Thermal behavior and stability of biodegradable spray-dried microparticles containing triamcinolone

Thermal analysis has been widely used for obtaining information about drug-polymer interactions and for pre-formulation studies of pharmaceutical dosage forms. In this work, biodegradable microparticles Of Poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) containing triamcinolone (TR) in various drug:polymer ratios were produced by spray drying. The main purpose of this study was to study the effect of the spray-drying process not only on the drug-polymer interactions but also on the stability of microparticles using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), X-ray analysis (XRD), and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The evaluation of drug-polymer interactions and the pre-formulation studies were assessed using the DSC, TG and DTG, and IR. The quantitative analysis of drugs entrapped in PLGA microparticles was performed by the HPLC method. The results showed high levels of drug-loading efficiency for all used drug: polymer ratio, and the polymorph used for preparing the microparticles was the form B. The DSC and TG/DTG profiles for drug-loaded microparticles were very similar to those for the physical mixtures of the components. Therefore, a correlation between drug content and the structural and thermal properties of drug-loaded PLGA microparticles was established. These data indicate that the spray-drying technique does not affect the physico-chemical stability of the microparticle components. These results are in agreement with the IR analysis demonstrating that no significant chemical interaction occurs between TR and PLGA in both physical mixtures and microparticles. The results of the X-ray analysis are in agreement with the thermal analysis data showing that the amorphous form of TR prevails over a small fraction of crystalline phase of the drug also present in the TR-loaded microparticles. From the pre-formulation studies, we have found that the spray-drying methodology is an efficient process for obtaining TR-loaded PLGA microparticles. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Thermal analysis of biodegradable microparticles containing ciprofloxacin hydrochloride obtained by spray drying technique

Thermal analysis has been extensively used to obtain information about drug-polymer interactions and to perform pre-formulation studies of pharmaceutical dosage forms. In this work, biodegradable microparticles of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) containing ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CP) in various drug:polymer ratios were obtained by spray drying. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the spray drying process on the drug-polymer interactions and on the stability of microparticles using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The results showed that the high levels of encapsulation efficiency were dependant on drug:polymer ratio. DSC and TG/DTG analyses showed that for physical mixtures of the microparticles components the thermal profiles were different from those signals obtained with the pure substances. Thermal analysis data disclosed that physical interaction between CP and PLGA in high temperatures had occurred. The DSC and TG profiles for drug-loaded microparticles were very similar to the physical mixtures of components and it was possible to characterize the thermal properties of microparticles according to drug content. These data indicated that the spray dryer technique does not affect the physicochemical properties of the microparticles. In addition, the results are in agreement with IR data analysis demonstrating that no significant chemical interaction occurs between CP and PLGA in both physical mixtures and microparticles. In conclusion, we have found that the spray drying procedure used in this work can be a secure methodology to produce CP-loaded microparticles. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Pharmacogenetics of Warfarin: Development of a Dosing Algorithm for Brazilian Patients

A dosing algorithm including genetic (VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genotypes) and nongenetic factors (age, weight, therapeutic indication, and cotreatment with amiodarone or simvastatin) explained 51% of the variance in stable weekly warfarin doses in 390 patients attending an anticoagulant clinic in a Brazilian public hospital. The VKORC1 3673G>A genotype was the most important predictor of warfarin dose, with a partial R(2) value of 23.9%. Replacing the VKORC1 3673G>A genotype with VKORC1 diplotype did not increase the algorithm`s predictive power. We suggest that three other single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (5808T>G, 6853G>C, and 9041G>A) that are in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) with 3673G>A would be equally good predictors of the warfarin dose requirement. The algorithm`s predictive power was similar across the self-identified ""race/color"" subsets. ""Race/color"" was not associated with stable warfarin dose in the multiple regression model, although the required warfarin dose was significantly lower (P = 0.006) in white (29 +/- 13 mg/week, n = 196) than in black patients (35 +/- 15 mg/week, n = 76).

