Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling, but not TWEAK (TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis)-triggered cIAP1 (cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1) degradation, requires cIAP1 RING dimerization and E2 binding.

Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis (cIAP) proteins, cIAP1 and cIAP2, are important regulators of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily (SF) signaling and are amplified in a number of tumor types. They are targeted by IAP antagonist compounds that are undergoing clinical trials. IAP antagonist compounds trigger cIAP autoubiquitylation and degradation. The TNFSF member TWEAK induces lysosomal degradation of TRAF2 and cIAPs, leading to elevated NIK levels and activation of non-canonical NF-kappaB. To investigate the role of the ubiquitin ligase RING domain of cIAP1 in these pathways, we used cIAP-deleted cells reconstituted with cIAP1 point mutants designed to interfere with the ability of the RING to dimerize or to interact with E2 enzymes. We show that RING dimerization and E2 binding are required for IAP antagonists to induce cIAP1 degradation and protect cells from TNF-induced cell death. The RING functions of cIAP1 are required for full TNF-induced activation of NF-kappaB, however, delayed activation of NF-kappaB still occurs in cIAP1 and -2 double knock-out cells. The RING functions of cIAP1 are also required to prevent constitutive activation of non-canonical NF-kappaB by targeting NIK for proteasomal degradation. However, in cIAP double knock-out cells TWEAK was still able to increase NIK levels demonstrating that NIK can be regulated by cIAP-independent pathways. Finally we show that, unlike IAP antagonists, TWEAK was able to induce degradation of cIAP1 RING mutants. These results emphasize the critical importance of the RING of cIAP1 in many signaling scenarios, but also demonstrate that in some pathways RING functions are not required.

Kangaroo mother care diminishes pain from heel lance in very preterm neonates: a crossover trial.

BACKGROUND: Skin-to-skin contact, or kangaroo mother care (KMC) has been shown to be efficacious in diminishing pain response to heel lance in full term and moderately preterm neonates. The purpose of this study was to determine if KMC would also be efficacious in very preterm neonates. METHODS: Preterm neonates (n = 61) between 28 0/7 and 31 6/7 weeks gestational age in three Level III NICU's in Canada comprised the sample. A single-blind randomized crossover design was employed. In the experimental condition, the infant was held in KMC for 15 minutes prior to and throughout heel lance procedure. In the control condition, the infant was in prone position swaddled in a blanket in the incubator. The primary outcome was the Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP), which is comprised of three facial actions, maximum heart rate, minimum oxygen saturation levels from baseline in 30-second blocks from heel lance. The secondary outcome was time to recover, defined as heart rate return to baseline. Continuous video, heart rate and oxygen saturation monitoring were recorded with event markers during the procedure and were subsequently analyzed. Repeated measures analysis-of-variance was employed to generate results. RESULTS: PIPP scores at 90 seconds post lance were significantly lower in the KMC condition (8.871 (95%CI 7.852-9.889) versus 10.677 (95%CI 9.563-11.792) p < .001) and non-significant mean differences ranging from 1.2 to1.8. favoring KMC condition at 30, 60 and 120 seconds. Time to recovery was significantly shorter, by a minute(123 seconds (95%CI 103-142) versus 193 seconds (95%CI 158-227). Facial actions were highly significantly lower across all points in time reaching a two-fold difference by 120 seconds post-lance and heart rate was significantly lower across the first 90 seconds in the KMC condition. CONCLUSION: Very preterm neonates appear to have endogenous mechanisms elicited through skin-to-skin maternal contact that decrease pain response, but not as powerfully as in older preterm neonates. The shorter recovery time in KMC is clinically important in helping maintain homeostasis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: (Current Controlled Trials) ISRCTN63551708.

