Climate variability effects on summer cropping systems on the Iberian Peninsula

Climate variability and changes in the frequency of extremes events have a direct impact on crop yield and damages. Climate anomalies projections at monthly and yearly timescale allows us for adapting a cropping system (crops, varieties and management) to take advantage of favorable conditions or reduce the effect of adverse conditions. The objective of this work is to develop indices to evaluate the effect of climatic variability in summer cropping systems of Iberian Peninsula, in an attempt of relating yield variability to climate variability, extending the work of Rodríguez-Puebla (2004).

A fracture model for pearlitic steel bars using a cohesive model

The fracture of ductile materials, such as metals, is usually explained with the theory of nucleation, growth and coalescence of microvoids. Based on this theory, many numerical models have been developed, with a special mention to Gurson-type models. These models simulate mathematically the physical growth of microvoids, leading to a progressive development of the internal damage that takes place during a tensile test. In these models, the damage starts to develop in very early stages of the test. Tests carried out by the authors suggest that, in the case of some eutectoid steels such as those used for manufacturing prestressing steel wires, the internal damage that takes place as a result of the growth of microvoids is only noticeable in very late stages of the tensile test. In the authors’ opinion, using a cohesive model as a failure criterion may be interesting in this case; a cohesive model only requires two parameters to be defined, with the fracture energy being one of them, which can be obtained experimentally. In addition to this, given that it is known that the stress triaxiality has a strong influence on the fracture of ductile materials, a cohesive model whose parameters are affected by the value of the stress triaxiality can be considered. This work presents a fracture model for steel specimens in a tensile test, based on a cohesive behaviour and taking into account the effect of stress triaxiality, which is different at each point of the fracture plane.

Discovery of ferromanganese hydrocarbon-related nodules associated with the Meknes mud volcano (Western Moroccan margin)

A suite of ferromanganese nodules were sampled during the MVSEIS-2008 cruise aboard of the R/V Hespérides in the flanks of Meknes mud volcano (Moroccan margin, NE Central Atlantic). The nodules were collected at water depths between 750-850 m within a seabed area characterized by high acoustic backscatter values. Debris of cold water corals and hydrocarbon-derived authigenic carbonate crusts were sampled at same time. The nodules show tabular morphology, up to 20 cm in maximum diameter and 2 kg of weight, brown-reddish external color and they are internally composed by a concentric to complex arrangement of laminae. The results of X-ray diffraction analysis show that these ferromanganese nodules are essentially composed of goethite and lepidocrocite, being Mn-oxides, silicates (quartz and clay minerals) and carbonates (calcite, dolomite and siderite) accessory to occasional minerals. All the samples display micritic to micro-sparitic mosaic under the petrographic microscope which forms massive, laminated or dendritic-mottled textures. The nodules show a high abundance of Fe, minor Mn and low contents of trace metals and REEs. Mature hydrocarbons, as n-alkanes derived from marine bacterial activity, and phenanthrene have been detected in all the ferromanganese nodules analyzed. These nodules display analogous characteristics (textural, mineralogical and geochemical) to the nodules studied by González et al (2009) in the carbonate mud-mounds in the Gulf of Cadiz, offshore Iberian margin. In this way, the same preliminary genetic model proposed for these nodules might be applicable to those find in the Meknes mud volcano. Therefore, the anaerobic oxidation of hydrocarbon-rich fluids within the mud-breccia sediments in the flanks of Meknes mud volcano would induce the formation of early diagenetic Fe-(Mn) carbonate nodules. Thus, the nodules were later exhumed by the erosive action of sea bottom currents generating the replacement of ferromanganese carbonates by Fe-Mn oxy-hydroxides. Thus, the hydrocarbon-rich fluid venting from deep seated reservoirs and erosive action of bottom currents must have been essential actors, as mineralization controls, for ferromanganese nodules generation and evolution. These findings imply that this type of nodules must be considered as new product as derived from the anaerobic/aerobic oxidation of hydrocarbons in areas of active seepages.

Water chemistry at Hontomín-Huermeces (Burgos, Spain): insights for a pre-, intra- and post-CO2 injection geochemical monitoring.

