C factor, a cell-surface-associated intercellular signaling protein, stimulates the cytoplasmic Frz signal transduction system in Myxococcus xanthus.

C factor, an intercellular signaling protein, is required for aggregation and sporulation of the social bacterium, Myxococcus xanthus. We report that C factor, which normally is associated with the cell surface, provides input to the Frz signal transduction cascade. Elements of this cascade have sequence homology to bacterial chemotaxis systems and are known to control the frequency of gliding reversal. Exposure of developing cells of a C-factor-less mutant (csgA) to purified C factor increases the ratio of methylated to nonmethylated FrzCD protein, the Frz homolog of the methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins. Methylation depends on the cognate methyltransferase FrzF, and its extent increases with the concentration of C factor. C-factor-induced methylation also depends on the product of a gene, called class II, which is necessary in vivo for all known responses to C factor. A model for aggregation is proposed in which C factor stimulates the Frz cascade and thereby decreases cell reversals in a way that preferentially leads cells into an aggregate.

Fine specificity of the antibody response to myelin basic protein in the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis: the minimal B-cell epitope and a model of its features.

T cells, B cells, and antibody are found in the white matter of the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis. The epitope center for the antibody response to human myelin basic protein (MBP) fits precisely the minimal epitope Pro85-Val-Val-His-Phe-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ile-Val-Thr-Pro96 for that reported for HLA DR2b (DRB1*1501)-restricted T cells that recognize MBP [Wucherpfenning, K.W., Sette, A., Southwood, S., Oseroff, C., Matsui, M., Strominger, J. & Hafler, D. (1994) J. Exp. Med. 179, 279-290], and overlaps with the reported DR2a-restricted epitope for T cells reactive to MBP [Martin, R., Howell, M. D., Jaraquemada, D., Furlage, M., Richert, J., Brostoff, S., Long, E. O., McFarlin, D. E. & McFarland, H. F. (1991) J. Exp. Med. 173, 19-24]. We describe a molecular model of this epitope.

Unimpaired autoreactive T-cell traffic within the central nervous system during tumor necrosis factor receptor-mediated inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

The critical role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) as a mediator in autoimmune inflammatory processes is evident from in vivo studies with TNF-blocking agents. However, the mechanisms by which TNF, and possibly also its homologue lymphotoxin alpha, contributes to development of pathology in rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn disease and in animal models like experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is unclear. Possibilities include regulation of vascular adhesion molecules enabling leukocyte movement into tissues or direct cytokine-mediated effector functions such as mediation of tissue damage. Here we show that administration of a TNF receptor (55 kDa)-IgG fusion protein prevented clinical signs of actively induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Significantly, the total number of CD4+ T lymphocytes isolated from the central nervous system of clinically healthy treated versus diseased control animals was comparable. By using a CD45 congenic model of passively transferred experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis to enable tracking of myelin basic protein-specific effector T lymphocytes, prevention of clinical signs of disease was again demonstrated in treated animals but without quantitative or qualitative impediment to the movement of autoreactive T lymphocytes to and within the central nervous system. Thus, despite the uninterrupted movement of specific T lymphocytes into the target tissue, subsequent disease development was blocked. This provides compelling evidence for a direct effector role of TNF/lymphotoxin alpha in autoimmune tissue damage.

Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein mediates apolipoprotein E-dependent neurite outgrowth in a central nervous system-derived neuronal cell line.

The epsilon 4 allele of apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a major risk factor for Alzheimer disease, suggesting that apoE may directly influence neurons in the aging brain. Recent data suggest that apoE-containing lipoproteins can influence neurite outgrowth in an isoform-specific fashion. The neuronal mediators of apoE effects have not been clarified. We show here that in a central nervous system-derived neuronal cell line, apoE3 but not apoE4 increases neurite extension. The effect of apoE3 was blocked at low nanomolar concentrations by purified 39-kDa protein that regulates ligand binding to the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP). Anti-LRP antibody also completely abolished the neurite-promoting effect of apoE3. Understanding isoform-specific cell biological processes mediated by apoE-LRP interactions in central nervous system neurons may provide insight into Alzheimer disease pathogenesis.

Retrograde axonal transport of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in the adult nigrostriatal system suggests a trophic role in the adult.

The recently cloned, distant member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) family, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), has potent trophic actions on fetal mesencephalic dopamine neurons. GDNF also has protective and restorative activity on adult mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons and potently protects motoneurons from axotomy-induced cell death. However, evidence for a role for endogenous GDNF as a target-derived trophic factor in adult midbrain dopaminergic circuits requires documentation of specific transport from the sites of synthesis in the target areas to the nerve cell bodies themselves. Here, we demonstrate that GDNF is retrogradely transported by mesencephalic dopamine neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway. The pattern of retrograde transport following intrastriatal injections indicates that there may be subpopulations of neurons that are GDNF responsive. Retrograde axonal transport of biologically active 125I-labeled GDNF was inhibited by an excess of unlabeled GDNF but not by an excess of cytochrome c. Specificity was further documented by demonstrating that another TGF-beta family member, TGF-beta 1, did not appear to affect retrograde transport. Retrograde transport was also demonstrated by immunohistochemistry by using intrastriatal injections of unlabeled GDNF. GDNF immunoreactivity was found specifically in dopamine nerve cell bodies of the substantia nigra pars compacta distributed in granules in the soma and proximal dendrites. Our data implicate a specific receptor-mediated uptake mechanism operating in the adult. Taken together, the present findings suggest that GDNF acts endogenously as a target-derived physiological survival/maintenance factor for dopaminergic neurons.

