Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova and the Chinese economic expansion in Eastern Europe. OSW Commentary No. 79, 2012-05-28

The countries of Eastern European and China have been increasingly interested in deepening bilateral contacts over the past few years. In the case of Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova this has been caused by the bad economic situation which was in part caused by the consequences of the global economic crisis of 2008 and the desire to establish closer political relations with a country whose significance on the international arena is continually growing. Each of these countries has different expectations regarding the scale and the nature of co-operation with China. Chisinau wishes only to boost trade, whereas in Minsk and Kyiv, Beijing is also presented as a strategic partner whose investments may not only help the indebted economies recover but also strengthen the position of these countries in their dealings with the EU, and especially with Russia. Beijing sees co-operation with these countries in differently, and its offer is much more modest than Belarus and Ukraine are expecting. Eastern Europe is one of the last parts of the world with which China is activating its co-operation. This is not a priority region for Beijing. China wants to derive economic benefits and to diversify the markets on which it invests its financial surplus, and it does not intend to extend its political dialogue with Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova beyond the framework which determines its economic interests. The main reason for this is the nature of relations between Russia and China. Beijing sees its partnership with Moscow as more beneficial, and will not offer these countries support in their relations with Russia since in its opinion they belong to Russia’s sphere of influence. Minsk and Kyiv are pinning too much hope on their co-operation with Beijing, while China offers no real counterbalance to the Russian and EU influences in these countries. Nevertheless, it should be expected that China will capitalise on the beneficial political climate in Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova to reinforce its influence in a region whose location will facilitate its expansion to the EU and the Customs Union markets. In the medium term, Beijing may become a major economic player in Eastern Europe. In a decade’s time this may translate into political influence. Meanwhile, in the short term, China’s financial engagement in Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova will contribute to increasing the debts and deepening the foreign trade deficits of these countries.

Nord Stream expansion: what does it mean for Europe? EPC Commentary, 2 July 2015

Two announcements in sequence have shaken the energy debate on 18 and 19 June. Gazprom announced the signature of a Memorandum of Understanding with Shell, Exon and OMV for the construction of strings 3 and 4 of Nord Stream, aiming at doubling the current 55 bcm capacity of the corridor running in the Baltic sea bed and connecting the Russian terminal of Vyborg to Germany. On the day after, a €2 bn deal between Russia and Greece was signed for extending the Turkish Stream project into Greek territory. ...

Un pays d'expansion économique; questions d'émigration et de colonisation

Mode of access: Internet.

Independence pipeline and market link expansion projects : environmental impact statement.

Mode of access: Internet.

The selective expansion of agricultural production in Latin America;

"United Nations publication. Sales no.: 1957.II.G.4."

National Parts Return Program. Final report. Volume 2 - the expansion study.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Specifications for triple-expansion twin-screw propelling engines, with boilers and auxiliary machinery, for an armored cruiser about 9100 tons cruising displacement, to make a speed of twenty knots per hour at a displacement of 8150 tons.

Mode of access: Internet.

Expansion program at St. Louis area : project no. 224-5066A : project history and completion report /

"October 1960 [OTI Issuance Date]."

Patterns of industrial growth. Aperçu de l'expansion industrielle, 1938-1958.

Mode of access: Internet.

Electricity : an expansion of Everett's Deschanel, part III, on the lines of modern electrical theory /

Mode of access: Internet.

Thermal expansion of some glasses in the system Li₂0-Ca0-Si0₂ /

This investigation was carried on through the cooperation of the United States Atomic Energy Commission (Contract Number AT-(40-1)--1080, and the Department of Ceramic Technology of the University of Alabama.

Thermal expansion of some glasses in the system Li₂0-B₂0₃-Si0₂ /

"Work performed under Contract No. AT(40-1)-1080."