In this study, the very first geochemical and isotopic data related to surface and spring waters and dissolved gases in the area of Hontomín-Huermeces (Burgos, Spain) are presented and discussed. Hontomín-Huermeces was selected as a pilot site for the injection of pure (>99 %) CO2. Injection and monitoring wells are planned to be drilled close to 6 oil wells completed in the 1980’s. Stratigraphical logs indicate the presence of a confined saline aquifer at the depth of about 1,500 m into which less than 100,000 tons of liquid CO2 will be injected, possibly starting in 2013. The chemical and isotopic features of the spring waters suggest the occurrence of a shallow aquifer having a Ca2+(Mg2+)-HCO3- composition, relatively low salinity (Total Dissolved Solids _800 mg/L) and a meteoric isotopic signature. Some spring waters close to the oil wells are characterized by relatively high concentrations of NO3- (up to 123 mg/L), unequivocally indicating anthropogenic contamination that adds to the main water-rock interaction processes. The latter can be referred to Ca-Mg-carbonate and, at a minor extent, Al-silicate dissolution, being the outcropping sedimentary rocks characterized by Palaeozoic to Quaternary rocks. Anomalous concentrations of Cl-, SO42-, As, B and Ba were measured in two springs discharging a few hundreds meters from the oil wells and in the Rio Ubierna, possibly indicative of mixing processes, although at very low extent, between deep and shallow aquifers. Gases dissolved in spring waters show relatively high concentrations of atmospheric species, such as N2, O2 and Ar, and isotopically negative CO2 (<-17.7 h V-PDB), likely related to a biogenic source, possibly masking any contribution related to a deep source. The geochemical and isotopic data of this study are of particular importance when a monitoring program will be established to verify whether CO2 leakages, induced by the injection of this greenhouse gas, may affect the quality of the waters of the shallow Hontomín-Huermeces hydrological circuit. In this respect, carbonate chemistry, the isotopic carbon of dissolved CO2 and TDIC (Total Dissolved Inorganic Carbon) and selected trace elements can be considered as useful parameters to trace the migration of the injected CO2 into near-surface environments.

Agaete revisited: new data on the Gran Canaria tsunamiites.

The tsunami deposits of the valley of Agaete (Pérez-Torrado et al., 2006), north-western Gran Canaria, attributed to the Guimar flank collapse in Tenerife, have been revisited and new data are presented here. Besides the occurrences reported by Pérez-Torrado et al. (2006) a new outcrop was found and named “La Ruina” (at 28º 05’ 47,41” N; 15º 41’ 52,04” W; 71 m asl). The above-mentioned authors suggested the possibility that more than one marine conglomerate deposit could be present in the outcrops of “Llanos de Turmán” and “Berrazales”. At “La Gasolinera” and “La Aldea 1” the conglomerates are formed by a single layer representing one depositional event; at “La Aldea 2”, the conglomerates are composed of two layers directly contacting with each other, but evidence of a time hiatus between them was not found. Although the hypothesis of stacking of two depositional units within the same episode versus deposition of two distinct layers in different time-moments is debatable at the present state of knowledge, the first possibility is favoured. The field evidence at “Llanos de Turman” and “Berrazales” unquestionably shows that terrestrial sediments (colluvia; paleosols) are present and separate two marine conglomerate deposits, indicating that at least two distinct tsunami inundations are needed to explain the stratigraphy. However, at the new “La Ruina” outcrop, besides the two deposits mentioned above, a third and older marine conglomerate was found, clearly separated in time from the ones cited above. The existence of marine conglomerates emplaced in different moments is evidenced by the occurrence of intercalated paleosols, colluvia and other subaerial materials, implying significant time intervals between the emplacement of marine conglomeratic layers. A number of gastropod operculae from the tsunamiites were sent for U-Th dating to try to further constrain the age span of these deposits. The field evidence presented above shows that the emplacement of the deposits is related to, at least, three tsunami events. The lateral correlation between different outcrops is difficult due to variable number of deposits in each outcrop, lateral discontinuity and variability, and to compositional and textural similarity between distinct tsunami sediments. The occurrence of three Pleistocene tsunami deposits in the same area points to a relatively high frequency of tsunamis (generated by landslides, surface rupturing earthquakes, fast entry of voluminous volcanic deposits into the sea or large submarine eruptions). It is possible that this recurrence of tsunami inundations may reflect multiple-phased landslides responsible for the mega-landslide scars prominent in the geomorphology of the neighbouring island of Tenerife. This is a contribution from project “Estabilidad de los edificios volcánicos en Canarias: análisis de los factores geológicos, geomecánicos y paleoclimáticos. Aplicación a los flancos N y S de la isla de Tenerife” financed by MCT, Spain.