La responsabilité civile et pénale des organes dirigeants de sociétés anonymes

But et structure du travail La responsabilité civile des dirigeants sociaux fait déjà l'objet d'une littérature considérable; on constate néanmoins que les auteurs romands qui se sont intéressés à cette question sont finalement assez peu nombreux. D'ailleurs, à notre connaissance, aucun travail de recherche juridique approfondie n'a été récemment consacré en français à cette matière. Pourtant, plusieurs aspects de la responsabilité civile des organes dirigeants demeurent très controversés en doctrine. Parmi d'autres, on pense, par exemple, à la nature juridique de l'action en responsabilité ou à sa mise en oeuvre. Pour ces raisons, il nous paraît souhaitable de procéder, dans une première partie, à un examen approfondi des art. 754 ss CO. A cet égard, nous nous appuierons sur un appareil référentiel aussi complet que possible ; nous tenterons aussi de trancher les points qui ne cessent de diviser les auteurs. La première partie de l'étude compte sept titres. Le premier d'entre eux renferme des considérations tout à fait générales, notamment historiques, destinées à offrir au lecteur certains points de repère préalables, utiles à une bonne compréhension de la matière. Dans le deuxième titre, nous définirons le cercle des personnes légitimées à agir en responsabilité sur la base des art. 754 ss CO. Encore faut-il savoir quels sont les individus contre lesquels l'action en justice peut être intentée ou, en d'autres termes, ce qu'il faut entendre par «organes dirigeants ». C'est précisément la question à laquelle nous nous proposons de répondre dans le troisième titre de cette première partie. Cela étant, la responsabilité civile des dirigeants sociaux obéit à des conditions strictes : le demandeur doit établir un dommage, une violation des devoirs, un lien de causalité adéquate et une faute. Ces quatre conditions cumulatives feront l'objet d'un examen successif dans le quatrième titre. Il arrive aussi que ces conditions soient réunies, mais que, nonobstant, l'action en responsabilité n'aboutisse que partiellement, voire pas du tout. La raison doit être recherchée dans les causes de limitation ou d'exclusion de la responsabilité, en particulier la décharge votée par l'assemblée générale, le consentement du lésé (« volenti non fit injuria»), la prescription ou encore la compensation. C'est l'objet du titre cinquième. L'on relèvera encore que les actions en responsabilité sont généralement dirigées simultanément contre plusieurs dirigeants. On soulève ici la question essentielle de la solidarité entre les défendeurs et du règlement de leurs rapports internes ; nous y reviendrons au titre sixième. Enfin, pour que l'action du demandeur soit recevable, le demandeur doit agir devant le tribunal compétent ratione loci. Les problèmes de for seront donc abordés dans le titre septième. A la lecture de la doctrine, l'on est frappé de constater à quel point les auteurs qui, à ce jour, se sont risqués à rapprocher la responsabilité civile de la responsabilité pénale des organes dirigeants, sont rares. Pourtant, la lutte contre une criminalité économique toujours plus redoutable devrait tendre, ces prochaines années, à augmenter considérablement l'importance pratique du droit pénal des affaires. Dans ces conditions, il paraît impossible de faire abstraction du régime de responsabilité pénale encouru par les dirigeants sociaux. Nous y avons consacré la seconde partie de notre travail. Celle-ci se compose de quatre titres distincts, dont la numérotation s'inscrit dans le prolongement de la première partie. Le titre huitième contient des considérations générales, en particulier sur le rôle que le droit pénal est amené à jouer aujourd'hui dans la vie des affaires. Nous enchaînerons, dans un titre neuvième, avec l'examen des deux fondements envisageables de la responsabilité pénale des dirigeants. Nous traiterons d'abord de leur responsabilité à raison des infractions qu'ils commettent personnellement. Nous nous intéresserons ensuite à leur responsabilité pénale du fait d'autrui. Ces deux sources de responsabilité devront être illustrées. A ce titre, nous examinerons leur portée à la lumière du droit de la société anonyme, eu égard en particulier aux devoirs que le droit commercial met à la charge des dirigeants sociaux. C'est l'objet du titre dixième. Dans le titre onzième, nous procéderons à un bref examen de la responsabilité pénale de l'entreprise. Tout en rappelant les dispositions légales applicables en la matière, nous essayerons de mettre le doigt sur certaines incohérences que présente le système tel qu'il a été adopté par les Chambres fédérales. Nous traiterons ensuite de l'articulation probable entre la responsabilité pénale de l'entreprise et le régime de responsabilité pénale applicable à ses dirigeants physiques. Nous terminerons par rappeler, sous forme de synthèse, les principaux éléments qui se dégagent de notre travail.