Surface esterification of cellulose fibres: Processing and characterisation of low-density polyethylene/cellulose fibres composites

Low-density polyethylene was filled with cellulose fibres from sugar cane bagasse obtained from organosolv/supercritical carbon dioxide pulping process. The fibres were also used after chemical modification with octadecanoyl and dodecanoyl chloride acids. The morphology, thermal properties, mechanical properties in both the linear and nonlinear range, and the water absorption behaviour of ensuing composites were tested. The evidence of occurrence of the chemical modification was checked by X-ray photoelectron spectrometry. The degree of polymerisation of the fibres and their intrinsic properties (zero tensile strength) were determined. It clearly appeared that the surface chemical modification of cellulose fibres resulted in improved interfacial adhesion with the matrix and higher dispersion level. However, composites did not show improved mechanical performances when compared to unmodified fibres. This surprising result was ascribed to the strong lowering of the degree of polymerisation of cellulose fibres (as confirmed by the drastic decrease of their zero tensile strength) after chemical treatment despite the mild conditions used. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Studie av faktorer som påverkar färgtorkningen vid tryckning i arkoffset

Vanliga arkoffsetfärger innehåller pigment, trioglycerid, mineraloljor eller vegetabiliska oljor, naturliga hartser, alkyder och tillsatser såsom torkmedel, antioxidanter och vaxer.Tryckfärger för olika ändamål torkar genom skilda processer. Arkoffsetfärger torkar i två steg. Först sker oljeabsorption och sedan sker en kombination av oxidation och polymerisation. I detta steg är det bindemedlet och oljorna som förlorar dubbelbindningar, kortare molekyler reagerar och bildar längre molekylkedjor, vilket resulterar i att färgen torkar. Den kemiska torkningen initieras av luftens syre. Tryckfärgers torkningsförlopp tar alltför lång tid och detta arbete avsåg att genom GRT-utvärdering utvärdera hur temperatur, tillgång av syre och fuktvattenhållningen i tryckpressen påverkar torktiden för tre olika papperskvaliteter.Examensarbetet visade att temperaturen påverkar torktiden mycket. En ökning från 23 ºC till 40 ºC minskade torktiden med upp till en tredjedel. För att syret ska reducera torktiden måste tillgången vara stor. Endast ökning av sprutpulvrets grovlek gav inget utslag, men torkning vid fritt lufttillträde minskade torktiden till en sjättedel jämfört med torkning i stapel. För att torkningen inte ska ta onödigt lång tid ska fuktvattennivån i pressen vara låg.

Malnutrition hos barn med cancer; Nutritionsstöd och omvårdnad

Syftet med denna systematiska litteraturstudie som inkluderar 18 artiklar, har varit att belysa vilka nutritionsstöd som kan förebygga och behandla malnutrition hos barn med cancer samt vilka omvårdnadsbehov som finns i samband med nutritionsbehandling. Resultatet visade att barn med cancer som behandlas med strålning och/eller cytostatika ofta drabbas av olika biverkningar som påverkar nutritionen. Cirka 46 % av barnen utvecklade malnutrition. Näringsintaget försämrades ofta på grund av biverkningarna vilket fick till följd att behandlingen försämrades samt tillväxt och utveckling påverkades negativt. Olika sätt fanns för att upprätthålla gott nutritionsstatus. Oralt intag förordades för att upprätthålla mag- tarmkanalens struktur och funktion. Alternativ för kostbehandling när barnet inte klarade att inta oral kost var nasogastrisk sond (NS), Perkutan Endoskopisk Gastrostomi (PEG) och Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN). NS visade sig vara relativt biverkningsfritt och ett alternativ att tillgå under kortare nutritionsbehandlingar. PEG var ett gott alternativ med relativt få biverkningar då barnet behöver nutritionsstöd under längre tid. TPN var ett alternativ enbart då barnet inte kunde äta relaterat till bristande upptag i mag- tarmkanalen. Försämrat näringsintag påverkade barnets livskvalitet. Familjen påverkades genom att ätandet var en stark källa till konflikt mellan barnet och föräldrarna. Det var viktigt att barnet och familjen fick stöd i barnets förmåga att kunna äta samt att erbjudas näringsrik kost. Bedömning av nutritionsstatus och dokumentation av oralt intag, parenteralt intag och effekter av nutritionsbehandlingen var av stor vikt för att kunna ge barnet optimal omvårdnad.

