稠油污染土壤的臭氧预处理研究

采用蛭石模拟土壤,研究稠油污染土壤的臭氧预处理工艺。在臭氧浓度为50mg·L-1,气体流量为0.2m3·h-1的条件下,分析了臭氧通气时间、水土比、污染土壤陈化时间和污染浓度对土壤中石油烃去除率的影响。结果表明,模拟稠油污染土壤的最佳处理条件为臭氧通气30min,水土比为0∶1,此时总石油烃降解率为40.97%,其中芳烃降解率最高为90.18%,其次是饱和烃为61.81%。此外,臭氧预处理可以促使酯类等可溶性石油烃的生成,从而提高稠油的生物可利用率。因而,臭氧预处理能够降低后续处理的负荷,是一种可行的预处理方法。

Shallow gas in the muddy sediments of Eckernförde Bay, Germany

The seafloor of central Eckernförde Bay is characterised by soft muddy sediments that contain free methane gas. Bubbles of free gas cause acoustic turbidity which is observed with acoustic remote sensing systems. Repeated surveys with subbottom profiler and side scan sonar revealed an annual period both of depth of the acoustic turbidity and backscatter strength. The effects are delayed by 3–4 months relative to the atmospheric temperature cycle. In addition, prominent pockmarks, partly related to gas seepage, were detected with the acoustic systems. In a direct approach gas concentrations were measured from cores using the gas chromatography technique. From different tests it is concluded that subsampling of a core should start at its base and should be completed as soon as possible, at least within 35 min after core recovery. Comparison of methane concentrations of summer and winter cores revealed no significant seasonal variation. Thus, it is concluded that the temperature and pressure influences upon solubility control the depth variability of acoustic turbidity which is observed with acoustic remote sensing systems. The delay relative to the atmospheric temperature cycle is caused by slow heat transfer through the water column. The atmospheric temperature cycle as ‘exiting function’ for variable gas solubility offers an opportunity for modelling and predicting the depth of the acoustic turbidity. In practice, however, small-scale variations of, e.g., salinity, or gas concentration profile in the sediment impose limits to predictions. In addition, oceanographic influences as mixing in the water column, variable water inflow, etc. are further complications that reduce the reliability of predictions.

vertical growth of thalassia testudinum seasonal and interannual variability

The vertical growth of shoots of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum Banks ex Konig in four meadows, along a range of exposure to waves, in the Mexican Caribbean was examined to elucidate its magnitude and its relationship to sediment dynamics. Average internodal length varied between 0.17 and 12.75 mm, and was greatest in the meadow which experienced the greatest burial by sand waves moved by Hurricane Gilbert (September 1988). Internodal length showed annual cycles, confirmed by the flower scars always preceding or coinciding with the annual minimum internodal length. These annual cycles on the shoot allowed estimation of annual leaf production, which varied, on average, between 14.2 and 19.3 leaves per shoot year-1. High vertical shoot growth was associated with long internodes and high leaf production rate, which increased with increasing vertical shoot growth to a maximum of approximately 25 leaves per shoot year-1, with vertical growth of about 30 mm year-1 or more. Average internodal length showed substantial interannual differences from perturbations derived from the passage of Hurricane Gilbert. The growth response of the plants surviving moderate burial and erosion after the hurricane involved enhanced vertical growth and increased leaf production, and reduced vertical growth, respectively, after 1988. The variability in shoot vertical growth of T testudinum can be separated into seasonal changes in plant growth, and long-term variability associated with episodic perturbations involving sediment redistribution by hurricanes.