Pharmacokinetic profile of tert-butylaminoethanethiol

A preliminary study of the pharmacokinetic parameters of t-Butylaminoethanethiol (TBAESH) was performed after administration of a single dose (35 mg/kg) either orally or intravenously. Plasma or blood samples were treated with dithiothreitol, perchloric acid and, after filtration, submitted to further purification with anionic resin. In the final step the drug was retained on a cationic resin column, eluted with NaCl lM and detected according to the method of Ellman (1958). The results suggested a pharmacokinetic behavior related to a one open compartment model with the following values for the total drug: area under the intravenous curve (AUC i.v.): 443(+ ou -) 24.0; AUC oral: 85.5(+ ou -) 14.5 ug min.ml(elevado a -1); elimination rate constant: 0.069(+ ou -) 0.0055 min(elevado a -1), biological half-life: 10.0(+ ou -) 0.80 min; distribution volume 1.15(+ ou -) 0.15 ml/g; biodisponibility: 0.19(+ ou -) 0.02. From a pharmacokinetic standpoint, TBAESH seems to have no advantage over the analogous disulfide compound.

Long-term effect of a school-based physical activity program (KISS) on fitness and adiposity in children: a cluster-randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: School-based intervention studies promoting a healthy lifestyle have shown favorable immediate health effects. However, there is a striking paucity on long-term follow-ups. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the 3 yr-follow-up of a cluster-randomized controlled school-based physical activity program over nine month with beneficial immediate effects on body fat, aerobic fitness and physical activity. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Initially, 28 classes from 15 elementary schools in Switzerland were grouped into an intervention (16 classes from 9 schools, n = 297 children) and a control arm (12 classes from 6 schools, n = 205 children) after stratification for grade (1st and 5th graders). Three years after the end of the multi-component physical activity program of nine months including daily physical education (i.e. two additional lessons per week on top of three regular lessons), short physical activity breaks during academic lessons, and daily physical activity homework, 289 (58%) participated in the follow-up. Primary outcome measures included body fat (sum of four skinfolds), aerobic fitness (shuttle run test), physical activity (accelerometry), and quality of life (questionnaires). After adjustment for grade, gender, baseline value and clustering within classes, children in the intervention arm compared with controls had a significantly higher average level of aerobic fitness at follow-up (0.373 z-score units [95%-CI: 0.157 to 0.59, p = 0.001] corresponding to a shift from the 50th to the 65th percentile between baseline and follow-up), while the immediate beneficial effects on the other primary outcomes were not sustained. CONCLUSIONS: Apart from aerobic fitness, beneficial effects seen after one year were not maintained when the intervention was stopped. A continuous intervention seems necessary to maintain overall beneficial health effects as reached at the end of the intervention. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ControlledTrials.com ISRCTN15360785.

Meta-analysis identifies 13 new loci associated with waist-hip ratio and reveals sexual dimorphism in the genetic basis of fat distribution.

Waist-hip ratio (WHR) is a measure of body fat distribution and a predictor of metabolic consequences independent of overall adiposity. WHR is heritable, but few genetic variants influencing this trait have been identified. We conducted a meta-analysis of 32 genome-wide association studies for WHR adjusted for body mass index (comprising up to 77,167 participants), following up 16 loci in an additional 29 studies (comprising up to 113,636 subjects). We identified 13 new loci in or near RSPO3, VEGFA, TBX15-WARS2, NFE2L3, GRB14, DNM3-PIGC, ITPR2-SSPN, LY86, HOXC13, ADAMTS9, ZNRF3-KREMEN1, NISCH-STAB1 and CPEB4 (P = 1.9 × 10⁻⁹ to P = 1.8 × 10⁻⁴⁰) and the known signal at LYPLAL1. Seven of these loci exhibited marked sexual dimorphism, all with a stronger effect on WHR in women than men (P for sex difference = 1.9 × 10⁻³ to P = 1.2 × 10⁻&supl;³). These findings provide evidence for multiple loci that modulate body fat distribution independent of overall adiposity and reveal strong gene-by-sex interactions.

EuroDia: a beta-cell gene expression resource.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major disease affecting nearly 280 million people worldwide. Whilst the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to disease are poorly understood, dysfunction of the insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cells is key event for disease development. Monitoring the gene expression profiles of pancreatic beta-cells under several genetic or chemical perturbations has shed light on genes and pathways involved in T2DM. The EuroDia database has been established to build a unique collection of gene expression measurements performed on beta-cells of three organisms, namely human, mouse and rat. The Gene Expression Data Analysis Interface (GEDAI) has been developed to support this database. The quality of each dataset is assessed by a series of quality control procedures to detect putative hybridization outliers. The system integrates a web interface to several standard analysis functions from R/Bioconductor to identify differentially expressed genes and pathways. It also allows the combination of multiple experiments performed on different array platforms of the same technology. The design of this system enables each user to rapidly design a custom analysis pipeline and thus produce their own list of genes and pathways. Raw and normalized data can be downloaded for each experiment. The flexible engine of this database (GEDAI) is currently used to handle gene expression data from several laboratory-run projects dealing with different organisms and platforms. Database URL: http://eurodia.vital-it.ch.