O modelo econômico brasileiro dos anos 90

A crise brasileira dos anos 80 encerrou o ciclo desenvolvimentista, que prevaleceu no país por mais de 30 anos, e abriu as portas para uma série de *transformações importantes na economia brasileira. Nos anos 90 iniciou-se a reforma do Estado e a liberalização comercial e financeira, que seria ampliada e consolidada com o Plano Real. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a natureza e a magnitude dessas transformações na política econômica brasileira, verificando em que medida elas lançam as bases para um novo modelo econômico no Brasil. Até que ponto a turbulência financeira internacional e a crise cambial de 1998/99 comprometeram esse modelo? Quais são as conseqüências do abandono da âncora cambial e a adoção do ajuste imposto pelo FMI?

A logística militar e o serviço de intendência: uma análise do programa excelência gerencial do Exército Brasileiro

This study has the purpose to analyze some of the programs and measures adopted by the Brazilian Army, as well as eventual contributions, for the modernization of its Logistics. Thus, focus one of the main devices of logistic support of the Forces, the Quartermaster, approaching some roles performed by this Service that comprises the current conception of the Army Logistics. This modernization process is mainly developed through a excellence program implemented for the whole Army aiming, amongst other factors, the adoption of managerial practices leading to a better operational performance and to the improvement of the Institution' services and products quality: the Managerial Excellence Program of the Brazilian Army (PEG-EB). Here, the Logistics is deemed as key part for the organizational success and one of the main factors of competitive differential of companies, directly related to costs reduction and increase in the level of services provided for the customers. For the Army, the improvement and update of logistic doctrine emerge as priority for achieving the goals, especially focusing the need to integrated the logistics activities, in order to optimize the resources available, reduce costs and prioritize its actions. While searching for an integrated approach for its logistics, the Army created a central body with the responsibility to coordinate all the supply chain of its Units: the Logistic Department (D Log). This body centrally coordinates a major segment of logistics functions in the Forces. The conclusion states that the development of this mentality about the internal integration of activities will allow a rationalization of the management process, increasing the indexes of availability of material from military organizations, and consequently a serviceability gain for the Brazilian Army.

Substituição de moedas, restrição orcamentária do setor público e o câmbio

Discorre sobre a instabilidade do câmbio e o colapso do regime cambial do tipo crawling peg, provocado pelo desequilíbrio não sustentável do orçamento do setor público e pelo grau de substituirão de moedas. Enfatiza as condições de sustentabilidade do Desequilíbrio orçamentário do governo, bem como, o seu efeito, através das expectativas, sobre os argumentos da demanda relativa de moedas. Finalmente, a partir de dados da economia boliviana correspondentes ao período pós-hiperinflacionário, 1988-1991, se analisa e discute a estabilidade do câmbio.

Validação da triagem de macroprolactinemia utilizando precipitação com polietilenoglicol e ensaio quimioluminescente

A prolactina(PRL) humana circula em múltiplas formas de diferentes tamanhos moleculares, das quais três são detectadas na cromatografia por filtração em gel(CFG): Little ou monomérica(mPRL), Big( bPRL) e Big-Big ou macroprolactina( bbPRL ou macroPRL). Em pessoas normais, a principal forma é a mPRL(85 a 90% do total) com uma pequena proporção de macroPRL. Em algumas pessoas, porém, ocorre uma maior quantidade de macroPRL, um fenômeno denominado Macroprolactinemia, que se sabe estar presente entre 10-25% dos soros hiperprolactinêmicos. É importante a sua identificação para evitar investigação e tratamento desnecessário. O método padrão para sua detecção é a cromatografia por filtração em gel( CFG); porém, a precipitação com polietilenoglicol( PEG) é um método de triagem simples, confiável e de baixo custo. Os testes com PEG originais foram feitos com o ensaio imunofluorimétrico( IFMA) Delfia para PRL. Objetivo: Validar um teste sensível e específico para a triagem de macroPRL baseado no ensaio de PRL quimioluminescente Immulite DPC. Resultados e métodos: Analisamos amostras séricas de 142 pessoas de ambos sexos. Baseado nessas amostras de rotina, dosamos a PRL seguida da precipitação com PEG e cálculo da recuperação de PRL( %R de PRL). Destes soros, 88 foram submetidos a cromatografia com filtração em Gel. Foi definido um ponto-de-corte para a presença de macroPRL, baseado numa curva ROC, ao comparar-se os resultados do teste de precipitação com PEG e os da CFG. O ponto-de-corte foi definido em 60%, com o achado de um teste com sensibilidade de 88,9% e especificidade de 98,6%. Correlacionou-se a dosagem de mPRL com a presença de macroPRL na cromatografia. Conclusão: Validamos um teste de triagem para macroPRL baseado no ensaio quimioluminescente DPC Immulite com sensibilidade de 88,9% e especificidade de 98,6 % para a porcentagem de recuperação PRL de 60%. O achado de uma valor de mPRL menor ou igual a 20 depois da precipitação com PEG vai suportar este diagnóstico. A prevalência( 20,4%) de macroPRL encontrada em nosso estudo, utilizando a metodologia proposta, é semelhante à encontrada na literatura.

