Jahrgangsgemischter Unterricht. Balancieren zwischen Spannungsfeldern aus der Sicht von Lehrpersonen

Der Lehrberuf beinhaltet eine Vielzahl von Spannungsfeldern, mit welcher die einzelne Lehrperson umzugehen lernen muss. Dies trifft insbesondere dann zu, wenn der Unterrichtsalltag durch eine hohe Heterogenität der Schülerinnen und Schüler gekennzeichnet ist. Jahrgangsgemischte Klassen stellen eine besondere Form der Heterogenitrit dar, da Schülerinnen und Schüler verschiedener Altersgruppen und mit einem unterschiedlichen Lernstand gemeinsam unterrichtet werden müssen. Die empirische Befundlage zur Jahrgangsmischung ist bisher aber spärlich und die Ergebnisse erweisen sich als unsystematisch und teilweise sogar widersprüchlich. Im Rahmen eines Schulversuchs an einer österreichischen Grundschule wurden deshalb zwei jahrgangsgemischte Klassen über den Zeitraum von einem Jahr wissenschaftlich begleitet. Im vorliegenden Text werden Spannungsfelder der Jahrgangsmischung zunächst aus theoretischer Sicht skizziert und anschließend aus der Sicht betroffener Lehrpersonen empirisch rekonstruiert.

Evaluating the optimal timing of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND Surgical site infections are the most common hospital-acquired infections among surgical patients. The administration of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis reduces the risk of surgical site infections . The optimal timing of this procedure is still a matter of debate. While most studies suggest that it should be given as close to the incision time as possible, others conclude that this may be too late for optimal prevention of surgical site infections. A large observational study suggests that surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis should be administered 74 to 30 minutes before surgery. The aim of this article is to report the design and protocol of a randomized controlled trial investigating the optimal timing of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis.Methods/design: In this bi-center randomized controlled trial conducted at two tertiary referral centers in Switzerland, we plan to include 5,000 patients undergoing general, oncologic, vascular and orthopedic trauma procedures. Patients are randomized in a 1:1 ratio into two groups: one receiving surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis in the anesthesia room (75 to 30 minutes before incision) and the other receiving surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis in the operating room (less than 30 minutes before incision). We expect a significantly lower rate of surgical site infections with surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis administered more than 30 minutes before the scheduled incision. The primary outcome is the occurrence of surgical site infections during a 30-day follow-up period (one year with an implant in place). When assuming a 5 surgical site infection risk with administration of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis in the operating room, the planned sample size has an 80% power to detect a relative risk reduction for surgical site infections of 33% when administering surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis in the anesthesia room (with a two-sided type I error of 5%). We expect the study to be completed within three years. DISCUSSION The results of this randomized controlled trial will have an important impact on current international guidelines for infection control strategies in the hospital. Moreover, the results of this randomized controlled trial are of significant interest for patient safety and healthcare economics.Trial registration: This trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov under the identifier NCT01790529.

Motifs slaves dans les lettres autrichiennes du XIXe siècle: tentative de compréhension et de synthèse dans le cas de Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach

Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach (1830-1916) was born and grew up in Moravia. Despite the fact that her very first language was Czech, all her literary work was written in German ; despite of her Czech origins from her fatherside, all the references to be found in her work concerning the social and national development of the Czech society of that time express, if not animosity, at least a total lack of understanding. Everthing happens as if the author just wanted to confirm and uphold the official views of the Austrian Monarchy. In this article, I’d like to show, mainly on the example of the novel Božena (1876), that a more careful reading which would take into account not only the textual statements of the writer, but as well the composition of the plot and the various behaviors of the Czech and German protagonists, could allow to bring nuances to Ebner-Eschenbach’s position towards the Czech – namely to see that she was perfectly aware and respectful of the cultural diversity and complexity of the Czech lands and that she felt a deep compassion for the claims of the minorities asking for the transformation of the Habsburg Empire into a Federation of free nations.

Jüdische Geschichte von der Schöpfung der Welt an bis auf unsere Zeiten : mit historischen, geographischen, chronologischen und kritischen Erläuterungen

Christian Bastholm

Die Juden : nebst einigen Bemerkungen über das Sendschreiben an ... Teller zu Berlin von einigen Hausvätern jüdischer Religion und die darauf erfolgte Tellersche Antwort

von Christian Ludwig Paalzow

Was hat Herr Chiarini in Angelegenheiten der europäischen Juden geleistet?: Eine freimüthige und unpartheiische Beleuchtung des Werkes: Théorie du judaisme ... par L.A. Chiarini, 2 tomes, Paris et Génèvre 1830

von I. M. Jost