Peptabody-EGF: a novel apoptosis inducer targeting ErbB1 receptor overexpressing cancer cells.

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a central role in cell life by controlling processes such as growth or proliferation. This receptor is commonly overexpressed in a number of epithelial malignancies and its upregulation is often associated with an aggressive phenotype of the tumor. Thus, targeting of EGFR represents a very promising challenge in oncology, and antibodies raised against this receptor have been investigated as potential antitumor agents. Various putative mechanisms of action were proposed for such antibodies, including decreased proliferation, induction of apoptosis, stimulation of the immunological response against targeted cancer cells or combinations thereof. We report here the development of an alternative high affinity molecule that is directed against EGFR. Production of this pentameric protein, named peptabody-EGF, includes expression in a bacterial expression system and subsequent refolding and multimerization of peptabody monomers. The protein complex contains 5 human EGF ligand domains, which confer specific binding towards the extracellular portion of EGFR. Receptor binding of the peptabody-EGF had a strong antiproliferative effect on different cancer cell lines overexpressing EGFR. However, cells expressing constitutive levels of the target receptor were barely affected. Peptabody-EGF treated cancer cells exhibited typical characteristics of apoptosis, which was found to be induced within 30 min after the addition of the peptabody-EGF. In vitro experiments demonstrated a significantly higher binding activity for peptabody-EGF than for the therapeutic monoclonal EGFR antibody Mab-425. Furthermore, the antitumor action provoked by the peptabody-EGF was greatly superior than antibody mediated effects when tested on EGFR overexpressing cancer cell lines. These findings suggest a potential application of this high affinity molecule as a novel tool for anti-EGFR therapy.

New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.

Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P < 5 × 10(-8)). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms.

Normal hemopoiesis and lymphopoiesis in the combined absence of numb and numblike.

The mammalian ortholog of the conserved Drosophila adaptor protein Numb (Nb) and its homolog Numblike (Nbl) modulate neuronal cell fate determination at least in part by antagonizing Notch signaling. Because the Notch pathway has been implicated in regulating hemopoietic stem cell self-renewal and T cell fate specification in mammals, we investigated the role of Nb and Nbl in hemopoiesis using conditional gene targeting. Surprisingly simultaneous deletion of both Nb and Nbl in murine bone marrow precursors did not affect the ability of stem cells to self-renew or to give rise to differentiated myeloid or lymphoid progeny, even under competitive conditions in mixed chimeras. Furthermore, T cell fate specification and intrathymic T cell development were unaffected in the combined absence of Nb and Nbl. Collectively our data indicate that the Nb family of adaptor proteins is dispensable for hemopoiesis and lymphopoiesis in mice, despite their proposed role in neuronal stem cell development.

Judaïsme et islam dans le face à face avec le protestantisme

L'islam et le judaïsme ont de nombreux points de rencontre avec le protestantisme. Si ces deux religions ne provoquent pas la sympathie des premier Réformés, l'histoire contemporaine indique des rapprochements incontestables, sur fond d'un partage de quelques traits communs entre ces trois courants du monothéisme: la pratique, la relation aux images ou au clergé, l'expression politique et communautaire des ailes radicales. L'un des intérêt de ce livre est de proposer une lecture originale et plurielle de deux dossiers importants pour le dialogue interreligieux. Chacun des deux thèmes associe les contributions d'un théologien protestant et respectivement deux intellectuels juif (David Banon) et musulman (Mohammed Arkoun).