Estudio y desarrollo sobre sistemas de simulación para comunicaciones móviles, LTE

Este proyecto, recoge el estudio de diferentes simuladores sobre comunicaciones móviles, que se encargan de analizar el comportamiento de las tecnologías UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), 3G y LTE (Long Term Evolution),3.9G, centrándose principalmente en el caso de los simuladores LTE, ya que es la tecnología que se está implantando en la actualidad. Por ello, antes de analizar las características de la interfaz radio más importante de esta generación, la 3.9G, se hará una overview general de cómo han ido evolucionando las comunicaciones móviles a lo largo de la historia, se analizarán las características de la tecnología móvil actual, la 3.9G, para posteriormente centrarse en un par de simuladores que demostrarán, mediante resultados gráficos, estas características. Hoy en día, el uso de estos simuladores es totalmente necesario, ya que las comunicaciones móviles, avanzan a un ritmo vertiginoso y es necesario por lo tanto conocer las prestaciones que pueden producir las diferentes tecnologías móviles utilizadas. Los simuladores utilizados por este proyecto, permiten analizar el comportamiento de varios escenarios, ya que existen diferentes tipos de simuladores, tanto a nivel de enlace como a nivel de sistema. Se mencionarán una serie de simuladores correspondientes a la tercera generación UMTS, pero los simuladores en cuestión que se estudiarán y analizarán con más profundidad en este proyecto fin de carrera son los simuladores “Link-Level” y “System-Level”, desarrollados por el “Institute of Communications and Radio-Frecuency Engineering” de la Universidad de Viena. Estos simuladores permiten realizar diferentes simulaciones, como analizar el comportamiento entre una estación base y un único usuario, para el caso de los simuladores a nivel de enlace, o bien analizar el comportamiento de toda una red en el caso de los simuladores a nivel de sistema. Con los resultados que se pueden obtener de ambos simuladores, se realizarán una serie de preguntas, basadas en la práctica realizada por el profesor de la universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pedro García del Pino, tanto de tipo teóricas como de tipo prácticas, para comprobar que se han entendido los simuladores analizados. Finalmente se citarán las conclusiones que se obtiene de este proyecto, así como las líneas futuras de acción. PROJECT ABSTRACT This project includes the study of different simulators on mobile communications, which are responsible for analyzing the behavior of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), 3G and LTE (Long Term Evolution), 3.9G, mainly focusing on the case of LTE simulators because it is the technology that is being implemented today. Therefore, before analyzing the characteristics of the most important radio interface of this generation, 3.9G, there will give a general overview how the mobile communications have evolved throughout history, analyzing the characteristics of current mobile technology, the 3.9G, later focus on a pair of simulators that demonstrate through graphical results, these characteristics. Today, the use of these simulators is absolutely necessary, because mobile communications advance at a high rate, and it is necessary to know the features that can produce different mobile technologies that are used. The simulators used for this project, allow to analyze the behavior of several scenarios, as there are different types of simulators, both link and system level. It mentioned a number of simulators for the third generation UMTS, but the simulators in question to be studied and analyzed in this final project are the simulators "Link-Level" and "System-Level", developed by the "Institute of Communications and Radio-Frequency Engineering" at the University of Vienna. These simulators allow realize different simulations, analyze the behavior between a base station and a single user, in the case of the link-level simulators or analyze the performance of a network in the case of system-level simulators. With the results that can be obtained from both simulators, will perform a series of questions, based on the practice developed by Pedro García del Pino, Professor of “Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)”. These questions will be both of a theoretical and practical type, to check that have been understood the analyzed simulators. Finally, it quotes the conclusions obtained from this project and mention the future lines of action.

Guía para un análisis estructurado de la programación estructurada

Se presenta un marco dinámico y contextual para la programacion estructurada, válido para otras técnicas de informática. Si se quiere hacer sintesis el marco hay que considerarlo en su sentido "top-down" 1 * pero si es de análisis de lo que se trata y es de lo que se trata en esta ponencia - el sentido es "bottom-up"

La casa abierta : hacia una vivienda variable y sostenible concebida como si el habitante importara