Macroprolactinemia numa coorte de mulheres com hiperprolactinemia : associações com variáveis clínicas, hormonais e exames de imagem da hipófise

A prolactina (PRL) é um hormônio peptídico sintetizado e secretado, principalmente, pelas células lactotróficas da glândula hipófise anterior, tendo como principal função a indução e manutenção da lactação. Existem três formas moleculares de PRL na circulação: PRL monomérica (little prolactin) com massa molecular de cerca de 23KDa, PRL dimérica (big prolactin) com 45 a 50KDa, e macroprolactina (big big prolactin) maior do que 150KDa. Esta última está geralmente ligada a imunoglobulinas G. Em condições normais, ou em pacientes com hiperprolactinemia sintomática, predomina em circulação a forma monomérica. A hiperprolactinemia é uma das disfunções endócrinas hipotálamo-hipofisárias mais comuns em mulheres em idade reprodutiva. Ocorre mais freqüentemente por adenomas hipofisários (prolactinomas) e secundária ao uso de drogas com ação central. Na ausência de causas conhecidas, a hiperprolactinemia é considerada como idiopática. Finalmente, pode estar associada ao predomínio de macroprolactina no soro, sendo denominada macroprolactinemia. A suspeita de macroprolactinemia ocorre quando um paciente com hiperprolactinemia não apresenta os sintomas típicos e/ou não tem evidências radiográficas de tumor na hipófise, embora a macroprolactinemia possa estar ocasionalmente associada a prolactinomas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: avaliar a freqüência de macroprolactinemia, através da precipitação com PEG, numa amostra de mulheres com hiperprolactinemia; descrever associações da macroprolactinemia com variáveis clínicas, hormonais e de imagem da hipófise; e caracterizar a evolução clínica e dos níveis de prolactina durante o seguimento desta coorte. Realizou-se um estudo descritivo, onde foi estudada uma coorte de pacientes do sexo feminino (n = 32), consultando no HCPA de 1989 a 2005, com diagnóstico de hiperprolactinemia (>26ng/mL) e seguimento com agonistas da dopamina. Após um período de 3 meses sem tratamento (washout), as pacientes dosaram prolactina para investigação dos níveis séricos e presença de macroprolactina, e foram classificadas como aquelas que normalizaram os níveis séricos de prolactina durante estes anos de seguimento (Grupo Hprl prévia) e as que continuaram hiperprolactinêmicas. Estas foram reclassificadas como grupo de hiperprolactinêmicas cuja forma circulante predominante é a prolactina monomérica (Grupo Hprl mono) e o grupo de hiperprolactinêmicas com predominância de macroprolactina (Grupo Hprl macro). O percentual de macroprolactina foi calculado através dos valores de PRL totais obtidos das amostras íntegras em comparação com os níveis de PRL encontrados nas amostras precipitadas com PEG. Recuperações de prolactina monomérica > 50% classificaram a amostra como tendo predomínio de formas monoméricas, o percentual de recuperação  40% foi considerado como predomínio de formas de alto peso molecular (macroprolactinemia), e recuperação entre 40 e 50% indicou indefinição da forma predominante de PRL. A freqüência de macroprolactina foi de 28,1% (n = 32). Pacientes hiperprolactinêmicas com macroprolactinemia são significativamente mais jovens do que as hiperprolactinêmicas com a forma monomérica. Como esperado, tanto as pacientes do grupo Hprl macro como Hprl mono apresentam níveis de prolactina significativamente mais elevados que as pacientes Hprl prévia. Através do método de precipitação com PEG, identificou-se a forma predominante de prolactina na circulação em 71,8% dos casos (n = 32). Verificamos ainda que as pacientes com predominância de macroprolactina não apresentam os sintomas da síndrome hiperprolactinêmica, e na maioria dos casos, possuem exames de imagem por TC normal.

