β1- and β3- voltage-gated sodium channel subunits modulate cell surface expression and glycosylation of Nav1.7 in HEK293 cells.

Voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs) are glycoproteins composed of a pore-forming α-subunit and associated β-subunits that regulate Nav α-subunit plasma membrane density and biophysical properties. Glycosylation of the Nav α-subunit also directly affects Navs gating. β-subunits and glycosylation thus comodulate Nav α-subunit gating. We hypothesized that β-subunits could directly influence α-subunit glycosylation. Whole-cell patch clamp of HEK293 cells revealed that both β1- and β3-subunits coexpression shifted V ½ of steady-state activation and inactivation and increased Nav1.7-mediated I Na density. Biotinylation of cell surface proteins, combined with the use of deglycosydases, confirmed that Nav1.7 α-subunits exist in multiple glycosylated states. The α-subunit intracellular fraction was found in a core-glycosylated state, migrating at ~250 kDa. At the plasma membrane, in addition to the core-glycosylated form, a fully glycosylated form of Nav1.7 (~280 kDa) was observed. This higher band shifted to an intermediate band (~260 kDa) when β1-subunits were coexpressed, suggesting that the β1-subunit promotes an alternative glycosylated form of Nav1.7. Furthermore, the β1-subunit increased the expression of this alternative glycosylated form and the β3-subunit increased the expression of the core-glycosylated form of Nav1.7. This study describes a novel role for β1- and β3-subunits in the modulation of Nav1.7 α-subunit glycosylation and cell surface expression.

Anti-TNF alpha medications and neuropathy.

We studied the clinical, electrophysiological, and pathological features, outcome, and frequency of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (a-TNF) medications-induced neuropathies (ATIN) in patients with inflammatory disorders. Of 2,017 patients treated with a-TNF medication, 12 patients met our inclusion criteria for a prevalence of 0.60% and an incidence of 0.4 cases per 1,000 person-years. The median time from a-TNF medication treatment to ATIN was 16.8̴1;months (range 2-60 months). Six patients had focal or multifocal peripheral neuropathies. The other six had generalized neuropathies. For all, a-TNF medication was stopped. Seven patients received immunoglobulin infusions. ATIN outcome was favorable in all but one patient. ATINs are rare and heterogeneous neuropathies. In 10 patients, the neuropathy was "inflammatory", suggesting that it could be due to systemic pro-inflammatory effects of a-TNF agents.

Molecular markers for progression of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

Incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is increasing. Ultraviolet (UV) –light is a major risk factor for the development of cutaneous SCC. Cutaneous SCCs that develop to chronic ulcers are known to progress and metastasize more easily than UV-induced SCCs. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of proteolytic enzymes which are suggested to have a role in cancer growth and invasion. The molecular background for progression of cutaneous SCC was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using tissue samples of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) –associated SCC, sporadic UV-induced SCC, and SCC precursors. IHC studies using tissue microarray (TMA) technique revealed overexpression of MMP-7 and MMP-13 in SCC tumor cells. MMP-7 expression was enhanced especially in the SCC tumor cells of the RDEB –associated SCCs. Studies with SCC cell lines showed that tumor cell derived MMP-7 activated heparin binding epidermal growth factor –like growth factor (HB-EGF) which enhanced the growth of SCC tumor cells. Further, it was shown that type VII collagen (COL7) is expressed in sporadic SCC tumor cells. Interestingly, it was shown that SCC –associated MMP-13 is capable of cleaving COL7 in vitro. COL7 cleavage may have a role in the progression of cutaneous SCC. Studies on serine proteinase inhibitor gene family using SCC tumor cell gene array, quantitative real-time PCR, SCC cell lines, normal human epidermal keratinocytes and IHC of TMA samples showed that serine proteinase inhibitor clade A, member 1 (serpinA1, alpha-1-antitrypsin) is expressed and produced by human SCC tumor cells but not by normal keratinocytes. Moreover, serpinA1 expression was shown to correlate with the progression of cutaneous SCC using transformed HaCaT-cell lines and mouse chemically induced skin SCC model. SerpinA1 may serve as a novel biomarker for the progression of cutaneous SCC. This study elucidated putative mechanisms of the progression of cutaneous SCC and revealed novel biomarker candidates for the progression of SCC of the skin.