生态旅游农业及其在我国的发展

简介了生态旅游农业的内涵、特点及其国内外发展实例,阐述了生态旅游农业在我国发展的必要性、可能性及其有利条件,并提出生态旅游农业发展中应注意的几个问题。

基于随机网络编码的无线广播重传方案及性能分析

针对自动最复重传(ARQ)机制在无线广播系统中吞吐量性能不佳的缺陷,提出一种基于随机网络编码的广播重传方案RNC-ARQ。对于广播节点,采用随机线性码对所有丢失包进行编码组合重传。对于接收节点,当接收的编码包累积到一定数量后可通过解码操作恢复出原始数据。该方案可有效减少重传次数,改善无线广播的吞吐量性能。基于Gilbert-Elliott模型描述的突发错误信道,建立了信道状态和节点接收处理流程合并的多状态马尔可夫模型,并以此为基础推导了RNC-ARQ方案的TQ吐量闭合解。最后,使用NS-2模拟器评估RNC-ARQ方案的性能,结果表明在突发差错信道下,基于随机网络编码重传方案的吞吐量优于传统的选择重传ARQ方案和基于异或编码的重传方案。

Synthesis, crystal structure and properties of (Z)-3-triphenylstannyl-1,1-diphenyl propenol

Five new organotin compounds were synthesized and characterized, X-ray crystal structure analysis of (Z)-3-triphenylstannyl-1,1-diphenyl propenol was performed, The crystal belongs to space group P2(1)/n. The cell parameters are: a = 1.235 7(2) nm, b = 0.987 4(2) nm, c = 2.208 1(4) nm, beta = 95.23(3)degrees, V = 2.683 0(9) nm(3), Z = 4, R = 0.027 9, R-w = 0.064 5. The tin atom of the molecule exists in a distorted tetrahedron, Z isomer of double bond is obtained.

(Z)-3-三苯基锡基-1,1-二苯基烯丙醇的合成、晶体结构和性质研究

合成并表征了５种新的有机锡化合物．测定了（Ｚ）－３－三苯基锡基－１，１－二苯基烯丙醇的晶体结构．晶体属于Ｐ２１／ｎ空间群，晶胞参数ａ＝１．２３５７（３）ｎｍ，ｂ＝０．９８７４（２）ｎｍ，ｃ＝２．２０８１（２）ｎｍ，β＝９５．２３（３）°，Ｚ＝４．分子结构是以锡为中心的畸变四面体构型，双键为顺式构型．并对其性质进行了研究.

Synthesis and solvent enhanced relaxation property of water-soluble endohedral metallofullerenols

Gadolinium fullerenols, as novel and potential contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, were synthesized, which showed excellent efficiency in enhancing water proton relaxation with a relaxivity of 47.0+/-1.0 mM(-1).s(-1).

Polymerization of ethylene by zirconocene-B(C6F5)(3) catalysts with aluminum compounds

Ethylene polymerization by zirconocene-B(C6F5)(3) catalysts with various aluminum compounds has been investigated. It is found that the catalytic activity depended on zirconocenes used, and especially on the type of aluminum compounds. For Et(H(4)Ind)(2)ZrCl2 (H(4)Ind : tetrahydroindenyl), the activity decreases in the following order: Me3Al > i-Bu3Al > Et3Al much greater than Et2AlCl. While for Cp2ZrCl2(Cp : cyclopentadienyl), it varies as follows: i-Bu3Al > Me3Al much greater than Et3Al. Furthermore, the activity is significantly affected by the addition mode of the catalytic components, which may imply that the formation of active centers is associated with an existing concentration of catalytic components. Results of thermal behavior of polyethylene (PE) studied by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) show that crystallinity of the polymer prepared with Et3Al is higher than that with Me3Al or i-Bu3Al. It is also found that the number-average molecular weight ((M) over bar) of the polymers prepared with Me3Al or i-Bu3Al is much higher than that with Et3Al. H-1-NMR studies substantiate that i-Bu3Al is a more efficient alkylation agent of Cp2ZrCl2 in comparison with Me3Al. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Morphological studies on a novel poly(aryl ether ketone)

The morphology of a novel poly(aryl ether ketone) [PEDEKmK] was investigated via polarizing optical microscopy (POM), TEM, DSC, SAXS and electron diffraction (ED). A distinct change in lamellar thickness, orientation, and spherulitic morphology was observed due to crystal melting and recrystallization. However, the crystal packing mode is found to be identical before and after the recrystallization process.