A profunda crisis de la ‘nave espacial Tierra’ que cohabitamos, como llamaba Buckminster Fuller a nuestro planeta, y los imparables cambios en los modos de vida occidentales demandan un urgente cambio en el modelo de vivienda que las sociedades‘desarrolladas’ proporcionan a sus ciudadanos. Los nuevos modos de vida son variables e imprevisibles, incapaces de ser predeterminados en un proyecto arquitectónico ‘cerrado’. Los avances tecnológicos conducen a la movilidad, la desaparición del hogar tradicional, la interrelación de los espacios de vivienda y trabajo y anticipan la llegada de tipos de vida más dinámicos y menos ligados a un sitio específico. En cuanto a las formas de relación, disminuye la duración de los compromisos afectivos y crece el número de personas con una vida al margen de la familia tradicional o producto de la disgregación de proyectos familiares. Y, en el campo arquitectónico, no dejan de surgir nuevas herramientas mecánicas y tecnológicas capaces de transformar, de forma sencilla, una vivienda. Todas estas circunstancias no encuentran acomodo en las viviendas concebidas para los modos de vida de las pasadas generaciones. Desde hace décadas, al menos en nuestro país, los arquitectos han dejado de diseñar las viviendas de promoción privada que firman, ya que el propio ‘mercado’ se encarga de hacerlo. Las viviendas que el ‘mercado’ diseña no persiguen entregar a sus habitantes un lugar donde puedan desarrollar sus potencialidades. El único objetivo de estas promociones es el beneficio económico. Las casas que el ‘mercado’ promueve son indiferentes a las minorías y a los nuevos modos de vida. Son viviendas mínimas y uniformes para, de esta forma, maximizar el beneficio y simplificar el proceso económico. Estas viviendas promueven los mismos valores que guían nuestra ‘nave’: son individualistas, buscando minimizar el contacto vecinal, persiguen la uniformidad, en personas y pensamientos, y perpetúan valores, ya que insisten en repetir los mismos modelos habitacionales creados para los modos de vida de las generaciones anteriores. Son casas cerradas que tratan de imponer a sus habitantes el modo de habitarlas. Son casas estáticas que no están pensadas para facilitar su adaptación al particular modo de vida de sus ocupantes. Siguiendo en nuestro país, las viviendas de promoción pública obedecen, también desde hace décadas, a una normativa desfasada ajena a los nuevos modelos familiares, los nuevos modelos de convivencia al margen de la familia, el trabajo en casa, las nuevas tecnologías y los esquemas habitacionales con espacios compartidos. Las viviendas que esta normativa obliga a construir no solo obedecen al modo de vida de dos generaciones atrás, momento en que estas normas se redactaron; tampoco permiten la alteración de sus adjudicatarios para acomodar las viviendas a sus particulares circunstancias. La inflexibilidad de estas normativas obsoletas provoca que el Estado no esté en realidad subvencionando un espacio donde sus habitantes puedan desarrollar la vida que deseen. Lo que el Estado, por medio de estas viviendas, subvenciona es una determinada forma de vida. Esta tesis propone un modelo de vivienda que denomina ‘casa abierta’ porque está abierta a ser vivida tal y como sus ocupantes deseen y necesiten. La casa abierta es un espacio indeterminado que sus usuarios han de completar conceptualmente, y que pueden transformar con facilidad, cuantas veces deseen, según su propio criterio. Es un espacio lleno de potencialidades, un soporte definido solo a medias, a la espera que el usuario lo adapte a sus necesidades. El primer objetivo de la casa abierta es responder a los nuevos modos de vida. Es, pues, destino de algo que está pasando. Pero la casa abierta tiene también un segundo objetivo, tan importante como el primero: ayudar a desarrollar nuevos valores, ser origen de algo, desconocido aún, que ayude a enderezar el rumbo de nuestra ‘nave’. Esta tesis cree que cada nueva generación trae consigo nuevas capacidades que podrían ayudar a