Gene Regulation in The Human Immune System. Gene Expression Signatures of Th2 Cell Differentiation, Type 1 Diabetes, and Intrauterine Immune Adaptation

The human immune system is constantly interacting with the surrounding stimuli and microorganisms. However, when directed against self or harmless antigens, these vital defense mechanisms can cause great damage. In addition, the understanding the underlying mechanism of several human diseases caused by aberrant immune cell functions, for instance type 1 diabetes and allergies, remains far from being complete. In this Ph.D. study these questions were addressed using genome-wide transcriptomic analyses. Asthma and allergies are characterized by a hyperactive response of the T helper 2 (Th2) immune cells. In this study, the target genes of the STAT6 transcription factor in naïve human T cells were identified with RNAi for the first time. STAT6 was shown to act as a central activator of the genes expression upon IL-4 signaling, with both direct and indirect effects on Th2 cell transcriptome. The core transcription factor network induced by IL-4 was identified from a kinetic analysis of the transcriptome. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease influenced by both the genetic susceptibility of an individual and the disease-triggering environmental factors. To improve understanding of the autoimmune processes driving pathogenesis in the prediabetic phase in humans, a unique series of prospective whole-blood RNA samples collected from HLA-susceptible children in the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) study was studied. Changes in different timewindows of the pathogenesis process were identified, and especially the type 1 interferon response was activated early and throughout the preclinical T1D. The hygiene hypothesis states that allergic diseases, and lately also autoimmune diseases, could be prevented by infections and other microbial contacts acquired in early childhood, or even prenatally. To study the effects of the standard of hygiene on the development of neonatal immune system, cord blood samples from children born in Finland (high standard of living), Estonia (rapid economic growth) and Russian Karelia (low standard of living) were compared. Children born in Russian Karelia deviated from Finnish and Estonian children in many aspects of the neonatal immune system, which was developmentally more mature in Karelia, resembling that of older infants. The results of this thesis offer significant new information on the regulatory networks associated with immune-mediated diseases in human. The results will facilitate understanding and further research on the role of the identified target genes and mechanisms driving the allergic inflammation and type 1 diabetes, hopefully leading to a new era of drug development.

RANK, RANKL and osteoprotegerin in arthritic bone loss

Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by the presence of inflammatory synovitis and destruction of joint cartilage and bone. Tissue proteinases released by synovia, chondrocytes and pannus can cause cartilage destruction and cytokine-activated osteoclasts have been implicated in bone erosions. Rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissues produce a variety of cytokines and growth factors that induce monocyte differentiation to osteoclasts and their proliferation, activation and longer survival in tissues. More recently, a major role in bone erosion has been attributed to the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) released by activated lymphocytes and osteoblasts. In fact, osteoclasts are markedly activated after RANKL binding to the cognate RANK expressed on the surface of these cells. RANKL expression can be upregulated by bone-resorbing factors such as glucocorticoids, vitamin D3, interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-11, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, prostaglandin E2, or parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Supporting this idea, inhibition of RANKL by osteoprotegerin, a natural soluble RANKL receptor, prevents bone loss in experimental models. Tumor growth factor-ß released from bone during active bone resorption has been suggested as one feedback mechanism for upregulating osteoprotegerin and estrogen can increase its production on osteoblasts. Modulation of these systems provides the opportunity to inhibit bone loss and deformity in chronic arthritis.