Buy-or-sell auctions

This paper develops a game theoretic model of a "Buy-or-Sell" auction. Participants have to submit both a bid and an offer price for up to one of the many units of the good being auctioned. The bid-ask spread is set in advance by the auctioneer. Such an auction was used by the Central Bank of Brazil to intervene in the foreign exchange market during the exchange rate crawling-peg regime (1995-1999). I investigate whether such mechanism is more effective than standard intervention auctions to prevent speculative attacks in the context of managed exchange rate regimes.

Effectiveness of high-throughput miniaturized sorbent- and solid phase microextraction techniques combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis for a rapid screening of volatile and semi-volatile composition of wines: a comparative study

In this study the feasibility of different extraction procedures was evaluated in order to test their potential for the extraction of the volatile (VOCs) and semi-volatile constituents (SVOCs) from wines. In this sense, and before they could be analysed by gas chromatography–quadrupole first stage masss spectrometry (GC–qMS), three different high-throughput miniaturized (ad)sorptive extraction techniques, based on solid phase extraction (SPE), microextraction by packed sorbents (MEPS) and solid phase microextraction (SPME), were studied for the first time together, for the extraction step. To achieve the most complete volatile and semi-volatile signature, distinct SPE (LiChrolut EN, Poropak Q, Styrene-Divinylbenzene and Amberlite XAD-2) and MEPS (C2, C8, C18, Silica and M1 (mixed C8-SCX)) sorbent materials, and different SPME fibre coatings (PA, PDMS, PEG, DVB/CAR/PDMS, PDMS/DVB, and CAR/PDMS), were tested and compared. All the extraction techniques were followed by GC–qMS analysis, which allowed the identification of up to 103 VOCs and SVOCs, distributed by distinct chemical families: higher alcohols, esters, fatty acids, carbonyl compounds and furan compounds. Mass spectra, standard compounds and retention index were used for identification purposes. SPE technique, using LiChrolut EN as sorbent (SPELiChrolut EN), was the most efficient method allowing for the identification of 78 VOCs and SVOCs, 63 and 19 more than MEPS and SPME techniques, respectively. In MEPS technique the best results in terms of number of extractable/identified compounds and total peak areas of volatile and semi-volatile fraction, were obtained by using C8 resin whereas DVB/CAR/PDMS was revealed the most efficient SPME coating to extract VOCs and SVOCs from Bual wine. Diethyl malate (18.8 ± 3.2%) was the main component found in wine SPELiChrolut EN extracts followed by ethyl succinate (13.5 ± 5.3%), 3-methyl-1-butanol (13.2 ± 1.7%), and 2-phenylethanol (11.2 ± 9.9%), while in SPMEDVB/CAR/PDMS technique 3-methyl-1-butanol (43.3 ± 0.6%) followed by diethyl succinate (18.9 ± 1.6%), and 2-furfural (10.4 ± 0.4%), are the major compounds. The major VOCs and SVOCs isolated by MEPSC8 were 3-methyl-1-butanol (26.8 ± 0.6%, from wine total volatile fraction), diethyl succinate (24.9 ± 0.8%), and diethyl malate (16.3 ± 0.9%). Regardless of the extraction technique, the highest extraction efficiency corresponds to esters and higher alcohols and the lowest to fatty acids. Despite some drawbacks associated with the SPE procedure such as the use of organic solvents, the time-consuming and tedious sampling procedure, it was observed that SPELiChrolut EN, revealed to be the most effective technique allowing the extraction of a higher number of compounds (78) rather than the other extraction techniques studied.