Le coeur inquiet du christianisme

(Résumé du numéro) Prophéties et visions du futur Notre époque se méfie des prophètes, mais fait confiance aux astrologues, devins et autres voyantes... Y compris dans les plus hautes sphères du pouvoir! Ce surgissement de l'irrationnel dans une société fière de sa "science" laisse perplexe. De telles croyances, dont le caractère païen est parfois souligné, entretiennent dans l'esprit du public une confusion fâcheuse entre prophétie et prédiction. Le prophétisme s'en trouve dévalorisé, alors qu'il a joué à certains moments un rôle décisif dans l'histoire de l'humanité. "L'avez-vous remarqué?", écrivait il y a quelques années Bruno Chenu, "À l'heure actuelle, le thème du prophétisme semble s'être évanoui du paysage, tant social qu'ecclésial. Il n'y a plus grand monde pour se risquer à une interpellation forte, à une mise en cause radicale, à une proposition dérangeante. [...] Nous sommes à l'âge des croyances molles. N'est-il pas grand temps de retrouver, collectivement et personnellement, l'inspiration prophétique?" (1). Le prophète est une figure centrale des religions monothéistes. Il porte la sagesse du message divin que les hommes ne savent pas discerner. Donc, il dérange. Et si sa parole est écoutée, voire sollicitée, dans les périodes d'incertitudes, il devient gênant dès lors que le pouvoir - religieux ou politique - pense avoir repris en main les destinées de la communauté. "L'avenir n'est à personne, sire, l'avenir est à Dieu" rappelle, trop tard!, Victor Hugo à Napoléon 1er. Il est vrai que la condamnation des prophètes est souvent consécutive à une catastrophe déclenchée par de "faux" prophètes. La difficulté à identifier la véritable prophétie a entraîné à plusieurs reprises l'annonce de l'extinction du prophétisme, par les sages juifs au deuxième siècle avant notre ère, ou lorsque le christianisme devient la religion officielle de l'Empire romain. À chaque fois, le prophétisme est réapparu, comme si la religion ne pouvait en faire l'économie. C'est l'une des leçons qui ressort le plus clairement du dossier que nous consacrons au couple tumultueux que constituent prophètes et visions du futur. Le prophète porte aussi les espoirs de l'humanité. Un monde sans prophètes serait-il un monde sans espérance?

Antiretroviral treatment of adult HIV infection: 2012 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA panel.

CONTEXT: New trial data and drug regimens that have become available in the last 2 years warrant an update to guidelines for antiretroviral therapy (ART) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults in resource-rich settings. OBJECTIVE: To provide current recommendations for the treatment of adult HIV infection with ART and use of laboratory-monitoring tools. Guidelines include when to start therapy and with what drugs, monitoring for response and toxic effects, special considerations in therapy, and managing antiretroviral failure. DATA SOURCES, STUDY SELECTION, AND DATA EXTRACTION: Data that had been published or presented in abstract form at scientific conferences in the past 2 years were systematically searched and reviewed by an International Antiviral Society-USA panel. The panel reviewed available evidence and formed recommendations by full panel consensus. DATA SYNTHESIS: Treatment is recommended for all adults with HIV infection; the strength of the recommendation and the quality of the evidence increase with decreasing CD4 cell count and the presence of certain concurrent conditions. Recommended initial regimens include 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (tenofovir/emtricitabine or abacavir/lamivudine) plus a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (efavirenz), a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor (atazanavir or darunavir), or an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (raltegravir). Alternatives in each class are recommended for patients with or at risk of certain concurrent conditions. CD4 cell count and HIV-1 RNA level should be monitored, as should engagement in care, ART adherence, HIV drug resistance, and quality-of-care indicators. Reasons for regimen switching include virologic, immunologic, or clinical failure and drug toxicity or intolerance. Confirmed treatment failure should be addressed promptly and multiple factors considered. CONCLUSION: New recommendations for HIV patient care include offering ART to all patients regardless of CD4 cell count, changes in therapeutic options, and modifications in the timing and choice of ART in the setting of opportunistic illnesses such as cryptococcal disease and tuberculosis.

Thirty new loci for age at menarche identified by a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies.

To identify loci for age at menarche, we performed a meta-analysis of 32 genome-wide association studies in 87,802 women of European descent, with replication in up to 14,731 women. In addition to the known loci at LIN28B (P = 5.4 × 10⁻⁶⁰) and 9q31.2 (P = 2.2 × 10⁻³³), we identified 30 new menarche loci (all P < 5 × 10⁻⁸) and found suggestive evidence for a further 10 loci (P < 1.9 × 10⁻⁶). The new loci included four previously associated with body mass index (in or near FTO, SEC16B, TRA2B and TMEM18), three in or near other genes implicated in energy homeostasis (BSX, CRTC1 and MCHR2) and three in or near genes implicated in hormonal regulation (INHBA, PCSK2 and RXRG). Ingenuity and gene-set enrichment pathway analyses identified coenzyme A and fatty acid biosynthesis as biological processes related to menarche timing.