Concentration of CCL11, CXCL8 and TNF-alpha in sputum and plasma of patients undergoing asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are common respiratory illnesses characterized by chronic inflammation of the airways. The characterization of induced or spontaneously produced sputum is a useful technique to assess airway inflammation. In the present study, we compared the concentrations of CCL2, CCL11, CXCL8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in plasma and induced sputum of patients with severe asthma or COPD and correlated the levels of these mediators with inflammatory cells in sputum. Asthmatic patients had elevated levels of eosinophils (40.1 ± 6.24%) in sputum whereas neutrophils (63.3 ± 4.66%) predominated in COPD patients. The levels of the chemokine CCL11 were markedly increased in sputum (708.7 ± 330.7 pg/ml) and plasma (716.6 ± 162.2 pg/ml) of asthmatic patients and correlated with the percentage of eosinophils in induced sputum. The concentrations of CXCL8 (817.0 ± 105.2 pg/ml) and TNF-alpha (308.8 ± 96.1 pg/ml) were higher in sputum of COPD patients and correlated with the percentage of neutrophils in induced sputum. There was also an increase in the concentrations of CXCL8 (43.2 ± 6.8 pg/ml) in sputum of asthmatic patients. These results validate that sputum is a suitable method to assess chemokines and cytokines associated with asthma and COPD. Moreover, the mechanisms involved in the synthesis of CCL11 and CXCL8/TNF-alpha would be helpful to better understand the inflammatory profile associated with asthma and COPD, respectively.

Identification of the divergent calmodulin binding motif in yeast Ssb1/Hsp75 protein and in other HSP70 family members

Yeast soluble proteins were fractionated by calmodulin-agarose affinity chromatography and the Ca2+/calmodulin-binding proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. One prominent protein of 66 kDa was excised from the gel, digested with trypsin and the masses of the resultant fragments were determined by MALDI/MS. Twenty-one of 38 monoisotopic peptide masses obtained after tryptic digestion were matched to the heat shock protein Ssb1/Hsp75, covering 37% of its sequence. Computational analysis of the primary structure of Ssb1/Hsp75 identified a unique potential amphipathic alpha-helix in its N-terminal ATPase domain with features of target regions for Ca2+/calmodulin binding. This region, which shares 89% similarity to the experimentally determined calmodulin-binding domain from mouse, Hsc70, is conserved in near half of the 113 members of the HSP70 family investigated, from yeast to plant and animals. Based on the sequence of this region, phylogenetic analysis grouped the HSP70s in three distinct branches. Two of them comprise the non-calmodulin binding Hsp70s BIP/GR78, a subfamily of eukaryotic HSP70 localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, and DnaK, a subfamily of prokaryotic HSP70. A third heterogeneous group is formed by eukaryotic cytosolic HSP70s containing the new calmodulin-binding motif and other cytosolic HSP70s whose sequences do not conform to those conserved motif, indicating that not all eukaryotic cytosolic Hsp70s are target for calmodulin regulation. Furthermore, the calmodulin-binding domain found in eukaryotic HSP70s is also the target for binding of Bag-1 - an enhancer of ADP/ATP exchange activity of Hsp70s. A model in which calmodulin displaces Bag-1 and modulates Ssb1/Hsp75 chaperone activity is discussed.

High mobility group box 1 as a mediator of endotoxin administration after hemorrhagic shock-primed lung injury

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was discovered as a novel late-acting cytokine that contributes to acute lung injury (ALI). However, the contribution of HMGB1 to two-hit-induced ALI has not been investigated. To examine the participation of HMGB1 in the pathogenesis of ALI caused by the two-hit hypothesis, endotoxin was injected intratracheally in a hemorrhagic shock-primed ALI mouse model. Concentrations of HMGB1 in the lung of the shock group were markedly increased at 16 h (1.63 ± 0.05, compared to the control group: 1.02 ± 0.03; P < 0.05), with the highest concentration being observed at 24 h. In the sham/lipopolysaccharide group, lung HMGB1 concentrations were found to be markedly increased at 24 h (1.98 ± 0.08, compared to the control group: 1.07 ± 0.03; P < 0.05). Administration of lipopolysaccharide to the hemorrhagic shock group resulted in a notable HMGB1 increase by 4 h, with a further increase by 16 h. Intratracheal lipopolysaccharide injection after hemorrhagic shock resulted in the highest lung leak at 16 h (2.68 ± 0.08, compared to the control group: 1.05 ± 0.04; P < 0.05). Compared to the hemorrhagic shock/lipopolysaccharide mice, blockade of HMGB1 at the same time as lipopolysaccharide injection prevented significantly pulmonary tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta and myeloperoxidase. Lung leak was also markedly reduced at 16 h; blockade of HMGB1 24 h after lipopolysaccharide injection failed to alter lung leak or myeloperoxidase at 48 h. Our observations suggest that HMGB1 plays a key role as a late mediator when lipopolysaccharide is injected after hemorrhagic shock-primed ALI and the kinetics of its release differs from that of one-hit ALI. The therapeutic window to suppress HMGB1 activity should not be delayed to 24 h after the disease onset.