PEGylated polyethyleneimine-entrapped gold nanoparticles for enhanced and targeted gene delivery applications

Gene therapy, which involves the transfer of nucleic acid into target cells in patients, has become one of the most important and widely explored strategies to treat a variety of diseases, such as cancer, infectious diseases and genetic disorders. Relative to viral vectors that have high immunogenicity, toxicity and oncogenicity, non-viral vectors have gained a lot of interest in recent years. This is largely due to their ability to mimic viral vector features including the capacity to overcome extra- and intra-cellular barriers and to enhance transfection efficiency. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) has been extensively investigated as a non-viral vector. This cationic polymer, which is able to compact nucleic acid through electrostatic interactions and to transport it across the negatively charged cell membranes, has been shown to effectively transfect nucleic acid into different cell lines. Moreover, entrapment of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) into such an amine-terminated polymer template has been shown to significantly enhance gene transfection efficiency. In this work, a novel non-viral nucleic acid vector system for enhanced and targeted nucleic acid delivery applications was developed. The system was based on the functionalization of PEI with folic acid (FA; for targeted delivery to cancer cells overexpressing FA receptors on their surface) using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a linker molecule. This was followed by the preparation of PEI-entrapped Au NPs (Au PENPs; for enhancement of transfection efficiency). In the synthesis process, the primary amines of PEI were first partially modified with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FI) using a molar ratio of 1:7. The formed PEI-FI conjugate was then further modified with either PEG or PEGylated FA using a molar ratio of 1:1. This process was finally followed by entrapment of Au NPs into the modified polymers. The resulting conjugates and Au PENPs were characterized by several techniques, namely Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Dynamic Light Scattering and Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy, to assess their physicochemical properties. In the cell biology studies, the synthesized conjugates and their respective Au PENPs were shown to be non-toxic towards A2780 human ovarian carcinoma cells. The role of these materials as gene delivery agents was lastly evaluated. In the gene delivery studies, the A2780 cells were successfully transfected with plasmid DNA using the different vector systems. However, FA-modification and Au NPs entrapment were not determinant factors for improved transfection efficiency. In the gene silencing studies, on the other hand, the Au PENPs were shown to effectively deliver small interfering RNA, thereby reducing the expression of the B-cell lymphoma 2 protein. Based on these results, we can say that the systems synthesized in this work show potential for enhanced and targeted gene therapy applications.

New bacterial cellulose nanocomposites prepared by in situ radical polymerization of methacrylate monomers

Bacterial cellulose/polymethacrylate nanocomposites have received attention in numerous areas of study and in a variety of applications. The attractive properties of methacrylate polymers and bacterial cellulose, BC, allow the synthesis of new nanocomposites with distinct characteristics. In this study, BC/poly(glycidylmethacrylate) (BC/PGMA) and BC/poly(ethyleneglycol)methacrylate (BC/PPEGMA) nanocomposites were prepared through in situ free radical polymerization of GMA and PEGMA, respectively. Ammonium persulphate (APS) was used as an initiator and N,N’methylenebisacrilamide (MBA) was used as a crosslinker in BC/PGMA. Chemical composition, morphology, thermal stability, water absorption, mechanic and surface properties were determined through specific characterization techniques. The optimal polymerization was obtained at (1:2) for BC/PGMA, (1:2:0.2) ratio for BC/GMA/MBA and (1:20) for BC/PPEGMA, with 0.5% of initiator at 60 ºC during 6 h. A maximum of 67% and 87% of incorporation percentage was obtained, respectively, for the nanocomposites BC/PGMA/MBA and BC/PPEGMA. BC/PGMA nanocomposites exhibited an increase of roughness and compactation of the three-dimensional structure, an improvement in the thermal and mechanical properties, and a decrease in their swelling ability and crystallinity. On the other hand, BC/PPEGMA showed a decrease of stiffness of three-dimensional structure, improvement in thermal and mechanical properties, an increase in their swelling ability and a decrease the crystallinity. Both BC/polymethacrylate nanocomposites exhibited a basic surface character. The acid treatment showed to be a suitable strategy to modifiy BC/PGMA nanocomposites through epoxide ring-opening reaction mechanism. Nanocomposites became more compact, smooth and with more water retention ability. A decrease in the thermal and mechanical proprieties was observed. The new nanocomposites acquired properties useful to biomedical applications or/and removal of heavy metals due to the presence of functional groups.