Validation of a new easy score to predict outcome in early stage renal cell carcinoma

Background e scopi dello studio. Il carcinoma renale rappresenta circa il 3% delle neoplasie e la sua incidenza è in aumento nel mondo. Il principale approccio terapeutico alla malattia in stadio precoce è rappresentato dalla chirurgia (nefrectomia parziale o radicale), sebbene circa il 30-40% dei pazienti vada incontro a recidiva di malattia dopo tale trattamento. La probabilità di recidivare può essere stimata per mezzo di alcuni noti modelli prognostici sviluppati integrando sia parametri clinici che anatomo-patologici. Il limite principale all’impiego nella pratica clinica di questi modelli è legata alla loro complessità di calcolo che li rende di difficile fruizione. Inoltre la stratificazione prognostica dei pazienti in questo ambito ha un ruolo rilevante nella pianificazione ed interpretazione dei risultati degli studi di terapia adiuvante dopo il trattamento chirurgico del carcinoma renale in stadio iniziale. Da un' analisi non pre-pianificata condotta nell’ambito di uno studio prospettico e randomizzato multicentrico italiano di recente pubblicazione, è stato sviluppato un nuovo modello predittivo e prognostico (“score”) che utilizza quattro semplici parametri: l’età del paziente, il grading istologico, lo stadio patologico del tumore (pT) e della componente linfonodale (pN). Lo scopo del presente studio era quello di validare esternamente tale score. Pazienti e Metodi. La validazione è stata condotta su due coorti retrospettive italiane (141 e 246 pazienti) e su una prospettica americana (1943 pazienti). Lo score testato prevedeva il confronto tra due gruppi di pazienti, uno a prognosi favorevole (pazienti con almeno due parametri positivi tra i seguenti: età < 60 anni, pT1-T3a, pN0, grading 1-2) e uno a prognosi sfavorevole (pazienti con meno di due fattori positivi). La statistica descrittiva è stata utilizzata per mostrare la distribuzione dei diversi parametri. Le analisi di sopravvivenza [recurrence free survival (RFS) e overall survival (OS)] sono state eseguite il metodo di Kaplan-Meier e le comparazioni tra i vari gruppi di pazienti sono state condotte utilizzando il Mantel-Haenszel log-rank test e il modello di regressione di Cox. Il metodo di Greenwood è stato utilizzato per stimare la varianza e la costruzione degli intervalli di confidenza al 95% (95% CI), la “C-statistic” è stata utilizzata per descrivere l’ accuratezza dello score. Risultati. I risultati della validazione dello score condotta sulle due casistiche retrospettive italiane, seppur non mostrando una differenza statisticamente significativa tra i due gruppi di pazienti (gruppo favorevole versus sfavorevole), sono stati ritenuti incoraggianti e meritevoli di ulteriore validazione sulla casistica prospettica americana. Lo score ha dimostrato di performare bene sia nel determinare la prognosi in termini di RFS [hazard ratio (HR) 1.85, 95% CI 1.57-2.17, p < 0.001] che di OS [HR 2.58, 95% CI 1.98-3.35, p < 0.001]. Inoltre in questa casistica lo score ha realizzato risultati sovrapponibili a quelli dello University of California Los Angeles Integrated Staging System. Conclusioni. Questo nuovo e semplice score ha dimostrato la sua validità in altre casistiche, sia retrospettive che prospettiche, in termini di impatto prognostico su RFS e OS. Ulteriori validazioni su casistiche internazionali sono in corso per confermare i risultati qui presentati e per testare l’eventuale ruolo predittivo di questo nuovo score.

1,2-Functionalized Imidazoles as Palladium Ligands: An Efficient and Robust Catalytic System for the Fluorine-Free Hiyama Reaction

A variety of hydroxy- and amino-functionalized imidazoles were prepared from 1-methyl- and 1-(diethoxymethyl)imidazole by means of isoprene-mediated lithiation followed by reaction with an electrophile. These compounds in combination with palladium acetate were screened as catalyst systems for the Hiyama reaction under fluorine-free conditions using microwave irradiation. The systematic study of the catalytic system showed 1-methyl-2-aminoalkylimidazole derivative L1 to be the best ligand, which was employed under solvent-free conditions with a 1:2 Pd/ligand ratio and TBAB (20 mol-%) as additive. The study has revealed an interaction between the Pd/ligand ratio and the amount of TBAB. The established catalytic system presented a certain degree of robustness, and it has been successfully employed in the coupling of a range of aryl bromides and chlorides with different aryl siloxanes. Furthermore, both reagents were employed in an equimolecular amount, without an excess of organosilane.

School law of 1865. An act to establish and maintain a system of free schools, in the state of Illinois, as amended February 16, 1865.

Mode of access: Internet.

Free railroads : review of the N.J. Railroad Co.'s pamphlets, on a system of free railroads.

"List of local railroads chartered by the state of New Jersey": p. 15-17.

Probable economic effect redesignation of certain articles from certain countries as eligible for duty-free treatment under the U.S. generalized system of preferences : report to the President on investigation no. 332-284

Mode of access: Internet.

The teacher's manual; being an exposition of an efficient and economical system of education, suited to the wants of a free people.

Mode of access: Internet.

Manual of the Lancasterian system, of teaching reading, writing, arithmetic, and needle-work, as practised in the schools of the Free-society, of New York.

"In the compilation of this work...the manual published in 1816, by the British and foreign school society...was carefully examined; such parts thereof adopted as were thought suitable, and alterations and additions made, calculated to render it a clear statement of the system as practised in New-York."--Pref.