Plasma von Willebrand factor as a predictor of survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease

Biomarkers have been identified for pulmonary arterial hypertension, but are less well defined for specific etiologies such as congenital heart disease-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (CHDPAH). We measured plasma levels of eight microvascular dysfunction markers in CHDPAH, and tested for associations with survival. A cohort of 46 inoperable CHDPAH patients (age 15.0 to 60.2 years, median 33.5 years, female:male 29:17) was prospectively followed for 0.7 to 4.0 years (median 3.6 years). Plasma levels of von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF:Ag), tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and its inhibitor (PAI-1), P-selectin, reactive C-protein, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-6 and -10 were measured at baseline, and at 30, 90, and 180 days in all subjects. Levels of six of the eight proteins were significantly increased in patients versus controls (13 to 106% increase, P < 0.003). Interleukin-10 level was 2.06 times normal (P = 0.0003; Th2 cytokine response). Increased levels of four proteins (t-PA, PAI-1, P-selectin, and interleukin-6) correlated with disease severity indices (P < 0.05). Seven patients died during follow-up. An average VWF:Ag (mean of four determinations) above the level corresponding to the 95th percentile of controls (139 U/dL) was independently associated with a high risk of death (hazard ratio = 6.56, 95%CI = 1.46 to 29.4, P = 0.014). Thus, in CHDPAH, microvascular dysfunction appears to involve Th2 inflammatory response. Of the biomarkers studied, plasma vWF:Ag was independently associated with survival.

Involvement of Src tyrosine kinase and protein kinase C in the expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor induced by H2O2 in HL-1 mouse cardiac muscle cells

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pleiotropic cytokine, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation; however, the upstream regulation of MIF in atrial myocytes remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether and how MIF is regulated in response to the renin-angiotensin system and oxidative stress in atrium myocytes (HL-1 cells). MIF protein and mRNA levels in HL-1 cells were assayed using immunofluorescence, real-time PCR, and Western blot. The result indicated that MIF was expressed in the cytoplasm of HL-1 cells. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), but not angiotensin II, stimulated MIF expression in HL-1 cells. H2O2-induced MIF protein and gene levels increased in a dose-dependent manner and were completely abolished in the presence of catalase. H2O2-induced MIF production was completely inhibited by tyrosine kinase inhibitors genistein and PP1, as well as by protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF109203X, suggesting that redox-sensitive MIF production is mediated through tyrosine kinase and PKC-dependent mechanisms in HL-1 cells. These results suggest that MIF is upregulated by HL-1 cells in response to redox stress, probably by the activation of Src and PKC.