las anteriores a solventar sus problemas. Por ello defiende una educación que promueva la diversidad y la creatividad, evitando imponer valores caducos e incitando a los jóvenes a encontrar sus propias capacidades y desarrollarlas, no ya por su propio interés personal sino por la satisfacción de aportarlas al mundo. La casa abierta persigue objetivos similares. Su anhelo es proporcionar buenas herramientas y nuevos valores a sus ocupantes, y dejarles hacer. La casa abierta busca incitar a sus habitantes a desarrollar su creatividad sobre su propio hábitat, convirtiéndolos en co-creadores y, en consecuencia, responsables del mismo. La casa abierta es un espacio de libertad, donde sus ocupantes pueden desarrollar su diferencia, singularidad y diversidad, pudiendo crear un entorno que responda a sus criterios y su sensibilidad. La casa abierta es un lugar de experimentación donde replantear las convenciones sobre la casa, probando nuevas formas de convivencia y hábitat acordes con los nuevos modos de vida. La casa abierta busca también estimular el sentido comunitario de sus ocupantes, favoreciendo el contacto y la agrupación entre vecinos. Pero también desea contribuir a crear un modelo de desarrollo sostenible, respetuoso con el medio ambiente, los recursos del planeta y el futuro de las generaciones venideras. Para crear una casa abierta proponemos diez atributos: versatilidad, permeabilidad elasticidad, adaptabilidad, perfectibilidad, movilidad, sociabilidad, indeterminación, disgregación y sostenibilidad. Con ellos tratamos de establecer diversas cualidades a incorporar en los futuros proyectos de viviendas. A partir de estos diez atributos la tesis analiza cerca de 200 proyectos de vivienda de los últimos 90 años, donde el habitante es parte activa en su concepción o donde los ocupantes pueden transformar su vivienda, con facilidad, acomodándola a su modo de vida o a su estado de ánimo. Dentro de la historia de la arquitectura moderna existen grandes ejemplos de viviendas o proyectos que cumplen con algunos de los atributos propuestos. Muchos de los planteamientos de la ‘casa abierta’ tienen su origen en los años 20 del siglo pasado. Fueron desarrollados por los arquitectos de la primera generación del movimiento moderno, sobre todo Adolf Loos, Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe, Gerrit Rietveld, y Buckminster Fuller. El periodo más cercano a las ideas de la casa abierta es el comprendido entre 1955 y 1980, con el trabajo de la tercera generación de arquitectos del movimiento moderno. En estos años surgen grandes ejemplos de casas abiertas, se publican libros sobre la implicación de los habitantes en el diseño de sus casas y se convocan coloquios sobre la adaptabilidad de las viviendas. Entre los ejemplos construidos destacan las viviendas Il Rigo Quarter de Renzo Piano, el complejo residencial Genter Strasse en Munich de Otto Steidle, Doris y Ralph Thut, los apartamentos universitarios en Lovaina de Lucien Kroll y el inicio de las comunidades de cohousing en Dinamarca. La década de 1990 es también propensa a la casa abierta. Entre los ejemplos construidos podemos destacar las casas Latapie y Coutras de Lacaton y Vassal, la Residencia Yakult de Toshio Akimoto, las casas Naked y la Nine square grid de Shigeru Ban y los apartamentos Fukuoka de Steven Holl. En esta década, surgen las cooperativas de viviendas autopromocionadas en Centroeuropa, como la Sargfabrik de BKK-2 en Viena, y se produce el desembarco del cohousing danés en EEUU. Ya en el siglo XXI podemos destacar las viviendas sociales Quinta Monroy y la Colonia Lo Barnechea de Alejandro Aravena-Elemental, las 14 viviendas en Mulhouse de Lacaton y Vassal, las casas Glass Shutter y Metal Shutter de Shigeru Ban, la casa Moriyama de SANAA, el d21system de José Miguel Reyes González y la ETSAM, la propuesta Parasite para Amsterdam, de Maccreanor y Lavington, la Shinonome Canal Court de Tokio y muchos ejemplos de viviendas prefabricadas y móviles como la Micro Compact Home o la LoftCube.