MORPHOLOGY AND DYNAMIC-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NYLON 66/POLY(ETHER IMIDE) BLENDS

The morphology and dynamic mechanical properties of blends of poly(ether imide) (PEI) and nylon 66 over the full composition range have been investigated. Torque changes during mixing were also measured. Lower torque values than those calculated by the log-additivity rule were obtained, resulting from the slip at the interface due to low interaction between the components. The particle size of the dispersed phase and morphology of the blends were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The composition of each phase was calculated. The blends of PEI and nylon 66 showed phase-separated structures with small spherical domains of 0.3 similar to 0.7 mu m. The glass transition temperatures (T(g)s) of the blends were shifted inward, compared with those of the homopolymers, which implied that the blends were partially miscible over a range of compositions. T-g1, corresponding to PEI-rich phase, was less affected by composition than T-g2, corresponding to nylon 66-rich phase. This indicated that the fraction of PEI mixed into nylon 66-rich phase increased with decreasing PEI content and that nylon 66 was rarely mixed into the PEI-rich phase. The effect of composition on the secondary relaxations was examined. Both T-beta, corresponding to the motion of amide groups in nylon 66, and T-gamma, corresponding to that of ether groups in PEI, were shifted to higher temperature, probably because of the formation of intermolecular interactions between the components.

丙烷氨氧化V/Sb系复合氧化物催化剂的研究

考察了不同组成的V-Sb-O系复合氧化物对丙烷氨氧化的催化活性.用XRD研究了催化剂的结构,利用程序升温方法研究了催化剂中氧的活动性和表面酸碱性,讨论了催化剂体相和表面结构与催化性能间的关系.结果表明,VSbO_4和Sb_2O_4间的协同作用是影响催化活性的重要因素.

Molecular characterization and effect of RNA interference of retinoid X receptor (RXR) on E75 and chitinase gene expression in Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis

Retinoid X receptor (RXR)/ultraspiracle (USP) is the heterodimeric partner of ecdysteroid receptor and is required for the molting process of arthropods. To better understand the molecular aspects governing the process of molting in shrimp, the full-length cDNA of two RXRs, named as FcRXR-1 and FcRXR-2 were obtained from Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis which were of 1715 and 1700 bp long, revealed a 1315 and 1300 bp open reading frame (ORF) respectively. Quantitative Real time PCR analysis showed a marked tissue-specific difference in the expression of FcRXR transcript, which revealed that the expression of FcRXR Could be regulated in a tissue-specific manner. Moreover, high expression of FcRXR mRNAs was observed in late pre-molt period (D3) and post molt stages (A-B) of shrimp. Among the two isoforms, FcRXR-2 appeared in a considerably high level in all the stages compared to the FcRXR-1. In addition, we examined the temporal expression of two chitinase genes: FcChitinase (FcChi) and FcChitinase-1 (FcChi-1) during the molt cycle of F chinensis. Both the FcChi and FcChi-1 transcripts were detected in all stages of molting, although considerable fluctuations observed through the molt cycle. Injection of double stranded RXR (dsRXR) into juvenile shrimp resulted in a maximum silencing effect at 48 h post injection. We analyzed the expression levels of FcChi, FcChi-1 and the ecdysone inducible gene E75 (FcE75) in samples of dsRXR injected shrimp. Significant reduction in levels of both FcE75, FcChi and FcChi-1 transcripts Occurred in the silenced shrimp. This correlation suggested that RXR might involve in the downstream regulation of E75 and chitinase gene transcription in the ecdysone signaling pathway of decapod crustaceans. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Inc.