Unique and unifying themes in the mechanisms regulating the expression of the arabidopsis thaliana PR-1 and Solanum tuberosum PR-10a inducible defense genes

Arabidopsis is a model plant used to study disease resistance; Solanum tuberosum or potato is a crop species. Both plants possess inducible defense mechanisms that are deployed upon recognition of pathogen invasion. Transcriptional reprogramming is crucial to the activation of defense responses. The Pathogenesis-Related (PR) genes are activated in these defense programs. Expression of Arabidopsis PR-l and potato PR-10a serve as markers for the deployment of defense responses in these plants. PR-l expression indicates induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Activation of SAR requires accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), in addition to the interaction of the non-expressor of pathogenesis-related genes I (NPRI), with the TGA transcription factors. The PR-10a is activated in response to pathogen invasion, wounding and elicitor treatment. PR-10a induction requires recruitment of the Whirly I (Whyl) activator to the promoter. This locus is also negatively regulated by the silencer element binding factor (SEBF). We established that both the PR-l and PR-10a are occupied by repressors under non-inducing conditions. TGA2 was found to be a constitutive resident and repressor of PR-l, which mediates repression by forming an oligomeric complex on the promoter. The DNA-binding activity of this oligomer required the TGA2 N-terminus (NT). Under resting conditions we determined that the PR-10a is bound by a repressosome containing SEBF and curiously the activator Pto interacting protein 4 (Pti4). In the context of this repressosome, SEBF is responsible for PR-10a binding, yet rWe also showed that PR-l and PR-10a are activated by different means. In PR-l activation the NPRI NT domain alleviates TGA2-mediated repression by interacting with the TGA2 NT. TGA2 remains at the PR-l but adopts a dimeric conformation and forms an enhanceosome with NPRl. In contrast, the PR-10a is activated by evicting the repressosome and recruiting Why! to the promoter. These results advance our understanding of the mechanisms regulating PR-l and PR-10a expression under resting and inducing conditions. This study also revealed that the means of regulation for related genes can differ greatly between model and crop s

Études structurales d’interactions protéine/protéine impliquées dans l’érythropoïèse

Le développement hématopoïétique est régulé par l’action combinée de facteurs de transcription lignée spécifiques et de la machinerie transcriptionnelle de base, permettant ainsi l’expression de gènes en temps et lieu appropriés. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse portent sur l’étude structurale et fonctionnelle d’interactions décisives pour la régulation de l’expression de gènes et impliquant des domaines de transactivation (TAD). En effet, les interactions faisant intervenir les TAD d’activateurs permettent de réguler l’activation de la transcription de façon spécifique. La première étude présentée dans cette thèse relate l'identification et la caractérisation d'une nouvelle interaction entre deux facteurs de transcription : le facteur hématopoïétique GATA-1 et la protéine suppresseur de tumeur p53. En combinant des études in vitro par titrage calorimétrique en condition isotherme (ITC) et par spectroscopie RMN et des études in vivo, nous avons identifié et caractérisé cette nouvelle interaction. Il s'avère que le TAD de p53 et le domaine de liaison à l’ADN de GATA-1 sont les domaines minimaux requis pour la formation de ce complexe. L'inhibition de la voie p53 par GATA-1 s’est avérée être la conséquence majeure de cette interaction, permettant ainsi le maintien en vie des précurseurs érythrocytaires via l’inhibition de l’apoptose. Un deuxième type d’interaction a fait l’objet d’études : l’interaction entre divers TAD et la machinerie transcriptionnelle de base, plus spécifiquement avec le Facteur général de Transcription IIH (TFIIH). La structure des complexes constitués par la sous-unité Tfb1/p62 du facteur TFIIH en interaction avec le TAD viral de VP16 d’une part, et avec le TAD humain du facteur érythrocytaire « Erythroid Krüppel-like factor» (EKLF) d’autre part, ont été résolues par spectroscopie RMN. La structure du complexe Tfb1/VP16 a révélée que le mode de liaison de VP16 à Tfb1 est similaire au mode de liaison du TAD de p53 avec le même partenaire. En effet, les TAD de VP16 et de p53 forment tous deux une hélice α de 9 résidus en interaction avec Tfb1. En dépit de partager avec p53 et VP16 le même site de liaison sur Tfb1/p62, la structure RMN du complexe EKLF/Tfb1 démontre que le mode d’interaction de ce TAD se distingue du mode de liaison canonique des activeurs transcriptionnels. Etonnamment, EKLF adopte un mécanisme de liaison semblable au mécanisme de liaison du facteur général de transcription TFIIEα avec p62, leurs conformations demeurent étendues en interaction avec Tfb1/p62. En se basant sur nos données structurales, nous avons identifié un résidu dans le TAD d'EKLF décisif pour la formation du complexe EKLF/p62 : le Trp73. La mutation de cet acide aminé perturbe son interaction avec Tfb1PH/p62PH et réduit significativement l'activité transcriptionnelle d'EKLF dans les érythrocytes.

