, 1819 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: South America : from the latest Spanish and Portuguese surveys. It was published by W. Faden in Jany. 1, 1819. Scale [ca. 1:77,500,000]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the South America Lambert Conformal Conic projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures and pictorially.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.