渤黄海沉积物中的多环芳烃和多氯联苯及其与生态环境的耦合解析

海洋沉积环境中多氯联苯（PCBs）和多环芳烃（PAHs）的研究对于揭示其污染历史、来源途径、迁移转化以及评价其对环境的潜在生态风险都有重要的科学意义和应用价值，本研究选择我国典型近海中比较开阔的南黄海和受人为影响严重的渤海湾沉积物中的PAHs和PCBs作为主要研究对象，结合对生态环境对应关系的剖析，系统研究了沉积物中PAHs和PCBs的地球化学分布特征、影响控制因素、演变趋势、潜在生态风险等，获得了以下系统的认识： 1.南黄海表层沉积物中多环芳烃和多氯联苯的分布与沉积类型及模式相一致，受控于“沉积类型-动力过程-来源途径”。PCBs含量（范围：518～5848 pg/g，平均值：1715 pg/g）低于受人为影响严重的长江口、珠江口和渤海，分布具有中部海区＞东部海区＞西部海区的特征；PCBs随着沉积物粒径的减小和粘土含量的增加而增加，且与总有机碳（r=0.61，p＜0.01）含量呈显著线性正相关，表明PCBs在沉积物中的分布受控于被水动力过程原动力控制的沉积类型与沉积模式。 2. 1914～2004年间，南黄海沉积物中PAHs和PCBs的变化比较显著，在时间序列上经历了三个明显的不同阶段。近90年来，PAHs和PCBs在柱状样中垂直分布随深度的增加而降低，即近年南黄海沉积物中PAHs和PCBs的残留水平比上世纪初明显增加。其中1914～1932年间，PAHs和PCBs保持在较低的水平；1932～1962年间，PAHs和PCBs的含量发生急剧的变化，在1932～1944和1956～1962年两个时间段，PAHs和PCBs的含量达到峰值；自1962年至今，PAHs和PCBs呈稍有增加趋势。PAHs的组成和特征组分比值分析显示，1920～1944年间PAHs主要来自石油产品泄漏，1944～1980年间，主要来自草/木材/煤燃烧，1980年至2004年则显示出石油和燃烧产物混合来源的特征。 3.渤海湾沉积物中的PAHs、PCBs、DDTs和HCHs的分布模式不同，反映了这四种污染物的地球化学行为存在着明显的差异性。PAHs、PCBs、DDTs和HCHs的含量范围为149.0～393.4 ng/g，360.8～1728.3 pg/g，462.2～2007.3 pg/g和4.31～33.8 ng/g。马颊河口、海河口和黄河口附近的海区的沉积物中PAHs和PCBs的含量显著高于渤海湾内其它站位，DDTs在湾外沉积物中的含量大于湾内，在海河口附近站位测得HCHs含量的最高值，在其它站位其浓度变化不大。PAHs特征成分的比值显示渤海湾沉积物中PAHs主要来源于草/木材/煤燃烧的产物经过大气的输运过程进入水体；DDTs和HCHs的组成显示，在DDTs和HCHs被禁用后仍有新的输入源。 4.南黄海沉积物POPs总体水平不高，其环境污染危害和潜在生态风险不大，从沉积物POPs的角度来说南黄海的环境质量较好。潜在生态危害指数评价表明，渤海湾沉积物中芴可能会产生潜在的生态风险，DDTs和HCHs的含量低于一类沉积物质量标准值，总体而言，其沉积物质量良好，潜在生态风险较低。 论文的创新性点在于：1）首次研究了近百年南黄海沉积物中多环芳烃和多氯联苯的演变趋势，判断了其来源并对近百年二者的潜在生态风险进行评价。2）系统剖析了南黄海及渤海湾的生态环境与PAHs和PCBs的耦合关系，对阐明POPs的毒理效应有重要的科学意义。3）系统解析了渤海湾沉积物中PAHs，DDTs和HCHs的污染现状，来源和迁移途径，可为科学开发和利用渤海海域提供重要的理论依据。