Régulation des processus de réparation de l’épithélium bronchique sain et Fibrose Kystique par le TNF-alpha

La Fibrose Kystique, causée par des mutations du canal CFTR, mène à la dysfonction du transport des fluides et des ions causant la déshydratation du liquide de surface des voies aériennes et ainsi une défaillance de la clairance mucocilliaire. Ce défaut entraine l’accumulation et l’épaississement du mucus au niveau des bronches qui devient alors un environnement idéal pour le développement d’infections chroniques et d’inflammation qui sont associées à la destruction progressive de l’épithélium chez les patients Fibrose Kystique. Même si leur rôle dans les processus lésionnels est très bien connu, l’impact de médiateurs inflammatoires sur la capacité de réparation ne l’est cependant pas. L’objectif de ma maitrise était donc d’étudier la régulation des mécanismes de réparation de l’épithélium bronchique sain et Fibrose Kystique par le facteur de nécrose tumoral (TNF)-alpha, une cytokine pro-inflammatoire cruciale dans l’initiation et la propagation de la réponse inflammatoire chez les patients FK. À l’aide d’un modèle de plaies mécaniques, nous avons montré que le TNF-alpha stimule la réparation de l’épithélium bronchique sain (NuLi-1) et Fibrose Kystique (CuFi-1). De façon surprenante, l’exposition chronique au TNF-alpha augmente cette stimulation tout comme le taux de migration cellulaire pendant la réparation. Cette augmentation de réparation semble être médiée par l’activation de la métalloprotéinase MMP-9, la relâche d’EGF par les cellules épithéliales et ainsi l’activation de la voie d’EGFR. De plus, l’activation de la réparation par le TNF-alpha semble aussi impliquer l’activation des canaux K+, dont nous avons démontré le rôle important dans la réparation. Contrairement à son effet sur la migration cellulaire et sur la réparation, le TNF-alpha diminue la prolifération cellulaire. En somme, en plus de son rôle dans les processus lésionnels, le TNF-alpha semble avoir un rôle complexe dans les processus de réparation puisqu’il stimule la migration et ralentit la prolifération cellulaire.

Le locus 1q32 : susceptibilité aux maladies inflammatoires de l’intestin et rôles biologiques de C1orf106 et KIF21B

La maladie de Crohn (MC) et la colite ulcéreuse (CU) sont des maladies inflammatoires de l’intestin (MII) caractérisées par une inflammation chronique du tube digestif. Ces maladies à traits complexes sont le résultat d’un dérèglement du système immunitaire. Les études d’association pangénomique ont identifié au total 99 loci de susceptibilité aux MII. La région 1q32 du chromosome 1 a été identifiée comme locus de susceptibilité à la MC, la CU et la sclérose en plaque. La région autour du marqueur génétique (rs11584383) contient quatre gènes : Chromosome 1 open reading frame 106 (C1orf106), Kinesin family member 21B (KIF21B), Calcium channel, voltage-dependant, L type, alpha 1S subunit (CACNA1S) et Chromosome 1 open reading frame 81 (C1orf81). L’objectif de l’étude est de mettre ces quatres gènes dans un contexte biologique et de déterminer leur rôle potentiel dans les MII. Par réaction de polymérisation en chaîne quantitatif (qPCR), nous avons déterminé le profil d’expression de ces gènes dans des tissus murins et des lignées cellulaires humaines. KIF21B et C1orf106 sont exprimés dans les tissus gastrointestinal et immunitaire. Par la suite, nous avons testé l’implication de KIF21B et C1orf106 dans les voies biologiques connues pour leur rôle dans les MII comme l’activité NF-kB et le stress du réticulum endoplasmique (RE). Nos résultats montrent que la surexpression de KIF21B dans les cellules HEK293T diminue l’activité de NF-kB et la surexpression de C1orf106 augmente le stress du RE et l’activité de la voie Wnt. Globalement, ces résultats suggèrent que KIF21B et C1orf106, dans la région 1q32, sont des gènes candidats prometteurs puisqu’ils interviennent dans des voies biologiques connues des maladies inflammatoire de l’intestin.