Guía para un análisis estructurado de la programación estructurada

Se presenta un marco dinámico y contextual para la programación estructurada, válido para otras técnicas de informática. Si se quiere hacer síntesis el marco hay que considerarlo en su sentido "top-down", pero si es de análisis de lo que se trata y, es de lo que se trata en esta ponencia; el sentido es "bottom-up"

Rehabilitation of two bridges in construction in the motorway M-410 in Madrid (Spain)

Rehabilitation of two bridges in construction in the motorway M-410 in Madrid (Spain)

Comparison of NDVI fields obtained from different remote sensors

Satellite image data have become an important source of information for monitoring vegetation and mapping land cover at several scales. Beside this, the distribution and phenology of vegetation is largely associated with climate, terrain characteristics and human activity. Various vegetation indices have been developed for qualitative and quantitative assessment of vegetation using remote spectral measurements. In particular, sensors with spectral bands in the red (RED) and near-infrared (NIR) lend themselves well to vegetation monitoring and based on them [(NIR - RED) / (NIR + RED)] Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) has been widespread used. Given that the characteristics of spectral bands in RED and NIR vary distinctly from sensor to sensor, NDVI values based on data from different instruments will not be directly comparable. The spatial resolution also varies significantly between sensors, as well as within a given scene in the case of wide-angle and oblique sensors. As a result, NDVI values will vary according to combinations of the heterogeneity and scale of terrestrial surfaces and pixel footprint sizes. Therefore, the question arises as to the impact of differences in spectral and spatial resolutions on vegetation indices like the NDVI and their interpretation as a drought index. During 2012 three locations (at Salamanca, Granada and Córdoba) were selected and a periodic pasture monitoring and botanic composition were achieved. Daily precipitation, temperature and monthly soil water content were measurement as well as fresh and dry pasture weight. At the same time, remote sensing images were capture by DEIMOS-1 and MODIS of the chosen places. DEIMOS-1 is based on the concept Microsat-100 from Surrey. It is conceived for obtaining Earth images with a good enough resolution to study the terrestrial vegetation cover (20x20 m), although with a great range of visual field (600 km) in order to obtain those images with high temporal resolution and at a reduced cost. By contranst, MODIS images present a much lower spatial resolution (500x500 m). The aim of this study is to establish a comparison between two different sensors in their NDVI values at different spatial resolutions. Acknowledgements. This work was partially supported by ENESA under project P10 0220C-823. Funding provided by Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) through project no. MTM2009-14621 and i-MATH No. CSD2006-00032 is greatly appreciated.

Coastal floods and decadal changes: the climate factor

Observation has widely shown for nearly all last century that the Spanish (Dynamic) Maritime Climate was following around 10 to 11 year cycles in its most significant figure, wind wave, despite it being better to register cycles of 20 to 22 years, in analogical way with the semi-diurnal and diurnal cycles of Cantabrian tides. Those cycles were soon linked to sun activity and, at the end of the century, the latter was related to the Solar System evolution. We know now that waves and storm surges are coupled and that (Dynamic) Maritime Climate forms part of a more complex “Thermal Machine” including Hydrological cycle. The analysis of coastal floods could so facilitate the extension of that experience. According to their immediate cause, simple flood are usually sorted out into flash, pluvial, fluvial, groundwater and coastal types, considering the last as caused by sea waters. But the fact is that most of coastal floods are the result of the concomitance of several former simple types. Actually, the several Southeastern Mediterranean coastal flood events show to be the result of the superposition within the coastal zone of flash, fluvial, pluvial and groundwater flood types under boundary condition imposed by the concomitant storm sea level rise. This work shall be regarded as an attempt to clarify that cyclic experience, through an in-depth review of a past flood events in Valencia (Turia and Júcar basins), as in Murcia (Segura’s) as well.

Understanding extreme Spanish coastal flood events

The Santa Irene flood event, at the end of October 1982, is one of the most dramatically widely reported flood events in Spain. Its renown is mainly due to the collapse of the Tous dam, but its main message is to be the paradigm of the incidence of the maritime/littoral weather and its temporal sea level rise by storm surge accompanying rain process on the coastal plains inland floods. Looking at damages the presentation analyzes the adapted measures from the point of view of the aims of the FP7 SMARTeST Project related to the Flood Resilience improvement in urban areas through looking for Technologies, Systems and Tools an appropriate "road to de market".

A card Game Description Language

We present initial research regarding a system capable of generating novel card games. We furthermore propose a method for com- putationally analysing existing games of the same genre. Ultimately, we present a formalisation of card game rules, and a context-free grammar G cardgame capable of expressing the rules of a large variety of card games. Example derivations are given for the poker variant Texashold?em , Blackjack and UNO. Stochastic simulations are used both to verify the implementation of these well-known games, and to evaluate the results of new game rules derived from the grammar. In future work, this grammar will be used to evolve completely novel card games using a grammar- guided genetic program.

Component-resolved diagnosis of wheat flour allergy in baker's asthma.

Baker's asthma is one of the most common types of occupational asthma and its prevalence is increasing in the last years. Diagnosis of occupational asthma is complex. The poor specificity of current diagnostic approaches may be associated with insufficient purity of wheat extracts or lack of inclusion of major allergens in them. In this work, we use microarray technology to characterize the allergenic profiles of baker's asthma patients from three regions in Spain and to analyze the influence of other environmental allergens on the sensitization pattern.