Cu胁迫对大麦幼苗生长及DNA损伤效应的研究

通过石英砂培养试验,采用AFLP分子标记技术研究Cu胁迫对大麦幼苗根系基因组DNA的损伤效应,同时比较基因组DNA损伤与幼苗根系生长、可溶性蛋白含量变化对Cu污染胁迫的敏感性。结果表明,12.5￣50mg·L-1Cu处理8d后,与对照相比根长显著变短,根系内的可溶性蛋白含量显著降低;基因组DNA的AFLP图谱与对照相比发生显著变化,具体表现为谱带的消失、新谱带的出现以及谱带荧光强度的改变。三者均对低浓度的Cu污染胁迫响应敏感,其中AFLP图谱变化是对Cu胁迫响应最为敏感的生物标记物,可用于土壤Cu污染的早期诊断和生态风险评价。

板栗壳对水中Cu~(2+)吸附性能的研究

【目的】研究食品加工剩余物板栗壳对水中Cu2+的吸附性能,为其用于含铜废水的处理提供理论依据。【方法】研究吸附质溶液pH、Cu2+质量浓度、吸附剂用量、粒径、吸附温度和时间对板栗壳吸附Cu2+效果的影响,探讨吸剂和吸附剂循环利用次数对解吸和再生的影响;并采用穿透曲线和洗脱曲线对动态吸附进行了分析。【结果】吸附质溶液pH值为6、Cu2+起始质量浓度为20 mg/L、吸附剂粒径为0.25 mm时的吸附效果较好,该吸附为放热过程,升高温度虽然可以加快吸附进程,但却降低了吸附量和去除率。Na+和Ca2+对Cu2+的解吸置换能力较弱,0.1mol/L HCl可使96.1%的Cu2+得以解吸回收。通过Thomas模型预测,在固定床柱吸附条件下饱和吸附量为10.94mg/g。【结论】板栗壳对水中Cu2+的吸附性能较好,因而具有很好的应用前景。

板栗壳吸附Cu~(2+)的平衡与动力学研究及工艺设计

研究了板栗壳吸附Cu2+的平衡、动力学和热力学特征并对吸附工艺进行设计.采用Langmuir和Freundlich等温线对静态吸附平衡数据进行了拟合,同时采用准一级动力学和准二级动力学模型对静态吸附动力学数据进行了拟合,并计算了吸附过程的热力学参数自由能变(ΔGo)、焓变(ΔHo)和熵变(ΔSo).结果表明,平衡实验数据符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,分离因子RL值在0～1之间,为有利吸附;动力学实验数据符合准二级动力学方程,平衡吸附量随Cu2+起始浓度增大而增大;ΔHo和ΔSo分别为12.206kJ·mol-1和21.534J·mol-·1K-1,ΔGo为负值,表明板栗壳吸附Cu2+为放热过程,可以自发进行,吸附过程增加了固液界面的混乱度.基于Langmuir等温吸附模型推导出的板栗壳用量计算公式可用于预测将一定体积一定起始浓度Cu2+溶液经过吸附降至所需浓度的板栗壳用量.

Chemisorption and reaction characteristics of methyl radicals on Cu(110)

Methyl radicals are generated by pyrolysis of azomethane, and the condition for achieving neat adsorption on Cu(110) is described for studying their chemisorption and reaction characteristics. The radical-surface system is examined by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy, temperature-programmed desorption, low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. It is observed that a small fraction of impinging CH3 radicals decompose into methylene possibly on surface defect sites. This type of CH2 radical has no apparent effect on CH3(ads) surface chemistry initiated by dehydrogenation to form active CH2(ads) followed by chain reactions to yield high-mass alkyl products. All thermal desorption products, such as H-2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, and C3H6, are detected with a single desorption peak near 475 K. The product yields increase with surface coverage until saturation corresponding to 0.50 monolayer of CH3(ads). The mass distribution is, however, invariant with initial CH3(ads) coverage, and all desorbed species exhibit first-order reaction kinetics. LEED measurement reveals a c(2 x 2) adsorbate structure independent of the amount of gaseous exposure. This strongly suggests that the radicals aggregate into close-packed two-dimensional islands at any exposure. The islanding behavior can be correlated with the reaction kinetics and is deemed to be essential for the chain propagation reactions. Some relevant aspects of the CH3/Cu(111) system are also presented. The new results are compared with those of prior studies employing methyl halides as radical sources. Major differences are found in the product distribution and desorption kinetics, and these are attributed to the influence of surface halogen atoms present in those earlier investigations.

长期施肥对黑土中Cu、Cd含量及其剖面分布的影响

以经过8个不同施肥处理的黑土样品为材料,研究长期不同施肥处理下,黑土中Cu、Cd含量的差异。采用原子吸收分光光度法和Tessier-连续提取法,研究黑土中全Cu、全Cd和有效Cu、有效Cd的含量差异。结果表明,有机肥的长期施用,会使土壤中Cu、Cd与有机质发生络合并使Cu、Cd在土壤表层累积;秸秆和氮磷钾(S+NPK)化肥的长期配合施用,有利于作物对有效Cu和Cd的吸收,从而使Cu、Cd在土壤中没有明显积累;NP及NPK处理下,二铵、氯化钾肥对土壤中Cu、Cd积累的影响不明显。长期耕作不施肥(CK)处理时,因无外源Cu、Cd,以及作物对有效Cu、Cd的长期吸收,土壤中Cu、Cd含量低于不耕作不施肥(休闲)处理的。从垂直剖面上看,Cu、Cd主要积累在黑土表层,而表层以下不同施肥处理间Cu、Cd含量的差异和变幅不大。有机肥料能明显地向土壤中带入Cu、Cd,造成Cu、Cd在土壤表层的积累,并由于植物体的吸收对人体造成潜在危害,而其他化学肥料对土壤中Cu和Cd积累的影响不明显。本研究为人们的生产实践提供了施肥理论和依据,并且对土壤的污染防治也具有现实意义。

Electrocatalytic properties of Cu-Zr amorphous alloy towards the electrochemical hydrogenation of nitrobenzene

The Cu-Zr amorphous alloy was studied as an electrocatalyst towards the electrochemical hydrogenation of nitrobenzene. The electrocatalyst was activated by chemical etching in HF solution. Resulted changes in the morphology, chemical composition and crystalline structure of the electrocatalyst surface were characterised by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Auger electron spectroscopy. The electrocatalytic properties of the Cu-Zr amorphous alloy were assessed by voltammetric measurements. Due to the formation and aggregation of Zr residue modified Cu nanocrystals on the surface caused by the selective dissolution of Zr components in the chemical etching, the activated amorphous alloy is an effective electrocatalyst for the electrochemical reduction reaction of nitrobenzene with aniline as the main product. The positive shift of the peak potential and accompanying increase in the value of peak current in voltammograms with increasing Cu content and decreasing Zr content of the alloy surface in the chemical etching are indicative of improved electrocatalytic activity. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.