Stress oxydatif, fonction mitochondriale et maladie inflammatoire de l'intestin

CONTEXTE: Bien que la dysfunction mitochondriale et le stress oxydant jouent des rôles prépondérants dans plusieurs conditions pathologiques, ils n’ont pas été étudiés de façon extensive au niveau du tube digestif qui est constamment exposé aux oxydants (provenant de l’alimentation) et à divers agents pathogènes. L’ingestion simultanée de sels ferreux et d’acide ascorbique peut causer le dommage des macromolécules par oxydation. Le ‘’Nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor’’ (Nrf2) est un important facteur de transcription sensible au potentiel redox et qui protège contre le stress oxydant en induisant des gènes anti-oxydants et de detoxification par sa liaison à l’élément de réponse antioxydante (ARE). Les fonctions anti-oxydantes et anti-inflammatoires de Nrf2 ont été décrites dans une variété de types cellulaires et de tissus. Cependant son rôle est très peu connu au niveau du tube digestif. OBJECTIFS: Les objectifs sont d’évaluer comment la peroxydation lipidique médiée par le fer/ascorbate (FE/ASC) affecte les fonctions mitochondriales dans les cellules Caco-2/15, et de déterminer l’ampleur de l’implication de Nrf2. MÉTHODES: Le stress oxydant a été induit dans les cellules Caco2/15 en les traitant avec 0.2mm/2mm de FE/ASC. L’augmentation de l’expression de Nrf2 a été obtenue suite au prétraitement des cellules Caco2/15 avec 50 μM d’Olitpraz (OPZ), un puissant activateur. L’invalidation du gène de Nrf2 a été réalisée dans les cellules par transfection avec un vecteur lentiviral contenant un shRNA contre Nrf2. RÉSULTATS: Nos résultats montrent que le traitement des cellules Caco-2/15 avec du FE/ASC (0.2 mm/2 mm) augmente les niveaux du malondialdehyde (MDA), réduit la production d’ATP, entraîne une surcharge mitochondriale de calcium, active l’expression protéique du cytochrome C et de l’AIF (apoptotic inducing factor), réduit l’activité des complexes I, II, 2 III et IV de la chaîne respiratoire mitochondriale, augmente les niveaux de 8-OHdG, un marqueur des dommages à l’ADN mitochondrial, diminue la DNA glycosylase, et altère les expressions génique et protéique des facteurs de transcription mitochondriaux (mtTFA, mtTFB1, mtTFB2). De plus, nos observations montrent que l’induction et l’activation de Nrf2 dans les cellules Caco-2/15 résultent en: une augmentation des enzymes anti-oxydantes endogènes (catalase, glutathion peroxydase, et superoxyde dismutase), une réduction du facteur nucléaire NFκβ et de TNF-α, une augmentation de la production d’ ATP et de l’activité des complexes respiratoires (I, II, III, IV) et de PGC-1α, et une régulation des niveaux de la prohibitine mitochondriale, du Bcl-2 anti-apoptotique et de l’occludine. CONCLUSION: Dans l’ensemble, nos résultats montrent que l’exposition aigüe des cellules Caco-2/15 à la peroxydation par le FE/ASC entraîne des effets pathologiques sur les fonctions mitochondriales et l’intégrité de l’ADN, qui sont abolis par l’induction de Nrf2. Il en ressort que Nrf2 joue un rôle majeur dans la protection de l’épithélium intestinal contre le stress oxydant.